Akippa Valuation Multiples

Alphabet is a technology holding company headquartered in Mountain View, California. It was created on October 2, 2015 through a restructuring of Google, which became its largest subsidiary, and it is controlled by founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin. The group earns most of its income from advertising on Google Search, YouTube and its ad network, and it also sells cloud computing services, subscriptions and consumer hardware. Other business units, grouped as Other Bets, include the autonomous driving company Waymo, the life sciences company Verily and the research lab Google DeepMind. Alphabet also holds equity stakes in artificial intelligence, space and energy companies and invests through its own venture arms GV and CapitalG. It has grown through acquisitions of software, hardware and cloud security businesses. Its shares are listed on the Nasdaq under the tickers GOOGL and GOOG.

Meta is the largest social media company in the world, boasting close to 4 billion monthly active users worldwide. The firm's "Family of Apps," its core business, consists of Facebook, Instagram, Messenger, and WhatsApp. End users can leverage these applications for a variety of different purposes, from keeping in touch with friends to following celebrities and running digital businesses for free. Meta packages customer data, gleaned from its application ecosystem and sells ads to digital advertisers. While the firm has been investing heavily in its Reality Labs business, it remains a very small part of Meta’s overall sales.

Netflix’s relatively simple business model involves only one business, its streaming service. It has the biggest television entertainment subscriber base in both the United States and the collective international market, with more than 300 million subscribers globally. Netflix has exposure to nearly the entire global population outside of China. The firm has traditionally avoided a regular slate of live programming or sports content, instead focusing on on-demand access to episodic television, movies, and documentaries. The firm introduced ad-supported subscription plans in 2022, giving the firm exposure to the advertising market in addition to the subscription fees that have historically accounted for nearly all its revenue.

Disney operates in three global business segments: entertainment, sports, and experiences. Entertainment and experiences both benefit from the firm’s ownership of iconic franchises and characters. Entertainment includes the ABC broadcast network, several cable television networks, and the Disney+ and Hulu streaming services. Within the segment, Disney also engages in movie and television production and distribution, with content licensed to movie theaters, other content providers, or, increasingly, kept in-house for use on Disney’s own streaming platform and television networks. The sports segment houses the ESPN family of TV networks and streaming services. Experiences contains Disney’s theme parks, cruises, and vacation destinations and also engages in merchandise licensing.

Wireless services account for 75% of Verizon Communications' total service revenue and nearly all of its operating income. The firm serves about 94 million postpaid and 20 million prepaid phone customers via its nationwide network, making it the largest US wireless carrier. Fixed-line telecom operations include local networks in the Northeast that reach about 30 million homes and businesses, including about 20 million served by the Fios fiber-optic network. Verizon closed its acquisition of Frontier Communications in January, adding networks that reach another 15 million locations, including 9 million with fiber. These networks serve about 11 million broadband customers. Verizon also provides telecom services nationwide to enterprise customers, using a mix of its own and other networks.

Spotify is the leading global music streaming service, with over 750 million monthly active users and nearly 300 million paying subscribers, with the latter constituting the firm’s premium segment. Most of the firm’s revenue and nearly all its gross profit come from subscribers, who pay a monthly fee to access a music library that includes most of the most popular songs ever recorded, including all from the major record labels. The firm also offers access to audiobooks and integrates podcasts within its standard music app. Podcast content is not exclusive and is typically free to access on other platforms. Ad-supported users can access a similar music catalog, but cannot customize a similar on-demand experience.

Cintas has roots tracing back to 1929, during which the Farmer family cleaned and re-sold dirty rags to manufacturing plants in Ohio. The firm has grown its business organically and through acquisitions, and today Cintas acts as a one-stop outsourcing partner for businesses. Cintas will design, manufacture, collect, and clean every employee uniform for a small weekly sum, taking on the upfront capital expense itself. In the same stop, Cintas can also replace soiled or depleted mats, mops, trash liners, towels, first aid, fire, and cleaning products. Businesses value an outsourcing partner like Cintas as it simplifies operations and leaves noncore tasks with high regulatory standards in the hands of professionals.

