RTB Digital (Roundtable) Valuation Multiples

Alphabet is a holding company that wholly owns internet giant Google. The California-based company derives slightly less than 90% of its revenue from Google services, the vast majority of which is advertising sales. Alongside online ads, Google services houses sales stemming from Google’s subscription services (YouTube TV and YouTube Music, among others), platforms (sales and in-app purchases on Play Store), and devices (Chromebooks, Pixel smartphones, and smart home products such as Chromecast). Google’s cloud computing platform accounts for roughly 10% of Alphabet’s revenue. The firm’s investments in up-and-coming technologies such as self-driving cars (Waymo), health (Verily), and internet access (Google Fiber) make up the rest.

Meta is the largest social media company in the world, boasting close to 4 billion monthly active users worldwide. The firm's "Family of Apps," its core business, consists of Facebook, Instagram, Messenger, and WhatsApp. End users can leverage these applications for a variety of different purposes, from keeping in touch with friends to following celebrities and running digital businesses for free. Meta packages customer data, gleaned from its application ecosystem and sells ads to digital advertisers. While the firm has been investing heavily in its Reality Labs business, it remains a very small part of Meta’s overall sales.

Palantir is an artificial intelligence, analytics, and automated decision-making company that leverages data to drive efficiency across its clients' organizations. The firm serves commercial and government clients via its Foundry and Gotham platforms, respectively. Palantir works only with entities in Western-allied nations and reserves the right not to work with anyone that is antithetical to Western values. The company was founded in 2003 and went public in 2020.

AppLovin is a vertically integrated advertising technology company that acts as a demand-side platform for advertisers, a supply-side platform for publishers, and an exchange facilitating transactions between the two. About 80% of AppLovin’s revenue comes from the DSP, AppDiscovery, while the remainder comes from the SSP, Max. AppLovin’s primary tool for future growth is AXON 2, which is an ad optimizer operating within the DSP that allows advertisers to place ads according to specified return thresholds.

Salesforce provides enterprise cloud computing solutions. The company offers customer relationship management technology that brings companies and customers together. Its Customer 360 platform helps the group deliver a single source of truth, connecting customer data across systems, apps, and devices to help companies sell, service, market, and conduct commerce. It also offers Service Cloud for customer support, Marketing Cloud for digital marketing campaigns, Commerce Cloud as an e-commerce engine, the Salesforce Platform, which allows enterprises to build applications, and other solutions, such as MuleSoft for data integration.

Founded in 2012, Snowflake is a fully managed platform that consolidates data hosted on different public clouds for centralized analytics and governance. Snowflake’s cloud-native architecture allows users to independently scale the compute and storage layers, providing customers with optimized performance at lower costs. The company’s data lake and data warehouse products support a variety of use cases, including business analytics, data engineering, and artificial intelligence. Snowflake is widely used by Fortune 2000 companies in financial services, media, and retail sectors.

Adobe provides content creation, document management, and digital marketing and advertising software and services to creative professionals and marketers for creating, managing, delivering, measuring, optimizing, and engaging with compelling content multiple operating systems, devices, and media. The company operates with three segments: digital media content creation, digital experience for marketing solutions, and publishing for legacy products (less than 5% of revenue).

Z.AI Co Ltd is an AI company based in China. Its core products are GLM-5.2, GLM-5V-Turbo, DetailGLM-5-Turbo, GLM-Image, and Auto GLM.

Baidu is the largest internet search engine in China with over 50% share of the search engine market in 2024 per web analytics firm, Statcounter. The firm generated 70% of core revenue from online marketing services from its search engine in 2024. Outside its search engine, Baidu is a technology-driven company and its other major growth initiatives are artificial intelligence cloud, video streaming services, voice recognition technology, and autonomous driving.

IonQ Inc sells access to several quantum computers of various qubit capacities and is in the process of researching and developing technologies for quantum computers with increasing computational capabilities. The company currently makes access to its quantum computers available via cloud platforms and also to select customers via its own cloud service. This cloud-based approach enables the broad availability of quantum-computing-as-a-service (QCaaS). The company derives its revenue from its quantum-computing-as-a-service arrangements, consulting services related to co-developing algorithms on company's quantum computing systems and contracts associated with the design, development, and construction of specialized quantum computing systems together with related services.

