almeera Valuation Multiples

Since its founding in 1962, Walmart has become the world’s largest retailer, operating over 10,700 stores globally (including 4,600 namesake locations on its home turf and another 600 Sam’s Club outlets) and growing its e-commerce presence, attracting 270 million customers weekly. In aggregate, the firm posted more than $680 billion in fiscal 2025 sales. Its core operations span three reporting segments: Walmart US (68% of fiscal 2025 sales), Walmart International (18%), and Sam’s Club (14%). Within the US, nearly 60% of its $465 billion in fiscal 2025 revenue came from its grocery offerings, with another quarter from general merchandise. Internationally, Walmart’s operations are concentrated in Mexico, though it also has budding exposure to India.

Founded in 1983, Costco Wholesale now operates a global chain of membership-based warehouse clubs, delivering high-quality goods and services at consistently low prices. As of its most recent fiscal year, Costco operated approximately 910 warehouses, serving more than 80 million members across its three geographic segments: Costco US (approximately 73% of total revenue), Costco Canada (13%), and Costco International (14%).Costco’s core value proposition—quality products at unbeatable prices—has yielded consistently strong member renewal rates (93% in the US and Canada and nearly 90% internationally). About 55% of Costco’s fiscal 2025 revenue came from its grocery offerings, and another 25% from general merchandise.

Alibaba is the world's largest online and mobile commerce company as measured by gross merchandise volume. It operates China's online marketplaces, including Taobao (consumer-to-consumer) and Tmall (business-to-consumer). The China retail e-commerce platform is the most valuable cash flow-generating business at Alibaba. Additional revenue sources include China wholesale e-commerce, international retail and wholesale e-commerce, local consumer services, travel services, cloud computing, digital media and entertainment, Cainiao logistics services, and other businesses.

Uber Technologies is a technology provider that matches riders with drivers, hungry people with restaurants and food couriers, and shippers with carriers. The firm's on-demand technology platform is currently utilized by traditional cars as well as autonomous vehicles, but could eventually be used for additional products and services, such as delivery via drones or electronic vehicle take-off and landing (eVTOL) technology. Uber operates in over 70 countries, with over 202 million users who order rides or food at least once a month.

Prosus is a consumer internet group with listed and unlisted platforms across 100 countries. Around 80% of Prosus’ net asset value is derived from its Tencent holdings, the world’s largest game publisher and operator of WeChat, China’s super app with 1.3 billion users. Prosus has approximately a 23% stake in Tencent. The rest of the group’s businesses and investments are organized into classifieds, food delivery, payments and fintech, and edtech. This includes ownership of iFood, Brazil’s largest food delivery app, and a 25% stake in Swiggy, the second-largest delivery platform in India.In 2019, Prosus was spun out of South Africa-based parent company Naspers Ltd and listed on the Euronext exchange. Naspers holds approximately 75% of Prosus’ shares.

Founded in 2013 within the confines of the San Francisco application renaissance, DoorDash is an online delivery demand aggregator. Consumers can use its app to order food on demand for delivery or in-store pickup from participating merchants. Following the 2022 acquisition of Wolt, the firm also provides this service in Europe and Asia. DoorDash creates a marketplace for merchants to establish an online presence, market their offerings, and meet demand through delivery. The firm provides similar services to non-restaurant businesses, such as grocery, retail, and pet supplies. DoorDash is also rolling out emerging technologies, such as drone delivery, to continually innovate and deliver the best possible service to both supply-side and demand-side participants in its marketplace.

Meituan is the largest food delivery platform in China, with a 60%-70% share of the market in 2024, according to Morningstar estimates. In the third quarter of 2024, the firm generated 74% of its revenue from the core local commerce segment, which includes on-demand food delivery and retail, in-store services (such as visiting beauty and entertainment stores after purchasing deals on Meituan), and hotel and travel booking. The remaining 26% of revenue came from the new initiatives segment, such as the community group purchase business Meituan Select and the overseas food delivery business.