Comcast is made up of three parts. The core cable business owns networks capable of providing television, internet access, and phone services to 65 million US homes and businesses, or nearly half of the country. The firm provides services to about 47% of the locations in this territory. Comcast acquired NBCUniversal from General Electric in 2011. Following the spinoff of several cable networks, including CNBC, MSNBC, and USA, NBCU now consists of the NBC network, several local NBC affiliates, Bravo, the Peacock streaming platform, Universal Studios, and several theme parks. Finally, Sky, acquired in 2018, is a large television provider in the UK and Italy.

Founded in the late 1990s as an internet portal, NetEase has evolved into China’s second-largest online gaming company. Its early success was anchored by the massively multiplayer online role-playing game Fantasy Westward Journey, which laid the foundation for a durable franchise strategy. Over the past decade, the company has expanded its portfolio with successful titles such as Justice, Identity V, Naraka: Bladepoint, and Eggy Party, all of which continue to maintain sizable and engaged player bases.In addition to its in-house development capabilities, NetEase partners with global IP holders such as Microsoft and Marvel to develop and publish titles based on established franchises, including World of Warcraft, Diablo Immortal, and Marvel Rivals, further strengthening its global presence.

United Rentals is the world’s largest equipment rental company, principally operating in the US and Canada. It has 16% share in a highly fragmented market serving general industrial (49%), commercial construction (46%), and residential construction (5%). The company operates a $21 billion fleet of equipment, including aerial platforms, forklifts, excavators, trucks, power generators, and various other materials serving local and national accounts from nearly 1,600 locations in North America and 100 abroad. It has pursued a strategy of bundling specialty rental capabilities to offer its customers more advanced solutions in addition to its core equipment rental business, supporting its ambitions to become a one-stop shop for customers and enhance and maintain its margin profile.

Rocket Companies is a financial services company that was originally founded as Rock Financial in 1985 and is currently based in Detroit. Rocket Companies offers a wide array of services and products but is best known for its Rocket Mortgage business. The company’s mortgage lending operations are split between its direct-to-consumer lending, which sees borrowers accessing the company’s lending arm directly through either its mobile app or website, and its partner network where mortgage brokers and other firms use Rocket’s origination process to offer loans to their customers. The company has rapidly gained market share in recent years and will also be the largest mortgage servicer in the US following its acquisition of the Mr. Cooper Group.

Sunbelt Rentals (formerly UK-based Ashtead Group) is the number two equipment rental company in the US (11% market share), with a smaller presence in Canada and the UK. Sunbelt operates a rental fleet of just over $20 billion across a network of 1,200 stores in the US, nearly 135 stores in Canada, and and 190 stores in the UK. The company has experienced rapid growth over the past decade as its customers increasingly turn to rental versus owning equipment outright. The general tool business has been augmented by the Specialty Rental business, which has grown to 30% of the mix. Revenue is now greater than 50% nonconstruction, with the remainder focused more directly on commercial construction.

Bending Spoons SpA acquires and operates digital businesses, focusing on business transformation and operational optimization. Its activities include acquiring companies, implementing operational improvements, and reinvesting in additional acquisitions. The company owns AOL, Brightcove, Eventbrite, Evernote, Harvest, Komoot, Meetup, Remini, StreamYard, Vimeo, and WeTransfer. The majority of revenue is derived from subscriptions, by selling term-based access to its products to individuals and organizations, and the rest from advertising and other sources.

Most of Baidu's revenue comes from Baidu core, with the rest coming from video-streaming subsidiary iQiyi. The firm’s main businesses include online marketing services from its search engine, AI cloud infrastructure, AI applications, AI marketing, and autonomous driving.

