Monarch Casino & Resort Valuation Multiples

Marriott operates 1.8 million rooms across roughly 30 brands. At the end of 2025, luxury represented roughly 10% of total rooms, premium was 42%, select service was 46%, and midscale was 2%. Marriott, Courtyard, and Sheraton are the largest brands, while Autograph, Tribute, Moxy, Aloft, and Element are newer lifestyle brands. Managed and franchised represented 99% of total rooms as of Dec. 31, 2025. North America makes up 61% of total rooms. Managed, franchise, and incentive fees represent the vast majority of revenue and profitability for the company.

Hilton Worldwide Holdings operates 1.35 million rooms across its 25 brands, serving the premium economy through luxury segments. Hampton and Hilton are the two largest brands, representing 27% and 18%, respectively, of the company’s total rooms, as of Dec. 31, 2025. Recent brands launched over the past few years include Home2, Curio, Canopy, Spark, Tru, Tempo, LivSmart, and Outset. Additionally, there is a partnership with Small Luxury Hotels of the World and acquisitions of NoMad and Graduate Hotels. Managed and franchised hotels represent the vast majority of adjusted EBITDA, predominantly from the Americas.

Oriental Land is a prominent Japanese company primarily known for its ownership and operation of the Tokyo Disney Resort. It includes two theme parks, Tokyo Disneyland and Tokyo DisneySea, as well as hotels, shopping, and dining facilities. Oriental Land collaborates closely with The Walt Disney Company under a licensing agreement until 2076. This partnership has been instrumental in establishing Tokyo Disney Resort as one of the leading tourist destinations in Japan, attracting millions of visitors annually from domestic and international markets. Beyond its entertainment ventures, Oriental Land has also ventured into real estate development and operates Ikspiari, a retail and entertainment complex adjacent to Tokyo Disneyland.

Aristocrat Leisure is an electronic gaming machine manufacturer that sells machines to pubs, clubs, and casinos. The firm is licensed in all Australian states and territories, North American jurisdictions, and essentially every major country. Aristocrat is one of the top three largest players in the space along with International Game Technology and Light & Wonder. The company also develops and distributes mobile games, principally in the social casino niche. The more nascent iGaming business sits between these two businesses, providing digital content and capabilities to real-money gaming providers.

InterContinental Hotels Group operates 1 million rooms across 20 brands addressing the midscale through luxury segments, as of Dec. 31, 2025. Holiday Inn and Holiday Inn Express constitute the largest brand, while Hotel Indigo, Even, Hualuxe, Kimpton, and Voco are newer lifestyle brands experiencing strong demand. The company launched a midscale brand, Avid, in 2017 and closed on a 51% stake in Regent Hotels in 2018. It acquired Six Senses in 2019 and launched another midscale brand, Garner, in 2023, followed by a premium conversion brand, Noted Collections, in 2025. Managed and franchised represent 99% of total rooms. As of Dec. 31, 2025, the Americas represented 52% of total rooms, with Greater China accounting for 20% and Europe, Asia, the Middle East, and Africa making up 28%.

Las Vegas Sands is the world's largest operator of fully integrated resorts, featuring casino, hotel, entertainment, food and beverage, retail, and convention center operations. The company owns the Venetian Macao, Sands Macao, Londoner Macao, Four Seasons Hotel Macao, and Parisian Macao, as well as the Marina Bay Sands resort in Singapore. We expect Sands to open a fourth tower in Singapore in 2031. Its Venetian and Palazzo Las Vegas assets in the US were sold to Apollo and Vici in 2022. After the sale of its Vegas assets, Sands generates all its EBITDA from Asia, with its casino operations generating the majority of sales.

Galaxy Entertainment is one of six casino licenseholders in Macao. Its major properties include Starworld casino in the Macao Peninsula and Galaxy Macau in Cotai, with a hotel capacity of approximately 5,564 rooms as of the end of 2024.

Hyatt is an operator of owned (3% of total rooms) and managed and franchised (97%) properties across about 40 upscale luxury brands, which includes vacation brands (Apple Leisure Group, Hyatt Ziva, and Hyatt Zilara), the recently launched full-service lifestyle brand Hyatt Centric, the soft lifestyle brand Unbound, the wellness brand Miraval, and the midscale extended-stay brand Studios. Hyatt acquired Two Roads Hospitality in 2018 and Apple Leisure Group in 2021. The regional exposure as a percentage of total rooms is 63% Americas, 15% rest of world, and 22% Asia-Pacific.