Wal - Mart de Mexico SAB de CV is the owner and operator of Wal-Mart branded self-service stores in Mexico and Central America. Wal-Mart de Mexico is a subsidiary of Wal-Mart Stores Incorporated, based in the United States. The company generates the majority of revenue in Mexico and a small proportion of revenue from the rest of Central America. The company operates discount stores, hypermarkets, supermarkets, wholesale stores, and pharmacies. The company also engages in the import and sale of goods, property development, and real estate management activities.

Carvana Co is an e-commerce platform for buying and selling used cars. The company derives revenue from used vehicle sales, wholesale vehicle sales and other sales and revenues. The other sales and revenues include sales of loans originated and sold in securitization transactions or to financing partners, commissions received on VSCs and sales of GAP waiver coverage. The foundation of the business is retail vehicle unit sales. This drives the majority of the revenue and allows the company to capture additional revenue streams associated with financing, VSCs, auto insurance and GAP waiver coverage, as well as trade-in vehicles.

Target’s start dates back to 1962, but now it is one of the largest discount retailers in the United States (where it derives all of its sales), operating just under 2,000 stores and generating over $106 billion in fiscal 2024 sales. The company offers a broad assortment of merchandise across categories including apparel and accessories (16% of fiscal 2024 revenue), beauty and household essentials (30%), food and beverage (23%), hardlines (15%), as well as home furnishings (16%). Target’s model is anchored in its physical store base, which fulfills more than 97% of sales. Around 30% of sales are derived from its own private-label brands.

Loblaw is Canada's largest retailer, operating approximately 2,500 food retail and pharmacy stores across the country. Its main grocery banners include Loblaw, No Frills, and Maxi, and its pharmacy stores are mostly under the Shoppers Drug Mart banner, which it acquired in 2014. In addition to brand-name offerings, Loblaw offers private-label products under the President's Choice and No Name brands. Beyond retail, Loblaw runs the PC Optimum loyalty program and also offers credit cards and insurance brokerage, which are collectively referred to as financial services. George Weston is Loblaw's controlling shareholder with a 53% stake.

Tesco is a large food retailer, operating thousands of stores in the United Kingdom, Ireland, and Central Europe. The majority of Tesco’s sales are from the UK, where the firm has over 24% market share, more than double the second-largest peer, Sainsbury’s, according to Euromonitor. Tesco also holds 30% e-grocery market share in the UK, holding a dominant position online. Tesco gained exposure to the cash-and-carry and out-of-home delivery industries with the GBP 4 billion acquisition of Booker in 2018.

Founded in 1883, Kroger is the largest pure-play supermarket operator in the United States, operating roughly 2,700 stores across more than 30 banners. Kroger’s business is primarily grocery-led (roughly 77% of sales), spanning fresh-food and private-label offerings, complemented by fuel centers (10%) and pharmacies (11%). The firm also generates income from advertising, data analytics, and manufacturing.

Ahold Delhaize is the product of the July 2016 merger between Netherlands-based Ahold and Belgium's Delhaize, forming the seventh-largest grocer in the US and a top player in several parts of Europe. The US is its largest market, accounting for over 60% of group sales, and the network stretches from Maine to Georgia, including banners Stop & Shop, The Giant Company, Giant Food, Food Lion, and Hannaford. The Europe segment accounts for the rest of the revenue, with the firm operating in the Netherlands, Belgium, Greece, Romania, Serbia, and Luxembourg.

Avenue Supermarts Ltd is an India-based company engaged in the business of organized retail and operates supermarkets under the brand name of D-Mart. It provides products under the categories of Foods, Non-Foods (FMCG) and General Merchandise and Apparel. Foods category includes products such as dairy, staples, groceries, snacks, frozen products, processed foods, beverages and confectionary and fruits and vegetables. Non-Foods (FMCG) comprises home care products, personal care products, toiletries and other over-the-counter products. General Merchandise and Apparel include bed and bath, toys and games, crockery, plastic goods, garments, footwear, utensils and home appliances. The business operations of the company are principally carried out in India.

Woolworths is Australia's largest retailer. Operations include supermarkets in Australia and New Zealand, and discount department and pet stores. Woolworths also supplies businesses, like restaurants and cafes, following the acquisition of PFD Food Services. The Australian food division with its supermarkets constitutes the majority of group EBIT, followed by New Zealand supermarkets and PFD, while Big W is a minor contributor.