AerCap Holdings NV is an aircraft leasing company. Its activities include leasing, financing, sales, and management of commercial aircraft and engines. It also provides aircraft asset management and corporate services to securitization vehicles, joint ventures, and other third parties. It has one business segment: leasing, financing, sales, and management of commercial flight equipment (Commercial Flight Equipment Segment). Through its subsidiary, the group also provides engine leasing, certified aircraft engines, airframes, and engine parts. Its geographical segments include China, the United States, and Other countries.

Roku is a connected television company that operates a streaming platform and sells streaming players and smart TV operating system licences. The company was founded in 2002 by Anthony Wood and is headquartered in San Jose, California. Its platform lets households watch streaming channels on televisions, and it earns money from advertising, content distribution and subscription revenue shares, and from sales of streaming devices. The Roku Channel offers free ad-supported and premium content, and the company runs an advertising business that sells video ads and data-driven campaigns to brands and agencies. Roku works with television manufacturers that build its operating system into their sets, and with content publishers that distribute channels on the platform. It went public on the Nasdaq in 2017 after raising venture and strategic funding from media groups such as News Corp, Sky and Hearst. The company has grown by acquiring advertising technology, content and streaming-service businesses.

KE Holdings, or Beike, is a large residential real estate sales and rental brokerage company in China. Founded in 2001, the company operates through self-owned Lianjia stores in Beijing and Shanghai and connected third-party agencies, including franchise brand Deyou in other cities, with commissions charged on existing-home and new-home transactions. Leveraging an online-offline hybrid model, Beike also attract clients through its namesake online marketplace. The company tapped into home renovation services by acquiring Shengdu Home Decoration in 2022. As of the end of 2025, Beike’s co-founders collectively control the company, while Tencent and its affiliates share 8% of voting power.

FTAI Aviation Ltd is an aerospace company. It owns and maintains commercial jet engines with a focus on CFM56 engines. FTAI owns and leases jet aircraft, which often facilitates the acquisition of engines at attractive prices. It invests in aviation assets and aerospace products that generate stable cash flows with the potential for earnings growth and asset appreciation.

REA Group is a technology company operating in the real estate sector. REA Group’s primary business is an online listings platform for residential real estate, www.realestate.com.au, which is the largest residential real estate listings platform in Australia, at around four times the size of the number two, www.domain.com.au. REA Group is majority-owned by News Corp. REA Group’s other businesses include adjacent services.

News Corporation is a diversified media and information services conglomerate with significant presence in the US, the UK, and Australia. Key mastheads include The Wall Street Journal, Barron's, New York Post, The Times, The Sun, The Australian, Herald Sun, and The Daily Telegraph. Its 61%-owned REA Group is the dominant property listings platform in Australia. In addition, it owns Harper Collins, one of the largest book publishers in the world, and has a sizable US digital property advertising business, Move. The 65% interest in Foxtel, the Australian pay-TV and streaming provider, was sold in April 2025. The sale to global sports streaming platform, DAZN, was struck at more than 7 times Foxtel's EBITDA.

Bentley Systems is a software vendor that caters to civil engineers, constructors, and geospatial professionals by enabling design, simulation, and data management of infrastructure assets such as roads and bridges. While Bentley is smaller than many other design software companies, it is a market leader across a handful of specialty areas, including public works, electricity grids, and transit.

CoStar Group is a global provider of proprietary information, analytics, and online marketplaces serving both commercial and residential real estate. The firm operates through a diverse portfolio of brands, including CoStar Suite for commercial real estate research, LoopNet for commercial listings, Apartments.com for multifamily rentals, and Homes.com for residential brokerage. It primarily sells high-margin software-as-a-service subscriptions that provide institutional clients with forensic property data and premium advertising visibility. With operations across North America, Europe, and Asia-Pacific, CoStar maintains the industry’s most comprehensive centralized real estate database, functioning as a critical information utility for brokers, lenders, and owners worldwide.