HubSpot provides a cloud-based marketing, sales, and customer service software platform referred to as the growth platform. The applications are available ala carte or packaged together. HubSpot’s mission is to help companies grow better and has expanded from its initial focus on inbound marketing to embrace marketing, sales, and service more broadly. The company was founded in 2006, completed its initial public offering in 2014, and is headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

MiniMax Group Inc is a AI foundation model company. It is committed to driving AI innovation towards performing the full range of human intellectual tasks, from learning and reasoning to planning and generalizing knowledge across diverse domains. Its proprietary foundation model suite, led by MiniMax-M2, Hailuo-02, and Speech-02, has long context processing capacity and can understand, generate, and integrate a wide range of modalities, including text, video, and audio. These models power its AI-native products - including MiniMax, Hailuo AI, MiniMax Audio, Talkie/Xingye, and its enterprise and developer-facing Open Platform, delivering intelligent and dynamic experiences to users globally.

The Trade Desk provides a self-service platform that helps advertisers and ad agencies programmatically find and purchase digital ad inventory (display, video, audio, and social) on devices like computers, smartphones, and connected TVs. It uses data in an iterative manner to optimize the performance of ad impressions purchased. The firm’s platform is referred to as a demand-side platform in the digital ad industry, and it generates revenue from fees based on a percentage of what its clients spend on advertising.

Snap is a technology company best known for its marquis social media application. Snapchat, a visual messaging application that has amassed hundreds of millions of users. The app was initially only used to communicate with family and friends through photographs and short videos (known as "Snaps"). Users can now enjoy augmented reality, or AR, lenses, content from famous creators and celebrities, updates about local events, and more. Although the app offers a paid subscription option with premium features, advertising sales produce most of the app’s revenue. The firm also sells wearable devices called AR Spectacles, which can capture photos and videos overlayed with AR lenses, but these make up a small portion of Snap’s overall sales.

Presight AI Holding PLC provides digital transformation services through big data analytics powered by artificial intelligence. It combines analytics, big data and AI expertise to serve every sector of every scale, to create business and societal value. The group’s world-class omni-analytics platform, TAQ, leverages big data and analytics to deliver cutting-edge Al technology, enabling forecasting and the anticipation of outcomes to support insight-driven, decision making that shapes policy and delivers societal impact.

Amdocs Ltd is a provider of software and services to communications, entertainment, and media service providers. The Company operates in a single segment and designs, develops, markets, supports, implements, and operates open and modular cloud offerings. Its portfolio includes solutions across digital business systems and legacy business and operational support systems, supporting multiple lines of business such as wireless, broadband, cable, fiber, satellite, and digital services. The Company leverages artificial intelligence to support digital transformation, cloud adoption, and intelligent network automation. Geographically, it derives a majority of its revenue from North America and also operates in Europe and the rest of the world.

UiPath Inc offers an end-to-end cross-application enterprise automation platform principally with computer vision technology and user interface automations in its initial RPA offering, which remains the foundation of the platform. The platform leverages a range of automation technologies including robotic process automation, application programming interface, and artificial intelligence. UiPath’s solution can automate a broad range of repetitive tasks across industries including claims processing, employee onboarding, invoice to cash, loan applications, and customer service.

Open Text Corp is engaged in the design, development, marketing, and sale of Information Management software and solutions. Its software allows clients to archive, aggregate, retrieve, and search unstructured information (such as documents, e-mail, and presentations). Its platform and services provide secure and scalable solutions for enterprises, SMBs, governments, and consumers around the world. The company's solutions are marketed and delivered on the OpenText Cloud Platform, which is a comprehensive Information Management platform consisting of six business clouds; Content Cloud, Cybersecurity Cloud, Application Automation Cloud, Business Network Cloud, IT Operations Management Cloud, and Analytics Cloud. Geographically, it derives maximum revenue from the United States.

WillScot Holdings Corp designs, delivers, and services on-site, on-demand space solutions for clients. The company offers turnkey solutions in construction, education, manufacturing, retail, healthcare, and entertainment sectors. The products of the company include modular office complexes, mobile offices, classrooms, blast-resistant modules, clearspan structures, sanitation solutions, portable storage containers, and climate-controlled containers and trailers.

