Ops eCom Valuation Multiples

Shopify is a Canadian commerce software company headquartered in Ottawa, Ontario, that provides the cloud platform more than 5 million merchants use to run online stores and physical retail. Its subscription plans let businesses build storefronts, manage products, orders and inventory, and sell through point-of-sale systems, social networks and marketplaces, while merchant solutions add Shopify Payments, the Shop Pay accelerated checkout (more than 150 million users in 2024), shipping, merchant lending through Shopify Capital and an app store with more than 10,000 third-party apps. Revenue comes from monthly subscription fees and, increasingly, from payment processing and other transaction-linked services. Merchants processed US$292.3 billion of transactions on the platform in 2024, and 2025 revenue rose 30% to US$11.6 billion with net income of US$1.23 billion; the company had about 7,600 employees in 2025. Shopify was started by Tobias Lütke, Daniel Weinand and Scott Lake, and Lütke remains chief executive. It went public on May 21, 2015, trades on the Toronto Stock Exchange, moved its US listing from the NYSE to Nasdaq on March 31, 2025, and joined the Nasdaq-100 that May.

Publicis Groupe is a French communications group headquartered in Paris and listed on Euronext Paris. Marcel Bleustein-Blanchet founded it in 1926, and it has grown into one of the largest advertising and communications groups in the world. The group provides creative, media planning and buying, digital marketing, data and public relations services to corporate clients through networks such as Publicis, Saatchi & Saatchi, Leo Burnett, Zenith, Starcom and Performics. It operates in more than 100 countries and employs over 100,000 people. In the Czech Republic it ran its agencies through a holding co-owned with local co-founder Martin Stepanek from 1995 until it took full control of that holding in 2016. Revenue comes from fees and commissions on client campaigns and media spend.

Omnicom is a holding company that owns several advertising agencies and related firms. It provides traditional and digital advertising services that include creative design, market research, data analytics, ad placement, and public relations. The firm operates globally, providing services in more than 70 countries; it generates more than one half of its revenue in North America and nearly 30% in Europe.

GoDaddy provides internet services that help individuals and small businesses establish and operate an online presence. Its products include domain registration, web hosting, website creation tools, business email, security certificates and online marketing services. Customers range from independent entrepreneurs to web professionals who build and maintain websites for other businesses. The company receives recurring fees for domain registrations and subscriptions to hosting and related products. Founded in 1997 and historically headquartered in Scottsdale, Arizona, GoDaddy expanded internationally while supporting customers through its service teams. KKR, Silver Lake and Technology Crossover Ventures announced a majority investment in 2011. Acquisitions subsequently extended its capabilities in bookkeeping, local business information, professional web hosting and email marketing. GoDaddy became publicly traded in 2015.

Focus Media Information Technology Co Ltd is an advertising company. The company's main business is the development and operation of Life Circle media. Its main products are building media (including elevator TV media and elevator poster media) and cinema screen advertising media, etc., covering the work scenes, life scenes, entertainment scenes, and consumption scenes of the mainstream urban consumer groups, and integrating into a life circle media network.

BlueFocus Communication Group Co Ltd provides marketing and brand management services in China and internationally. It offers marketing and brand management services across various disciplines, including strategy, digital, advertising, media, social, PR, design, branding, CRM, data, e-commerce, and mobile solutions to various multinational companies and Chinese enterprises, such as IT, automobile, consumer goods, real estate, finance, and entertainment industries.

Dentsu Group is the top advertising agency in Japan and the fifth-largest advertising network in the world. It is the oldest advertising agency in Japan, with the original company being established in 1901. Over the years, Dentsu expanded its global footprint through mergers and acquisitions. Currently, international sales account for about 60% of total revenue.

JCDecaux SE is an outdoor advertising company. The company focuses on three main business areas namely Street Furniture, Transport advertising, and Billboard advertising. Street furniture advertising relates to bus stop advertising, newspaper kiosks, public benches, and free-standing panels. Transport which focuses on advertising in land transport networks and airports and Billboard Advertising which concerns the marketing of billboards, neon-light billboards, and advertising wraps. The company generates the majority of its revenue from the Street Furniture segment in the form of Advertising. The company has a geographical presence in Europe, Asia-Pacific, France, the Rest of the world, the United kingdom, and North America.