Evolution AB develops, produces, markets, and licenses fully integrated live casino and slots solutions to gaming operators. In live casino, a game presenter (dealer) runs the game from a casino table, which is followed in real time via a video stream, while players place bets on devices such as computers, smartphones, and tablets. Its games include Live Casino, Slots, Game Shows, First Person, Live Blackjack, Live Roulette, Live Baccarat, Super Sic Bo & Dragon Tiger, Live Poker, and Land-Based games. The Company innovates, develops, and produces online casino content on a B2B basis and generates maximum revenue from Europe, followed by North America and other regions.

H World Group Ltd is a multi-brand hotel group in China with international operations. It operates in the leased, managed, and franchised models. The company has two operating segments: legacy Huazhu and legacy DH. Its brand and product offering includes Economy hotel brands: HanTing Hotel, Ni Hao Hotel, Hi Inn, Elan Hotel, Zleep Hotels, and Ibis Hotel, Midscale hotel brands: JI Hotel, Orange Hotel, Starway Hotel and Ibis Styles Hotel, Upper midscale hotel brands: Crystal Orange Hotel, IntercityHotel, Manxin Hotel, Mercure Hotel, Madison Hotel, Novotel Hotel, CitiGO Hotel and MAXX by Steigenberger, Upscale hotel brands: Joya Hotel, Blossom House, Steigenberger Hotels & Resorts, Jaz in the City, and Grand Mercure; and Luxury hotel brand: Steigenberger Icon and Song Hotels.

In 2016, Irish company Paddy Power merged with UK firm Betfair to form online gaming operator Flutter Entertainment. Today, Flutter has the top digital revenue share in the US, UK and Ireland, Australia, Italy, and many other countries. Some of its leading brands are FanDuel in the US, Sky Betting & Gaming and Paddy Power in the UK and Ireland, Sportsbet (acquired by Paddy Power beginning in 2009) in Australia, and Sisal in Italy. As of Dec. 31, 2024, the company offered products in over 100 countries and had 13.9 million average monthly users. In 2024, sports betting was 56% of revenue, online gaming 40%, and fantasy sports, horse racing, and other 4%. The company is scheduled to launch a predictive sports betting platform in late 2025.

Accor operates 850,285 rooms across 48 brands, addressing the economy through luxury segments as of December 2024. Ibis (economy scale) is the largest brand (18% of total rooms at the end of 2024), followed by midscale brands Mercure (16%) and Novotel (13%). FRHI offers additional luxury and North American exposure. After the sale of the majority of HotelInvest (owned assets) in 2018-19, the majority of total EBITDA comes from asset-light managed and franchised hotels. Europe and North Africa represent 42% of rooms, Asia-Pacific 35%, the Americas 12%, and India, Middle East, and Africa 11%. Premium, midscale, and economy are 84% of total rooms, while luxury and lifestyle are the remaining 16%.

Sands China operates integrated resorts and casinos in Macao. Its properties include Sands Macao, the Venetian Macao, the Plaza Macao, the Londoner, and the Parisian Macao. It has about 23.5% market share in the Macao gaming sector in terms of gross gaming revenue as of 2025. Las Vegas Sands has a 74.8% stake in Sands China.

Indian Hotels Co Ltd is an owner and operator of hotels and resorts, domiciled in India. The company operates its hotels and resorts under the Taj, Vivanta, Ginger, Seleqtions, and other brands. Indian Hotels reports revenue across the following business lines: room income; food, restaurants, and banquet income; membership fees; management and operating fees; and others. Room income contributes a majority to the company's revenue, followed by food, restaurants, and banquet income. Indian Hotels derives the majority of its revenue domestically.

OPAP Holding SA, formerly known as Greek Organisation of Football Prognostics SA, is a gambling company that operates lotteries and sports betting, including horse races. The company is the exclusive gambling provider in Greece. The firm is organized into segments based on the type of game: Lotteries, Betting, Online betting, other online games, instant and passive, Vlts, Telecom and emoney services and others. The gaming services are provided either online or through physical retailers. The company generates the vast majority of its revenue in Greece.