Zeta Global Holdings Corp is an omnichannel data-driven cloud platform that provides enterprises with consumer intelligence and marketing automation software. It serves enterprise customers across multiple industries, including financial services, insurance, telecommunications, automotive, travel and hospitality, and retail. Its Zeta Marketing Platform, or ZMP, is an omnichannel marketing platform with identity data at its core. The ZMP can analyze billions of structured and unstructured data points to predict consumer intent by leveraging sophisticated machine learning algorithms and the industry's opted-in data set for omnichannel marketing. The company operates in U.S, where it generates maximum revenue and Internationally as well.

Klaviyo Inc is a technology company that provides a software-as-a-service (SaaS) platform to enable its customers to send the right messages at the right time across email, short message service, and push notifications, more accurately measure and predict performance, and deploy specific actions and campaigns. The platform combines proprietary data and application layers into one solution with machine learning and artificial intelligence capabilities. It is focused on marketing automation within eCommerce as its first application use case. It generates revenue through the sale of subscriptions to its customers for the use of its platform. Geographically, the company generates the majority of its revenue from the Americas, followed by EMEA and APAC.

CyberAgent is a prominent Japanese media company founded in 1998. Its core businesses include internet advertising, online broadcasting platforms, and gaming.

Founded in 1983, Pegasystems provides a suite of solutions for customer engagement and business process management. The company’s key offering is the Pega Infinity platform, which combines business process management with customer relationship management applications. The company focuses on enterprise-size customers in the financial, insurance, and healthcare industries.

SoundHound AI Inc is an innovator of conversational intelligence, offering an independent Voice AI platform that enables businesses across industries to deliver high-quality conversational experiences to customers. The company's voice AI delivers speed and accuracy in numerous languages to product creators and service providers across retail, financial services, healthcare, automotive, smart devices, and restaurants via groundbreaking AI-driven products like Smart Answering, Smart Ordering, Dynamic Drive-Thru, and Amelia AI Agents.

Freshworks Inc provides software as a service platform that enables small and medium-sized businesses to support customers through e-mail, phone, website, and social networks. It offers solutions that serve the needs of users in the CS and ITSM categories and has also expanded its offering with Sales and Marketing automation products. These product offerings enable organizations to acquire, engage, and serve their customers and employees. The group derives revenue from North America, Europe, the Middle East and Africa, Asia Pacific, and Other regions.

Magnite is a supply-side advertising platform that provides technology and yield management solutions to content publishers, enabling them to monetize their digital advertising inventory. Magnite receives a percentage of all advertising inventory that it sells. 43% of Magnite’s revenue is derived from connected television, or CTV, streaming platforms, 40% from mobile applications, and the remainder from general websites. Beyond the typical monetization responsibilities inherent to an SSP, Magnite also provides upstream advertising servers to CTV publishers, allowing them to have granular control over direct-sold, programmatic guaranteed, and open-auction logic. Magnite competes with other independent SSPs, supply path optimization solutions, and closed ecosystems like Meta.

Easy Click Worldwide Network Technology Co Ltd is committed as a global intelligent data-driven marketing service profession to provide results-driven services included performance marketing, brand building and industrial solutions integrating. The company's clients is involved in wide range industries of E-commerce, tool applications, information dissemination, games and other pan-entertainment applications.

Braze Inc is a customer engagement platform that powers customer-centric interactions between consumers and brands. The company provides solutions for Retail & E-commerce, Media & Entertainment, Financial Services, and Travel & Hospitality related industries. The company offers a single, vertically integrated platform that encompasses the various functionalities, or layers, required for modern customer engagement: data ingestion, classification, orchestration, personalization, and action, all of which is supported by Sage AI by Braze, its AI engine designed to power AI functionality across all layers of this stack. It generates majority of its revenue from the United States.

LiveRamp Holdings Inc is a technology company that helps companies build enduring brand and business value by collaborating responsibly with data. A groundbreaking leader in consumer privacy, data ethics, and foundational identity, LiveRamp offers a connected customer view with clarity and context while protecting brand and consumer trust. The Company provides a data collaboration platform, essentially acting as a data collaboration hub where businesses can securely share and manage first-party consumer data with trusted partners while prioritizing data privacy and ethics.