Headquartered in the United Kingdom, WPP is the world’s largest ad holding company based on annual revenue. Its services, which include traditional and digital advertising, public relations, and consulting, are provided worldwide, with over 70% of its revenue coming from more developed regions such as North America, the UK, and Western Europe. WPP is the largest media buying entity in the world.

Outfront Media Inc is a real estate investment trust involved in the ownership of advertising space on its portfolio of billboards and transit displays. The Company generates revenue in the form of rental income by allowing other companies to advertise on its properties and structures under short-term contracts. Outfront Media segments its operations into the United States and International units. Although it also owns assets in Canada and Latin America, the company derives the vast majority of its revenue from billboard advertising agreements in the U.S. Roughly half of the U.S. division's revenue comes from its displays in the New York City and Los Angeles markets. Outfront Media's customers include entities within the retail, television, healthcare, and entertainment industries.

CyberAgent is a prominent Japanese media company founded in 1998. Its core businesses include internet advertising, online broadcasting platforms, and gaming.

Xinhua Winshare Publishing & Media Co Ltd is engaged in integrated cultural operations specializing in the creative content production of publications, education services, cultural consumption services, supply chain services, and capital operation. Its activities are editorial and publishing of publications, sales of publications in physical stores and the internet, distribution of textbooks and supplementary materials, education information and equipment services, etc. It is through two operating segments; the Publication segment, which includes publishing books, periodicals, and audiovisual products, and the Distribution segment, which comprises the distribution of textbooks and supplementary materials. The group generates a majority of its revenue from the Distribution segment.

Wix.com is a software-as-a-service content management system platform that allows users to create, customize, and manage websites for themselves, or for clients. Wix is best known for its Wix Editor service for self-creators, but in recent years has invested heavily and introduced its Wix Studio offering for partners, who are agencies and developers. Wix also offers a range of business solutions such as payment services and marketing products.

Hakuhodo is the second-largest advertising agency in Japan, and one of the oldest advertising agencies, founded in 1895. Over the years, Hakuhodo has acquired many international companies, and overseas revenue currently accounts for 15% of total sales.

Strive Inc is a structured finance company and institutional asset manager focused on disciplined capital allocation and long term value creation. The company has adopted bitcoin as its hurdle rate for capital deployment because of its fiduciary duty to maximize long-term value for stockholders, and compounding purchasing power over time. It operates in two reportable operating segments: the Asset Management segment, which provides investment advisory services and the Corporate & Other segment, which includes the company's bitcoin treasury operations. The majority of the revenue is derived from the Asset Management segment.

Stroeer SE & Co KGaA is a Germany-based holding company focused on promotional media services outside of the home. It operates in three main business segments, Out of Home (OOH) Media which generates key revenue, Digital & Dialog Media, and DaaS & E-commerce. The OOH Media segment encompasses the Group's entire OOH advertising business, comprising the Classic OOH, Digital OOH, and OOH services product groups. Digital & Dialog Media segment provides solutions for online advertising in the context of proprietary and third-party content. The scalable products marketed on this basis range from branding and storytelling to performance, native advertising, and social media. Geographically, it generates the majority of its revenue from Germany.

Founded in 2008 as a media content platform, Autohome is the leading online automobile platform in China, ranking first among automotive service platforms in terms of mobile daily active users, according to QuestMobile. Through its two websites, autohome.com.cn and che168.com, Autohome delivers comprehensive, independent, and interactive content and tools to automobile consumers as well as a full suite of services to automakers and dealers. According to iResearch, the company was the largest online automotive advertising and lead-generation service provider in China's online auto platform media advertising market, in terms of media services and lead-generation revenue.