Seven & i Holdings operates 7-Eleven, the world’s largest convenience store chain, with more than 86,000 stores globally. Convenience stores, mainly in Japan and North America, represent 83% of group sales and about 97% of operating profits in the August 2025 quarter. 7-Eleven Japan, the market leader in Japan’s convenience store industry, has acquired 46% value share and 38% share in store count. 7-Eleven, the largest convenience store chain in the US, made a $21 billion acquisition of Speedway in 2020. The deal increased its total store count to more than 13,000.

George Weston is a holding company that controls majority stakes in retailer Loblaw and in Choice Properties, a real estate investment trust. Loblaw boasts the largest retail footprint across Canada with 2,500 food retail and pharmacy stores under banners such as Loblaw, No-Frills, Maxi, and Shoppers Drug Mart. Meanwhile, open-ended Choice Properties REIT owns and manages over 700 commercial and residential properties in Canada, generating roughly 60% of its gross rental revenue from its largest tenant Loblaw. Previously, George Weston sold its wholly owned bakery Weston Foods in 2022. The firm is controlled by the Weston family, which owns a 65% stake.

Coles is one of Australia's largest retailers, operating the second-largest supermarket chain behind market leader Woolworths, and the country's second-largest liquor chain. The group has an extensive store network of over 1,800 stores and roughly 80% of Australians live within a 10-minute drive from a Coles store. The retailer employs some 120,000 people, who process some 20 million individual customer transactions a week. This compares with Woolworths processing about 30 million customer transactions per week from Australia's population of 27 million.

JD Health is the largest healthcare e-commerce platform in China in terms of revenue. The company offers pharmaceutical drugs and healthcare products on its platform, both as a marketplace that connects merchants to consumers and as a first-party, or 1P, direct retailer. It also offers online consultation from real life doctors and separately partners with offline pharmacies that can provide location-based 24/7 delivery as part of an omnichannel initiative to complement its core e-commerce business. Its closest competitors are Alibaba Health and Meituan for its e-commerce business. As of Dec. 31, 2024, the platform has over 200 million active annual users and over 70,000 merchants. JD Health is 67.49% owned by its parent company, JD.com.

US Foods Holding Corp is a U.S. food service distributor that distributes food and nonfood products to the healthcare and hospitality industries, restaurants, education, government facilities, and grocers. It has various customer locations across the United States, with a vast network of distribution facilities, a fleet of trucks, and cash and carry locations offering food and non-food products, and a comprehensive suite of e-commerce, technology, and business solutions to its customers. The company operates in one business segment in which it markets, sells, and distributes fresh, frozen, and dry food and non-food products to foodservice customers throughout the U.S.

DiDi Global Inc is a mobility technology platform that provides a range of mobility services as well as other services. It is building four key components of its platform that work together to improve the consumer experience: shared mobility; energy and vehicle services; electric mobility; and autonomous driving. It is a go-to brand in China for shared mobility, providing consumers with a range of safe, affordable, and convenient mobility services, including ride-hailing, taxi-hailing, chauffeur, hitch, and other forms of shared mobility. The company operates in three segments: China Mobility, which mainly includes ride-hailing services to riders, and also acts as an agent by connecting end-users to service providers who provide taxi hailing; International; and Other Initiatives.

Founded in 2012, Grab provides ride-sharing services, food and grocery delivery, and financial services (payments, consumer loans, and enterprise offerings) in eight Southeast-Asian countries through its mobile platform. The company partners with merchants and riders, connecting them with consumers while charging commission to both sides. Grab has a leading market share in and derives 89% of its revenue from its core businesses, ride-sharing and food delivery. Singapore, Indonesia, and Malaysia contributed more than 70% of revenue in 2024. Grab’s main competitors in Southeast Asia are Line Man and Goto. Its financial services business is still in its nascent stage and provides minimal revenue currently. The company now also generates advertising revenue.