Mobvista Inc is a technology platform providing mobile advertising and mobile analytics services to app developers globally. Its operating business segments include the Advertising technology business and the Marketing technology business. Maximum revenue is generated from its Advertising technology business, which provides customers globally with mobile advertising services through a programmatic advertising platform and an affiliate ad-serving platform. Geographically, it derives maximum revenue from the Asia-Pacific market, followed by other regions.

Affle 3i Ltd Formerly Affle India Ltd is engaged in the technology business across the globe. The company is engaged in a fragmented advertising and marketing tech ecosystem by providing an end-to-end integrated mobile marketing platform. The company's AI-powered deep learning algorithms and advanced platform solutions transform ads into consumer recommendations delivering enhanced engagement. The company has single segment of ‘business of providing services in advertisement and software development’. Geographically the company operates in India only.

Wix.com is a software-as-a-service content management system platform that allows users to create, customize, and manage websites for themselves, or for clients. Wix is best known for its Wix Editor service for self-creators, but in recent years has invested heavily and introduced its Wix Studio offering for partners, who are agencies and developers. Wix also offers a range of business solutions such as payment services and marketing products.

SEMrush Holdings Inc is engaged in the online visibility management software-as-a-service (SaaS) platform. Its platform utilizes data and intelligence at the core surrounded by AI-powered interconnected hubs focused on search engine optimization, paid advertising, social media management, local marketing, brand marketing, and content marketing Geographically, it generates revenues from the United States, the UK, and Others.

Ncino Inc is a provider of cloud-based software for financial institutions. Its software solution digitizes, automates, and streamlines inefficient and complex processes & workflows and utilizes data analytics & artificial intelligence that enables financial institutions to onboard new clients, make loans, and manage the entire loan life cycle, open deposits, and other accounts, and manage regulatory compliance. It also offers professional services, including configuration & implementation, training, and advisory services. The company generates the majority of its revenue from subscription services. The company caters to financial institutions, enterprise banks, regional banks, community banks, and credit unions. The vast majority of its revenue comes from the United States.

Soho House & Co Inc is a membership platform of physical and digital spaces that connects a vibrant, diverse group of members from across the world. The members use the platform to work, socialize, connect, create, and flourish all over the world. It offers lease agreements for Houses, hotels, restaurants, studios, spas, and other properties. The company's reportable segments are: United Kingdom; The Americas; and Europe and Rest of the world. The majority of its revenue is generated from the Americas segment, which encompasses its operating units in the Americas, including Soho Houses, stand-alone U.S. restaurants, Soho Friends, and the management fees under a hotel management contract for the operation of The Ned London.

Five9 offers cloud-native contact center software enabling digital customer service, sales, and marketing engagement. The company's Intelligent CX platform combines core telephony functionality, omnichannel engagement, and modules into a cloud contact-center-as-a-service, or CCaaS, platform. Five9's modules include digital self-service, agent assist technology, workflow automation, and optimization solutions, as well as artificial intelligence-driven automation solutions that optimize customer service efficiency and manage interaction quality and agent performance.

Beijing Haizhi Technology Group Co Ltd focuses on developing intelligent agent technologies and artificial intelligence solutions based on graph computing and model integration technologies. Its products are used in finance, energy, manufacturing, transportation, healthcare, and public services. The company operates as a high-technology enterprise principally engaged in provision of: (i) Atlas graph solutions, which include a data management and computing platform, a knowledge graph platform, and a graph database based on graph computing and data analysis technologies; and (ii) Atlas AI agent solutions developed using graph and large language model integration technology. The majority of the revenue is derived from the Atlas Graph Solutions.

TRS Information Technology Co Ltd is a provider of artificial intelligence and big data technology and data services in China. The core business of a company includes software product development, industry application solutions and data analysis and mining cloud services, covering big data management, information security, Internet marketing and artificial intelligence.

DoubleVerify Holdings Inc is a digital media measurement and analytics software platform. Its solutions provide advertisers with unbiased data analytics that enable them to increase the effectiveness, quality, and return on their digital advertising investments. Its DV Authentic Ad, a proprietary metric of digital media quality, measures whether a digital ad was delivered in a brand-suitable environment, fully viewable, by a real person, and in the intended geography. The company's software interface, DV Pinnacle, delivers these metrics to customers in real time, allowing them to access critical performance data on their digital transactions. Geographically, the company operates in the United States and also has a presence in Germany, Singapore, France, Canada, Japan, and other countries.