Stagwell Inc is the challenger holding company built to transform marketing. It delivers scaled creative performance for the world's ambitious brands, connecting culture-moving creativity with a technology to harmonize the art and science of marketing. The company's segments include Integrated Agencies Network; Brand Performance Network; and Communications Network. It generates maximum revenue from the Integrated Agencies Network segment. Geographically, it derives a majority of its revenue from the United States.

GigaCloud Technology Inc provides end-to-end and B2B e-commerce solutions for large parcel merchandise. Its B2B e-commerce platform, which is referred to as the GigaCloud Marketplace, integrates everything from discovery, payments, and logistics tools into one easy-to-use platform. It offers online and offline integrated cross-border transaction and delivery services for furniture and large merchandise. Its marketplace seamlessly connects manufacturers in Asia with resellers in the U.S., Asia, and Europe to execute cross-border transactions with confidence, speed, and efficiency. It offers a truly comprehensive solution that transports products from the manufacturer's warehouse to end customers, all at one fixed price. It earns the majority of its revenue from the United States.

Havas NV is a communications group providing integrated advertising, media, and healthcare-focused communication services. Its has three business lines: (i) Havas Creative, which delivers creative services, from advertising, brand strategy and business transformation to digital and social media solutions as well as public relations and events; (ii) Havas Media, which is dedicated to delivering comprehensive media experiences, through media planning and buying, fan engagement, retail media and e-commerce, as well as data analytics services to optimize client advertising investments; and (iii) Havas Health, which focuses on healthcare and wellness communications, providing specialized marketing services to pharmaceutical companies. The majority of revenue is derived from Havas Creative.

4imprint Group PLC is engaged in the sale and distribution of promotional products. The company operates in two geographical segments; North America and the United Kingdom and Ireland, Out of which a majority of its revenue is derived from the North American segment. Its products comprise apparel, stationery, technology, and food products among others. The company's plan of action involves achieving organic growth. This implies the use of data-driven, offline, and online direct marketing techniques thereby capturing large and fragmented promotional product markets.

Guangdong Advertising Group Co Ltd is a advertising and marketing company. It provides professional marketing services.

Zhewen Interactive Group Co Ltd is engaged in digital marketing, with technology and data driving traffic operations, and digging into the value of traffic. It provides corporate marketing planning, corporate image planning, exhibition and display services; design, production, agency, and advertising.

CHEIL Worldwide Inc is a Korean-based advertising and media firm. The company mainly provides strategic, creative, experimental, digital and creative solutions. Its services involve brand activation and retail marketing. It also provides its clients around the world with integrated marketing solutions.

Hunan TV & Broadcast Intermediary Co Ltd operates in the advertising industry.

Lightspeed Commerce Inc provides an omni-channel commerce-enabling SaaS platform. Its software platform provides customers with the functionality it needs to engage with consumers, manage their operations, accept payments, and grow their businesses. The company sells its platform through a direct sales force in the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Australia, and other countries. It derives a majority of its revenue from the United States.

Infomart Corp is a Japan-based provider of business-to-business e-commerce software solutions. The firm's operations are organized in six segments: Application Service Provider (ASP) Ordering, which offers ordering systems and online document processing services; ASP Written Standards, which uploads written standards online; ASP Negotiation for groupware; ASP Ordering and Operation for food wholesale companies; Cloud Service, which offers a data delivery system for food wholesale companies; and Overseas, which offers solutions to overseas markets.

Clear Channel Outdoor Holdings Inc is a provider of out-of-home advertising solutions. The company offers advertisers an opportunity to reach mass audiences across various high-traffic public spaces, by using its diverse portfolio of assets including roadside billboards, street furniture, and airport displays. Its reportable segments are; America (U.S. operations excluding airports), Airports (U.S. and Caribbean airport operations), and Other. A majority of its revenue is generated from the America segment which generates revenue from the sale of advertising on printed and digital out-of-home advertising displays such as bulletins, posters, street furniture, and others. Geographically, the company generates maximum revenue from the United States followed by Singapore.