DraftKings got its start in 2012 as an innovator in daily fantasy sports. Then, following a Supreme Court ruling in 2018 that allowed states to legalize online sports wagering, the company expanded into online sports and casino gambling, where it generally holds the number-two or -three revenue share position across states where it competes. DraftKings is now live with online or retail sports betting in 28 states and i-gaming in 5 states, with both products available to around 40% of Canada's population. In 2024, sports revenue was 61% of total sales, i-gaming 32%, and fantasy and lottery 7%. The company plans to launch a predictive event platform in late 2025 and also operates a non-fungible token commission-based marketplace and develops and licenses online gaming products.

Ryman Hospitality Properties Inc is a lodging and hospitality real estate investment trust that specializes in upscale convention center resorts and country music entertainment experiences. Its core holdings include meetings-focused resorts that are managed by Marriott under the Gaylord Hotels and JW Marriott brands. The company's operations are organized into three segments: Hospitality, Entertainment, and Corporate and Other. The majority of its revenue is generated from the Hospitality segment, which includes the Gaylord Hotels properties, JW Marriott properties, the Inn at Opryland, and the AC Hotel in its portfolio. The Entertainment segment includes the entertainment and media assets comprising Opry Entertainment Group, and the Corporate and Other segment includes corporate expenses.

The Lottery Corporation is Australia's largest provider of lottery, keno, and instant-scratch products, with long-dated and/or exclusive licenses for the lottery in all Australian states and territories except Western Australia, and in most states and territories for keno. Lottery Corp has a distribution network of more than 3,800 franchised retailers that sell instant-scratch and lottery products through vendors such as newsstands, gas stations, pharmacies, and convenience stores, as well as online sales. Keno is sold in over 3,400 bars and clubs.

Wynn Resorts operates luxury casinos and resorts. The company was founded in 2002 by Steve Wynn, the former CEO. The company operates four megaresorts: Wynn Macau and Encore in Macao and Wynn Las Vegas and Encore in Las Vegas. Cotai Palace opened in August 2016 in Macao, and Encore Boston Harbor in Massachusetts opened June 2019. We expect the company to continue to build nongaming attractions in Macao over the next few years. We model Wynn's managed integrated resort in the United Arab Emirates to open in 2027. The company also operates Wynn Interactive, a digital sports betting and iGaming platform, in a few states. The company received 76% and 24% of its 2019 prepandemic EBITDA from Macao and the US, respectively. In 2024, both the US and Macao were each 50% of total EBITDA.

The Wharf (Holdings) Ltd has determined five reportable operating segments for measuring performance and allocating resources. The segments are investment properties, development properties, hotels, logistics, and investments. The investment properties segment mainly includes property leasing & management operations. The development properties segment encompasses activities relating to the acquisition, development, sales, and marketing of the Group’s trading properties. The hotel segment includes hotel management in Asia. The logistics segment mainly includes container terminal operations. The investment segment includes a diversified portfolio of listed equity investments. The majority is from the Development Properties segment. Geographically, the majority is from Mainland China.

MGM Resorts is the largest resort operator on the Las Vegas Strip with 37,000 guest rooms and suites, representing about one fourth of all units in the market. The company's Vegas properties include MGM Grand, Mandalay Bay, Park MGM, Luxor, New York-New York, and Bellagio. The Strip contributed approximately 59% of total EBITDAR in 2024. MGM also owns US regional assets, which represented a low 20s share of 2024 EBITDAR (MGM's Macao EBITDAR was 21% of the total in 2024). MGM's US sports and i-gaming operations are currently a high-single-digit percentage of its total revenue. The company also operates the 56%-owned MGM China casinos with a second property that opened on the Cotai Strip in early 2018. We estimate MGM will open a resort in Japan in 2030.

Lottomatica Group SpA is an operator on the gaming market authorized by the Customs and Monopolies Agency. The group operates in various sectors namely Online (sports betting and online games); Betting (sports bets and games on a physical network); Gaming (AWP and VLT entertainment machines, direct management of gaming halls and proprietary AWPs) and d VLT (video lottery terminals) entertainment device networks and management of owned gaming halls and AWPs (Gaming Franchise).