Founded in 1959, Carrefour is a multiformat retailer with operations in over 40 countries. Approximately 75% of sales stem from Europe and the rest from Latin America. In France, where Carrefour generates nearly 50% of its total revenue, the firm has a grocery market share of 22%, behind market leader E.Leclerc (24%), according to Kantar. Carrefour operates over 15,000 stores in hypermarket, supermarket, convenience store, and discount store formats. In 2024, Carrefour completed the acquisition of the Cora and Match banners from Louis Delhaize group for an enterprise value of EUR 1.05 billion.

Jeronimo Martins SGPS SA operates in food distribution, agribusiness, and other businesses. The food distribution business is the group's main activity, which consists of retail and wholesale operations under the brand's Pingo Doce and Recheio in Portugal, Poland, and Colombia. The group segments. Portugal Retail: comprises the business unit of JMR (Pingo Doce supermarkets), Portugal Cash & Carry: includes the wholesale business unit Recheio, Poland Retail: the business unit which operates under the Biedronka banner, Colombia Retail: the business unit which operates under Ara banner, Poland Health and Beauty: includes the Hebe banner business unit which operates in Poland, & Others, eliminations and adjustments. The majority of revenue is derived from the Poland retail segment.

Metro is the third-largest grocery retailer in Canada (behind Loblaws and Sobeys) and also owns the top pharmacy chain in Quebec, Jean Coutu, following the 2018 acquisition. Its grocery banners include supermarket chain Metro, discounters Super C and Food Basics, and ethnic food grocer Adonis, while its pharmacies primarily operate under the Jean Coutu and Brunet trademarks. Metro operates both as a food retailer and a franchisor, licensing its trademarks and supplying merchandise to registered pharmacists. The firm also acts as a wholesaler and distributor to serve smaller, neighborhood grocery stores. Unlike peers Loblaws and Sobeys that operate chain stores across Canada, Metro’s operations are concentrated in Quebec and Ontario, with no presence in western Canada.

CP All PCL is the sole operator of 7-Eleven convenience stores in Thailand. Almost half of the stores are located in Bangkok and its vicinities, with the remaining located in provincial areas. The company also operates other related businesses, such as bill payment collection services, manufacturing and sale of convenience food and bakery products, sale and maintenance of retail equipment, payment for products and services, information technology services, logistics services, marketing services, educational institution, and training and business seminar services, including catalog sales and e-commerce businesses. The company has four reportable segments: convenience stores, wholesale, retail and mall, and others. The majority of its revenue from Convenience stores segment.

Bim Birlesik Magazalar AS is a Turkey-based company that is engaged in operating retail stores through its retail shops throughout Turkey, which sell an assortment of items, including a number of private label products which includes Fresh Meat Products, Milk and milk products, Beverages, Legumes and Bakery, Snacks and Sweets, Fruits and Vegetables, Frozen Food, Cleaning Supplies, Oils and Cosmetics and papers. The company also operates abroad including in Morocco and Egypt.

Founded in 1869, Sainsbury's is the second-largest UK grocery chain with around 10% market share. It operates around 600 supermarkets and 800 convenience stores in the UK. The company has diversified away from core food by selling clothing, fuel, and other nonfood items. In September 2016, it took a step further into nonfood retailing with the purchase of Home Retail Group, operating the Habitat and Argos chains (general merchandise and electronics stores), for GBP 1.10 billion.

Kesko Oyj is a Finland-based retail conglomerate that operates in three divisions: Grocery, Building and Technical, and Car. The Grocery segment provides the customers with K-food retailers running their locally tailored stores, acting in a chain business model. Chains include K-Citymarket, K-Supermarket, K-Market, and Neste K. The Building and Technical Sector produces construction materials, leisure athletic goods, and infrastructure tools and operates out of Scandinavia and Eastern Europe, both in digital and brick-and-mortar stores. The Car division acts as an importer and leaser for various European car brands, including Volkswagen, SEAT, Audi, and Porsche as well as a seller of used cars online and in-store. The Grocery segment in Finland produces the maximum revenue.