SiriusXM operates almost exclusively in the US through its SiriusXM and Pandora audio services. SiriusXM is primarily a satellite radio service that offers nationwide coverage and mostly ad-free listening, with proprietary channels and exclusive content. It makes agreements with automakers to install its radios in vehicles and give trial services to vehicle buyers, which have traditionally fed its subscriber base. The company provides the service via a fleet of geostationary satellites it owns and operates, and now offers a streaming SiriusXM option. Pandora, which accounts for a much smaller portion of revenue and profit, offers a subscription and ad-supported streaming music service that competes with industry giants such as Spotify, Apple Music, and YouTube Music.

Kakao Corp is a technology and platform company engaged in digital services, content, mobility, and financial technology businesses. The company operates through seven reportable segments. The Kakao segment provides advertising and platform-based service offerings. The Kakao Games segment covers game development, publishing, and related services. The Kakao Entertainment segment focuses on entertainment planning and content production, and distribution. Kakao Mobility offers database-based information provision services, while Kakao Pay provides mobile platform-based financial services. Kakao Piccoma operates a platform for webtoon and web-novel supply, and the SM Entertainment segment engages in entertainment planning and content production.

Ryder System Inc operates in three business segments: (1) Fleet Management Solutions which provides full-service leasing and leasing with flexible maintenance options, commercial rental and maintenance services of trucks, tractors and trailers to customers; (2) Supply Chain Solutions (SCS), which provides integrated logistics solutions, including distribution management, dedicated transportation, transportation management, brokerage, e-commerce, last mile, and professional services; and (3) Dedicated Transportation Solutions (DTS), which provides turnkey transportation solutions in the U.S., including dedicated vehicles, professional drivers, management, and administrative support.

U-Haul Holding Co is an American moving truck, trailer, and self-storage rental company. The company also provides moving boxes, packing supplies, LPG (propane) refills, trailer hitch and wiring installation, storage container rentals, and other services. It has three reportable segments Moving and Storage, Property and Casualty Insurance, and Life Insurance. The majority of its revenue comes from the Moving and Storage segment.

Hotai Motor Co Ltd is engaged in assembling, trading, and importing vehicles, automobile air conditioners, and their parts. The segments of the company include the Distributor of Toyota and Hino products segments, Installment trading, Leasing, Property insurance, overseas sales agent, and other segments. It has operations across both Taiwan and mainland China, with the vast majority of revenue derived domestically.

Match Group Inc is a provider of online dating products. The company's portfolio of brands includes Tinder, Hinge, Match, Meetic, OkCupid, Pairs, Plenty Of Fish, Azar, BLK, and more, each built to increase its user's likelihood of connecting with others. The company has four operating segments: Tinder, Hinge, Evergreen and Emerging, and Match Group Asia. The company generates the majority of its revenue from the Tinder segment.

AppFolio Inc provides cloud-based software solutions for the real estate industry. Its property management software offers property managers an end-to-end solution to their business needs. The group's products include cloud-based property management software (Appfolio Property Manager). Its solutions are AppFolio Property Manager Core, AppFolio Property Manager Plus, and AppFolio Property Manager Max. It also offers value-added services, such as screening, risk mitigation, and electronic payment services. Its markets are Single-Family, Multifamily, Student Housing, Affordable Housing, Community Associations, Commercial, and Investment Management. The business activity of the firm predominantly functions in the United States and it generates revenue in the form of subscription fees.

Ayvens SA is a full-service leasing and fleet management group. It offers a diverse range of passenger cars, light commercial vehicles, and options for electric vehicles. The group also provides insurance services. It provides clients with motor third-party liability, material damage insurance, as well as theft and passenger insurance. The company's segmentation comprises 4 regions: Region 1, Region 2, Region 3, and Region 4. The company derives key revenue from Region 2 and Region 3. The company generates revenue from leasing, servicing, and proceeds of car sales, with the majority of revenue deriving from leasing activity.

Tokyo Century Corp is engaged in leasing and financing businesses. The company operates through five reportable segments: Domestic Leasing Business, Automobility Business, Specialty Business, International Business, and Environmental Infrastructure Business. Its activities include leasing and financing for equipment and facilities, auto leasing and car sharing, loans and investments for ships, aircraft, and real estate, as well as renewable energy and related services. It generates the majority of its revenue from the Domestic leasing segment, which includes information and communication equipment, office equipment, industrial machine tools, transportation equipment, and commercial and service industries.