Light & Wonder is principally an electronic gaming machine manufacturer, selling machines to pubs, clubs, and casinos. The firm is licensed in most jurisdictions allowing gambling globally. Light & Wonder is one of the three largest players in the space along with International Game Technology and Aristocrat Leisure. SciPlay, about one fourth of revenue, develops and distributes casual mobile games, principally in the social casino niche. The more nascent iGaming business sits between these two businesses, providing digital content and capabilities to real-money gaming providers.

Caesars Entertainment's stand-alone portfolio includes about 50 domestic gaming properties across the Las Vegas (48% of 2025 EBITDAR) and regional (49%) markets. Additionally, the company hosts managed properties and digital assets that produced marginal EBITDA in 2025. Caesars' US presence roughly doubled with the 2020 acquisition by Eldorado, which built its first casino in Reno, Nevada, in 1973. Caesars' brands include Caesars, Harrah’s, Tropicana, Bally’s, Isle, and Flamingo. Also, the company owns the US portion of William Hill (it sold the international operation in 2022), a digital sports betting platform. The portfolio is set to expand to more than 60 casinos with the proposed acquisition of Caesars by Fertitta Entertainment and its Golden Nugget resorts.

Whitbread PLC owns hotels and restaurants that operate in the United Kingdom. It operates more than 800 hotels under the Premier Inn brand and provides services in relation to accommodation and food both in the UK and internationally. Restaurant brands include Beefeater, Brewers Fayre, Cookhouse & Pub, Bar Block and Others. Geographically the company derives majority of revenue from UK division.

Churchill Downs Inc is a gaming entertainment, online wagering, and racing company. It operates through three business segments: Live and Historical Racing, Wagering Services, and Gaming. The Live and Historical Racing segment includes live and historical pari-mutuel racing. The Wagering Services segment includes the revenue and expenses from pari-mutuel wagers through TwinSpires, companies retail and online sports betting business and Gaming segment includes revenue and expenses for the casino properties and associated racetracks that support the casino license. The Gaming segment generates revenue and expenses from slot machines, video lottery terminals, video poker, HRMs, ancillary food and beverage services, hotel services, commission on pari-mutuel wagering, and racing events.

Super Group (SGHC) Ltd is a holding company that operates online sports betting and gaming businesses. The company's reportable segments are Betway, Spin, and Other. A majority of its revenue is generated from the Betway segment, which is a single-brand online sports betting and casino offering with licenses to operate throughout Europe, the Americas, and Africa. Spin is the company's multi-brand online casino offering, having a diverse portfolio of casino brands such as Jackpot City, Spin Casino, Dream Bingo, Mirror Bingo, etc., designed to be culturally relevant globally while aiming to offer a wide range of casino products. Geographically, the company generates maximum revenue from Africa and Middle East, followed by North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and South/Latin America.

As of June 30, 2025, Wyndham Hotels & Resorts operates 846,700 rooms across more than 20 brands predominantly in the economy and midscale segments. Super 8 is the largest brand, representing around 18% of all rooms, with Days Inn (13%) and Ramada (14%) the next two largest brands, as of the end of 2024. During the past several years, the company has expanded its extended stay/lifestyle brands, which appeal to travelers seeking to experience the local culture of a given location. The company closed its La Quinta acquisition in the second quarter of 2018, adding around 90,000 rooms at the time the deal closed. Wyndham launched a new extended stay economy scale segment concept, ECHO, in the spring of 2022. The United States represents 56% of total rooms, as of the end of 2024.

Vinpearl JSC, along with its subsidiaries, provides short-term accommodation services including hotel business and hotel services, amusement and recreation services, domestic travel, passenger transport, restaurant and catering business, construction investment, and real estate business. It operates various hotels and resorts across Vietnam, including Hon Tam Resort, Vinepearl Resort Nha Trang, Vinepearl Wonderworld Phu Quoc, Vinepearl Cua Sot Resort, and others. The Group's operating business segments are: Business services, hotel tourism, entertainment, and related services, which derive maximum revenue; and Real estate leasing and transfer business. Geographically, it operates only in Vietnam.

Vail Resorts Inc Bhd is a resorts and casinos company that operates mountain resorts and ski areas. The company has three business segments that include Mountain, Lodging, and Real Estate. The Mountain segment operates numerous ski resort properties that offer a variety of winter and summer activities, such as skiing, snowboarding, snowshoeing, hiking, and mountain biking. The Lodging segment owns and operates hotels and condominiums. The Real Estate segment owns, develops, and leases real estate, typically near its other properties. The company generates the vast majority of its revenue within the United States.