Maplebear (Instacart) is a grocery-focused delivery marketplace that connects national and regional grocers with consumers and couriers, and consumers with their favorite stores. Its app provides on-demand convenience for consumers, allows couriers to earn income, and helps grocers to scale their business through digital channels. The marketplace gathers valuable consumer behavior data, attracting consumer-packaged-goods advertisers that seek to reach consumers at the point of purchase. With approximately 600,000 shoppers and 1,800 retail partners, Instacart delivers to about 98% of households in the United States and Canada.

Alibaba Health is of one of China's leading e-commerce platform specializing in healthcare-related products, including prescription drugs, OTC drugs, traditional Chinese medicine, health foods, and so on. The company operates both a third-party B2C service, or 3P, and its own direct-to-consumer business, or 1P, with its own inventory, which can both be accessed by Alibaba’s Tmall app and Alipay. The company also provides online consultation services in a separate app called Yilu or “Dr. Deer,” although its e-commerce businesses remain its core competency in the long-term. E-commerce accounted for 93% of revenue in fiscal year 2022. We estimate that AliHealth holds about 45% of market share in the industry in terms of GMV. AliHealth is 63.74% owned by its parent company, Alibaba Group.

Chewy is the largest e-commerce petcare retailer in the US, generating $11.9 billion in fiscal 2024 sales across pet food, treats, hard goods, and pharmacy categories. The firm was founded in 2011, acquired by PetSmart in 2017, and tapped public markets as a stand-alone company in 2019 after spending time developing under the aegis of the pet superstore chain. The firm generates sales from pet food, treats, over-the-counter medications, medical prescription fulfillment, and hard goods like crates, leashes, and bowls.

Lenskart Solutions Ltd is a technology-driven eyewear company, with a belief that clear vision is fundamental to personal development and well-being. It sells a range of eyewear products including prescription eyeglasses, sunglasses, and other products such as contact lenses and eyewear accessories.

Wayfair engages in e-commerce in the United States (88% of 2025 sales), Canada, the United Kingdom, and Ireland. It's also embarked on expansion into the brick-and-mortar landscape, with 12 stores (excluding outlets) between the AllModern, Birch Lane, Joss & Main, and Wayfair banners. At the end of 2025, the firm offered more than 40 million products from more than 20,000 suppliers under the brands Wayfair, Joss & Main, AllModern, Birch Lane, and Perigold. Its offerings include furniture, everyday and seasonal decor, decorative accents, housewares, as well as advertising and logistics services. Wayfair was founded in 2002 and began trading publicly in 2014.

Dino Polska SA is engaged in retail sales in non-specialized stores with food, beverages and tobacco. It conducts processing of meat in the form of culinary meat, to external recipients within its retail chain.

Albertsons is the second-largest supermarket operator in the United States with about 2,300 stores across a variety of banners. Around 80% of the firm’s sales comes from nonperishable and fresh food, of which 26% comes from its portfolio of private brands. The company operates fuel centers at about 20% of its store locations and pharmacies at 75%. Albertsons went public in 2020 following years of ownership under private equity firm Cerberus Capital Management, which still owns about a fourth of the outstanding shares.

Sprouts Farmers Market Inc offers a specialty grocery experience featuring an open layout with fresh produce at the heart of the store. Sprouts inspire wellness naturally with a carefully curated assortment products paired with purpose-driven people. The company continues to bring products made with lifestyle-friendly ingredients such as organic, plant-based, and gluten-free. It approximately has 407 stores in nearly 23 states. The Company has one operating segment that is healthy grocery stores.

Empire Co Ltd key businesses are food retailing, investments, and other operations. The food retailing division operates through Empire's subsidiaries Sobeys, National, Farm Boy, and Longo’s, and represents nearly all of the company's income. This segment owns, affiliates, or franchises various stores in different provinces, under retail banners including Sobeys, Safeway, IGA, and Foodland. The company's investment and other operations segment include the investment in Crombie REIT, which is an open-ended Canadian real estate investment trust.