Dropbox provides cloud storage and content collaboration tools, focusing on individuals and small to midsize businesses. Founded in 2007, Dropbox was a pioneer in the file sync and share market. In recent years, the firm has been emphasizing its Dash product, which facilitates AI-powered universal search across unstructured cloud data.

Kunlun Tech Co Ltd engages in the development and distribution of online games in China. It also operates software application stores. The company develops and distributes web games, social games, mobile games, and software applications. Geographically, the company distributes its products in domestic and overseas markets.

Duolingo Inc is a technology company that develops a mobile learning platform to learn languages and is the top-grossing app in the Education category on both Google Play and the Apple App Store. Its products are powered by sophisticated data analytics and artificial intelligence and delivered with class art, animation, and design to make it easier for learners to stay motivated master new material, and achieve their learning goals. Its solutions include the Duolingo Language Learning App, Super Duolingo, Duolingo English Test: AI-Driven Language Assessment, Duolingo For Schools, Duolingo ABC, and Duolingo Math. It has four predominant sources of revenue; time-based subscriptions, in-app advertising placement by third parties, and the Duolingo English Test, and In-App Purchases.

Scout24 SE is a German digital company that operates a digital marketplace, ImmoScout24, for residential and business real estate. In addition, it offers software solutions for real estate valuations to banks and the real estate sector. Through ImmoScout24, the company is engaged in developing new products and building a digital ecosystem for rentals, purchases, and commercial real estate in Germany and Austria. It has different brands offering digital services in the real estate industry, such as FlowFact, Vermietet.de, Immoverkauf24, Propstack, BauFi, and others. Its operating segments are Professional, which generates maximum revenue by offering digital real estate products to its professional clients, and Private. Geographically, the group derives its key revenue from Germany.

Compass Inc provides an end-to-end platform that empowers residential real estate agents to deliver exceptional service to seller and buyer clients. The platform includes an integrated suite of cloud-based software for customer relationship management, marketing, client service and other critical functionality, all custom-built for the real estate industry and enabling core brokerage services. Business operations are conducted in the United States and earn revenue domestically.

BOC Aviation Ltd is an aircraft leasing company by net book value of owned aircraft, with a portfolio of more than 600 commercial passenger and cargo aircraft. The company was founded in 1993 in Singapore as a joint venture between Singapore Airlines and U.S - based Boullioun Aviation Services. In 2006, the company was acquired by the Bank of China and took on its current name. Listed on the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong in 2016, BOC Aviation remains headquartered in Singapore but has operations in Dublin, London, New York, and Tianjin. Bank of China remains its shareholder with a 70% stake. BOC Aviation has an international management team, with key leaders having more than 30 years of experience in the aircraft and leasing business.

Zillow Group Inc is a real estate technology company offering a digital platform that connects real estate customers with sellers, agents, loan officers, and other real estate-related professionals. With its tools and resources, Zillow helps real estate professionals grow their businesses, and for renters and housing providers, it offers a marketplace along with a set of end-to-end products and services to streamline applications, leases, payments, and more. The group operates various brands such as Zillow, Zillow Home Loans, Zillow Rentals, Zillow New Construction, Trulia, StreetEasy, Out East, HotPads, Follow Up Boss, ShowingTime, dotloop, and Zillow Closing. Its ecosystem spans the entire home journey from shopping to renting, buying, selling, and financing real estate.

Frontdoor Inc is a United States-based company that provides home service plans. It owns multiple home service brands including American Home Shield, HSA, OneGuard, and Landmark brands. Through its home service plans, the company helps its customers maintain their homes and protect against costly and unexpected breakdowns of essential home systems and appliances.