Fractal Analytics Ltd is engaged in the business of providing products and/or services relating to conversational AI solutions that enable automated, human-like conversations between organisations and people. The company operates through two business segments: (i) Fractal.ai, which provides AI services and products to develop customized solutions for client-specific use cases across industry-specific and cross-industry applications, and (ii) Fractal Alpha, which includes AI-related business activities. Through these segments, the company serves clients across various industries and business functions. The majority of the company's revenue is derived from the Fractal.ai segment. Geographically, it operates in the United States of America, Europe and APAC & Others.

Beijing Zhongke WengeAI Science and Technology Co Ltd is an AI technology and service provider in China, specializing in complex data analytics and AI-assisted decision-making. The company develops critical AI capabilities, offering a portfolio of full-stack AI services. Its services include data governance, domain knowledge management, large language and multimodal model development, decision automation, evaluation solutions, and low-code AI application development. The company provides AI-based solutions to organizations across sectors including public services, media and communications, and commercial enterprises. The majority of the company's revenue is derived from the provision of AI services to its clients in the Chinese Mainland.

Amagi Media Labs Ltd is engaged in the business of providing media technologies and related services. The company is a software-as-a-service (SaaS) provider that offers a cloud-native platform for media companies to distribute digital content to end users. The platform enables content providers and distributors to upload and deliver video over the internet through smart televisions, smartphones, and applications, rather than through traditional cable or set-top box services. The company also helps monetize such content through targeted advertising services for advertisers. The majority of the company's revenue is derived from its streaming unification services. Geographically, it derives the maximum revenue from America, and the rest from Europe, Asia-Pacific, the Middle East and India.

Justsystems Corp is a global software provider based in Japan. It provides service of user Interface customization, output customization. The company's products include XMetaL Author which brings automation to the process of content creation; XMAX, which is an embeddable ActiveX component designed for developers to integrate into custom environments; and XMetaL Developer, which is a tool for fast configuration of XML content authoring solutions that combines development tools in a robust and flexible Integrated Development Environment (IDE). The company also provides engineering services and training services.

Pci Technology Group Co Ltd provides artificial intelligence technology and products in China. It also offers face recognition, video structuring, knowledge mapping, big data technology and service to its clients.

Marketingforce Management Ltd is engaged in marketing and sales SaaS solution provider in China. It delivers marketing and sales SaaS solutions through the Marketing Force platform to enterprises. The company offers cloud-based SaaS products to enterprises to enable effective and efficient marketing and sales management, and also offers two signature SaaS products, T Cloud and True Client, which combine a series of functional modules respectively to address the pain points faced by enterprises in marketing and sales activities. The group is engaged in two segments: AI+ SaaS business and Precision marketing. Key revenue is generated from the AI+SaaS business.

Sansan Inc develops and delivers cloud-based card management services. It serves corporations and individuals.

Yelp Inc operates in the online content market based in the United States. It provides a web-based platform and mobile application to bridge the gap between businesses and consumers. The platform assists consumers through product reviews, tips, photos and videos thereby enabling them in making better buying decisions and posting their feedbacks. Its products and services includes Advertising Products and Business Page Products. In addition, it also lets the buyers directly transact with businesses directly through its platform. Yelp generates revenue mainly from the sale of advertising on its website and mobile app to businesses. The company generates majority of the revenue from United States.

GigaCloud Technology Inc provides end-to-end and B2B e-commerce solutions for large parcel merchandise. Its B2B e-commerce platform, which is referred to as the GigaCloud Marketplace, integrates everything from discovery, payments, and logistics tools into one easy-to-use platform. It offers online and offline integrated cross-border transaction and delivery services for furniture and large merchandise. Its marketplace seamlessly connects manufacturers in Asia, with resellers in the U.S., Asia, and Europe, to execute cross-border transactions with confidence, speed, and efficiency. It offers a truly comprehensive solution that transports products from the manufacturer’s warehouse to end customers, all at one fixed price.