Boyd Gaming Corp is a multi-jurisdictional gaming company. The company operates wholly-owned gaming entertainment properties (casino space, slot machines, table games, and hotel rooms) in Nevada, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. Geographical regions separate its business segments: Las Vegas Locals, Downtown Las Vegas, Midwest and South, and Online. The Midwest and South hold the key number of entertainment properties and generate the majority of the company's revenue.

UOL Group Ltd is a general real estate company. The company maintains an extensive portfolio in Singapore that is composed of development and investment properties, hotels, and serviced suites. The development properties consist of residential units, office towers, and shopping centers. The Group's property development segment generates the vast majority of its revenue, followed by hotel operations. Geographically, it generates the majority of its revenue from Singapore.

At year-end 2025, Choice Hotels operated 657,000 rooms across the economy, midscale, upscale, and extended-stay segments. Comfort Inn and Comfort Suites are the largest brands (27% of the company's total rooms), while Ascend and Cambria (10%) are lifestyle and select-service brands, and WoodSpring (5%) is the company's largest extended-stay brand. Choice closed on its Radisson acquisition in August 2022, which added about 70,000 rooms. Franchises account for 100% of total revenue, and the United States represented 78% of total rooms in 2024.

MGM China is one of six casino license holders in Macao. It operates two integrated resorts: the MGM Macau in the Peninsula and MGM Cotai in Cotai. The company is allowed to operate 750 gaming tables during its new 10-year concession period of 2023-32.

Atour Lifestyle Holdings Ltd is an upper-midscale hotel chain in China. The company derives revenues from franchise and management fees from its manachised hotels and sales of hotel supplies to manachised hotels, Operations of leased hotels, and sales of retail products. The company has one operating segment, which is the Atour Group.

FDJ United is engaged in lottery, sports betting, and online gaming activities. Its offerings include draw and instant lottery games, as well as sports betting services across retail and digital channels. The group operates mainly in France and has expanded internationally through online gaming and betting activities, along with ancillary payment and collection services.

Bains de Mer Monaco is engaged in the gaming, hotel and leasing Industry. The Gaming sector combines the gaming table and slot machine operations at the Monte-Carlo Casino, the Cafe de Paris Casino, the Sun Casino, the Bay Casino, and the Rascasse. The Hotel sector includes all the accommodation and catering activities, the therapy and spa-centre and all the related hotel services provided in its establishments. The Leasing sector combines leasing activities of boutiques, office space and the hotel residence activities of the Monte-Carlo Bay and Balmoral. Bains derives the majority of revenue from the Hotel sector.

An investment in wide-moat-rated Endeavour Group provides investors with exposure to one of the most well entrenched dividend-paying businesses in the Australian retail landscape. Following decades of enduring organic growth through store rollouts, Endeavour's off-premises retail segment—with more than 1,700 retail outlets mainly across its Dan Murphy's and BWS brands—accounts for approximately half of all off-premises retail liquor sales within Australia. Endeavour's immense scale in the off-premises retail segment is unrivalled within Australia. Indeed, Endeavour's sales are almost three times larger than its nearest retail competitor, Coles.

Marriott Vacations Worldwide Corp functions in the United States leisure industry. It owns and manages a cluster of resorts and accommodation facilities under trademarks like Marriott Vacation Club, Grand Residencies, and The Ritz-Carlton Destination Club predominantly in the United States. Some of its properties are also spread across Europe and Asia Pacific. Marriott's majority revenue components include the sale of vacation ownership products such as luxurious vacation packages. In addition, it offers purchase money financing to the end users of its core services. The company operates in two reportable segments: Vacation Ownership and Exchange & Third-Party Management. The majority of revenue is derived from the Vacation Ownership segment.