President Chain Store Corporation, along with its subsidiaries, is engaged in managing convenience stores, restaurants, drugstores, department stores, supermarkets, and online shopping stores under different brands. It focuses on offering various daily consumer goods, such as fresh food, beverages, cosmetics, and household items. One of its key operations includes the management of 7-Eleven stores across Taiwan and other regions. The group operates in Taiwan, Mainland China, the Philippines, and Japan. Its reportable segments are Convenience stores, which derive maximum revenue, Retail business group, Logistics business group, and Other operating segments. Geographically, the group derives a majority of its revenue from Taiwan, followed by other regions.

Swiggy Ltd is a consumer-first technology company offering users an easy to use convenience platform, accessible through a unified app to browse, select, order and pay for food (Food Delivery), grocery and household items (Instamart), and have their orders delivered to their doorstep through on-demand delivery partner network. Its platform can be used to make restaurant reservations (Dineout) and for events bookings (SteppinOut). It has five business segments: Food Delivery, Out of home consumption, Quick commerce. Supply chain and distribution and Platform Innovations. Key revenue is generated from Food delivery business that offer on demand Food Delivery services through a network of restaurant partners and delivery partners, which is available through mobile application and or website.

Founded in 2011, Delivery Hero is an online delivery demand aggregator. The company is headquartered in Germany and operates in over 70 countries across Latin America, Asia, Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. Delivery Hero creates a marketplace for merchants to establish an online presence, market their offerings, and meet demand through delivery. Nearly half of Delivery Hero’s revenue is commission fees from merchants. Through its applications, which vary by region, customers can order meals, grocery items, pharmacy products, and retail goods. In addition, Delivery Hero operates Dmarts.

Vipshop is a leading Chinese online discount retailer offering branded products at attractive discounts ranging from 10%-90% off their original price through daily flash sales. It operates warehousing, retailing, product procurements, software development, and information technology support in-house while outsourcing to third-party logistics providers for distribution and shipments. Branded products on Vipshop’s platform are sourced mostly through a consignment model with global brand partners . As of March 31, 2025, Eric Ya Shen, chairman and CEO, had 64.5% voting rights. Leading Chinese social media firm and strategic shareholder Tencent also holds an 12.5% interest.

Axfood AB operates food retail and wholesale businesses in Sweden. The company operates various food retail grocery chains, discount stores, hypermarkets, restaurants, cafes, and pharmacies through different brands. The company's operating segments include Willys, Hemkop, Dagab, City Gross, and Snabbgross. A majority of its revenue is generated from the Willys segment, which is a discount grocery chain, offering various products in both group-owned stores and online. This segment also includes the partly owned cross-border grocery chain Eurocash.

Zalando, founded in 2008, is Europe’s biggest pure-play online fashion platform. Zalando is present in 25 European countries, and its major market is the DACH region, comprising Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. The company commands around 12% market share in European online apparel sales. After the About You acquisition, it has 17 fulfillment centers, offers over 7,000 brands, and as of September 2025, had 61 million active users (more than 10% of the population in countries where the firm has a presence).

Zozo was established in 1998 by Yusaku Maezawa (founder and former CEO), and its main business is Zozotown, the largest fashion e-commerce platform in Japan. Zozotown’s business consists mainly of consignment sales, where each brand’s products are stocked in Zozotown’s logistics bases, and brands open their shops on Zozotown as tenants. As of 2025, Zozotown sold clothing from over 9,000 brands and boasted about 12.8 million annual active users. Zozo acquired LYST, a UK-based fashion e-commerce platform operator, in 2025.

Talabat Holding PLC is engaged in the on-demand online food ordering, delivery, takeaway and groceries and convenience retail marketplace in the MENA region, with operations in the UAE, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, Egypt, Oman, Jordan, and Iraq.

Grupo Comercial Chedraui SAB de CV is a Spanish company engaged in the operation of hypermarkets in Mexico and supermarkets in the United States, and it also has a real estate division. In Mexico, the company operates through two retail formats: Tiendas Chedraui and Super Chedraui, which represent different sizes and depth of assortment. The retail stores in the U.S. are located in three southwest states: California, Nevada, and Arizona. The real estate division is involved in locating, building, and remodelling the stores, as well as leasing commercial space in shopping malls where there are Chedraui stores.