GATX Corp leases transportation assets, including railcars, aircraft spare engines, and tank containers, to customers in North America, Europe, and India. The company's reportable business segments are: Rail North America, Rail International, Engine Leasing, and Other. The majority of its revenue is generated from the Rail North America segment, which is composed of the company's operations in the United States, Canada, and Mexico. This segment mainly provides railcars pursuant to full-service leases under which it maintains the railcars, pays ad valorem taxes and insurance, and provides other ancillary services.

Bilibili is a Chinese online entertainment platform best known for its YouTube-like video-sharing service. Founded in 2009, it initially focused on long-form content centered around anime, comics, and gaming, or ACG, catering primarily to Generation Z users. Over time, the platform has expanded its content ecosystem to cover a broader range of interests, successfully attracting a more diverse audience beyond its original Gen Z base.

Box is a cloud-based content management platform that provides storage and workflow collaboration services for enterprise customers. The firm was founded in 2005 as a file, sync, and share provider. Over time, it built out and acquired workflow and security tools to evolve the pure-play FSS business into a content management business. Most recently, Box has been pursuing an AI-powered, intelligent content management strategy that can allow for metadata extraction and workflow automation.

Localiza Rent A Car SA is a car rental service provider with the majority of its operations in Brazil. Through its subsidiaries, the company rents cars to individuals, manages corporate car fleets, sells its fleet to the general public, and offers a franchise model. Franchisees account for roughly half of Localize's car rental locations, while the majority of cars accessible with Localize are owned by the company. The fleet rental division has long-term agreements with companies that come up for renewal roughly every two to three years. The car rental segment delivers three-quarters of yearly revenue, and fleet rental makes up the rest, with an insignificant share contributed by the franchise management division.

Rush Enterprises Inc is a full-service, integrated retailer of commercial vehicles and related services. The company operates in a single segment; Truck Segment includes the operation of a network of commercial vehicle dealerships under the name Rush Truck Centers. It sells commercial vehicles manufactured by Peterbilt, International, Hino, Ford, Isuzu, IC Bus, and Blue Bird and also provides one-stop service for the needs of commercial vehicle customers, including retail sales of new and used commercial vehicles, aftermarket parts sales, service and repair facilities, financing, leasing and rental, and insurance products. The company's business is concentrated in the United States and Ontario, Canada commercial vehicle markets and related aftermarkets.

Rightmove PLC provides online property search platforms. The company's customers include agents, buyers, renters, and new home developers. The company provides users with tools such as the house price index, which tracks house prices and analyzes price trends in the U.K. house market, and a mortgage calculator. The company's segments include agencies, new homes, and others. The agency segments of the company provide resale and lettings property advertising services. The new homes segment provides property advertising services to new home developers. Its other segment includes overseas, commercial property, and non-property advertising services. The company generates maximum revenue from the agency segment.

Element Fleet Management Corp is a fleet management company, providing services and financing for commercial vehicle and equipment fleets. Their services include vehicle acquisition, maintenance, route optimization, risk management, and remarketing, as well as advising on decarbonization efforts, integration of electric vehicles, and managing the complexity of gradual fleet electrification.

Herc Holdings is an equipment rental company that was spun out of Hertz Global in 2016. It is currently the third-largest player in North America, after United Rentals and Sunbelt Rentals, with an approximate 6% market share pro forma for its 2025 acquisition of H&E Equipment Services. It serves a similar mix of companies to its peers (industrial, commercial, and residential construction) from its 450 locations targeting the top 100 metropolitan markets in the US. Herc’s rental fleet of approximately $7 billion is also similar in composition to its peer group in terms of equipment offered. The company is also pursuing diversification by bundling and increasing specialty solutions for its customer base. Herc’s portfolio skews toward local customers versus national accounts (60%/40%).

Bohai Leasing Co Ltd is engaged in the container leasing, infrastructure and real estate leasing, aircraft leasing, ship leasing, offshore equipment, high-end equipment rental, and new energy vehicles in China. It owns domestic and overseas leasing companies. It is involved in transportation finance services, innovating financial products and services, and promoting the development of transportation, aviation, shipping, and ground transportation industries.