Entain is an international sports betting and gambling group, formally Entain plc and formerly GVC Holdings, listed on the London Stock Exchange (LON:ENT) and a constituent of the FTSE 250. It was incorporated in Luxembourg in 2004 as Gaming VC Holdings by a group of American investors led by Steve Barlow, to acquire the German-language online casino Casino-Club. It re-registered in the Isle of Man as GVC Holdings in 2010 and is headquartered in Douglas. It grew through acquisitions: Sportingbet in 2012 with William Hill, Bwin.Party Digital Entertainment in 2016 for £1.1 billion, and Ladbrokes Coral, agreed in December 2017 for up to £4 billion. It later bought the Australian bookmaker Neds and the bingo platform Cozy Games. Its brands include Ladbrokes, Coral, bwin, Sportingbet, PartyPoker, Party Casino and Foxy Bingo. In the United States it owns half of BetMGM, formed with MGM Resorts in 2018. Entain reported revenue of £5,325.4 million and operating income of £861.2 million in 2025 and employs about 30,000 people. It is chaired by Pierre Bouchut, with Stella David as chief executive. Revenue comes from betting and gaming margins online and in retail shops.

ITC Hotels Ltd is engaged in hospitality services, offering a collection of hotels and resorts. The group operates under six brands: ITC Hotels and Mementos in the luxury segment, Storii in the boutique premium segment, Welcomhotel in the upper upscale category, Fortune in the midscale segment, and WelcomHeritage in the heritage leisure space. The company operates within and outside India, with the majority of revenue from the India, as the majority of its location is within India, like Agra, New Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, and many more top cities.

Fattal Holdings (1998) Ltd is engaged in the maintenance, management, operation, and rental of hotels in Israel. Its geographical segment includes Israel; and Abroad, mainly Germany; the UK and Ireland, and others. The company generates maximum revenue from Abroad, mainly in Germany.

Minor International PCL operates hotels, restaurant operations, distribution, and manufacturing businesses. The company's operating segments of the company are Hotel, Mixed-use and others, and Restaurants. Majority of its revenue comes from European hotels. The Group mainly operates in Thailand and also has operations in other countries such as countries in Europe, Singapore, The People's Republic of China, The Republic of Maldives, The United Arab Emirates, Sri Lanka, Australia, the Federative Republic of Brazil, and countries in Africa, etc.

Wynn Macau operates two integrated casino resorts in Macao, including Wynn Macau on the peninsula and Wynn Palace in Cotai. These properties feature with high-end hotels and brand-name stores, making Wynn an iconic high-end brand. Wynn Resorts has a 71% stake in Wynn Macau.

CIRSA Enterprises is a Spanish gaming and entertainment group founded in Terrassa in 1978. It operates casinos, bingo halls, gaming venues, slot machines, sports betting and regulated online gaming across 11 countries. Consumers use its physical venues and digital wagering products, while hospitality businesses also host machines operated under revenue-sharing arrangements. The company earns gaming revenue from casino play, machine operations, betting and online products, together with related venue services. CIRSA states that its establishments receive more than 50 million visits a year and that the group employs more than 16,000 people. It expanded through acquisitions in Spain, Italy and Latin America, bought Playspace in November 2020 for its interactive operations and began trading on the Spanish stock market in July 2025.

Red Rock Resorts Inc along with its subsidiary is a gaming, development and management company that develops and operates strategically-located casino and entertainment properties. Its casino properties are conveniently located throughout the Las Vegas valley and provide its customers a wide variety of entertainment and dining options. The majority of revenue is derived from Casinos, followed by Food and Beverages, Rooms and others.

Hilton Grand Vacations Inc is a timeshare company engaged in developing, marketing, selling, managing, and operating timeshare resorts, timeshare plans, and ancillary reservation services, under the Hilton Grand Vacations brand. The company operates business in the following two segments: (i) Real estate sales and financing and (ii) Resort operations and club management. The majority of the company's revenue is earned through the Real estate sales and financing segment, which generates revenue from VOI sales, and Financing.

Sankyo Co Ltd manufactures and sells pachinko and pachislot machines to the gambling industry. The company operates through three segments. The Pachinko Machine Related Business involves the manufacture and sale of pachinko machines, gauge boards, related parts, and associated royalty operations. The Pachislot Machine Related Business focuses on producing and selling pachislot machines and related components, as well as engaging in royalty activities. The Supply Equipment Related Business handles the installation and sale of pachinko and pachislot supply equipment, card systems, and hall peripherals, supported by royalty income. The Others segment covers non-reportable activities such as real estate leasing and the sale of general molded parts.