Plan B Media PCL is principally engaged in providing advertising media production, advertising space, and airtime rental services. The group has two principal reportable segments, which are the Out-of-home media segment comprising advertising media production, advertising space and airtime rental services, and Engagement marketing segment comprising sports marketing and artist management. The majority of its revenue is derived from the Out-of-home media segment.

Riskified Ltd offers an AI-powered e-commerce risk intelligence platform that identifies the individual behind each online interaction for legitimacy, helping merchants (its customers) eliminate risk and uncertainty from their business. The company's core product, the Chargeback Guarantee, automatically approves or declines online orders with performance levels that vary in accordance with its merchants' priorities. Additionally, it offers other products that mitigate similar e-commerce risks for those same merchants, including Policy Protect, Dispute Resolve, and Account Secure. Geographically, Riskified generates maximum revenue from the United States, and the rest from other regions of the Americas, Europe, the Middle East and Africa (EMEA), and the Asia-Pacific (APAC) region.

ODDITY Tech Ltd offers a consumer tech platform that is built to transform the beauty and wellness market. The ODDITY platform is designed to support a portfolio of brands and services that innovate and disrupt the expansive beauty and wellness market. It consumes user data to develop physical beauty and wellness products that deliver performance and functionality. Its brands include SpoiledChild and IL Makiage.

Shiprocket Ltd operates an API-led technology platform that enables e-commerce transactions for micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) and large retailers in India. Its platform provides logistics, checkout, payments, fulfilment, and cross-border trade services, supporting merchants that sell directly to consumers through websites, mobile applications, and social media channels. The company serves small businesses, retail brands, direct-to-consumer merchants, and social commerce retailers. It also facilitates financing arrangements between non-banking financial companies (NBFCs), lending partners, and merchants to support access to credit.

Hangzhou Raycloud Technology Co Ltd is an e-commerce software and service technology company. It provides value-added products and services such as SaaS products, supporting hardware, operating services, and CRM SMS for e-commerce merchants based on e-commerce platforms. Its products and services include super manager, courier assistant, wangdian transaction, wangdian data, merchandise, prosperous store promotion, super store manager-cross-border edition, super express, super commodity, super deal and seller network.

Auction Technology Group PLC is a digital marketplace operator that powers the discovery and sale of curated secondary goods through trusted online platforms. The Group operates curated auction and list-price marketplaces and provides value-added services, including seller marketing, integrated payments, shipping solutions, cross-listing capabilities, white-label auction technology, and partner network services. Its operations are organised into two reportable segments: Arts & Antiques and Industrial & Commercial, across which it operates multiple specialist marketplaces. The majority of revenue is generated from the Arts & Antiques segment. Geographically, it serves the United Kingdom, Mexico, Germany, and the United States, with the majority of revenue generated from the United States.

APG SGA SA is a Swiss out-of-home advertising media company. As a media company, it transports advertising messages into public and private areas with posters, screens, and related media as promotions and mobile advertising. This media performance is generated in streets, city centers, pedestrian zones, railway stations, shopping centers, airports, tourist resorts, and on the outside and inside of public transport vehicles. The company's regional segments are Switzerland, and Serbia, out of which a majority of its revenue comes from Switzerland.

THG PLC is an online retailer. It provides an end-to-end direct-to-consumer ("D2C") e-commerce solution for consumer brand owners under a Software as a Service, in addition to stand-alone services, including hosting, content creation and translation. Its business is operated through four businesses: THG Ingenuity, THG Nutrition, THG Beauty and Other. The company operates in the United Kingdom.

Ciwen Media Co Ltd is a China-based company engaged in the investment, manufacture, and publication of movie and television plays. It is also engaged in the research, development, and promotion of games, artist brokerage business and the provision of information technology. The company distributes its products within domestic market and to overseas markets.

Rezolve AI PLC is an AI-powered solutions company that operates a digital commerce platform that integrates artificial intelligence to support product discovery, customer interaction, checkout, fulfillment, payments, and related services. Its platform is designed to manage multiple stages of the online commerce process within a single system. The company's flagship product, Brain Commerce, powered by its proprietary Large Language Model (LLM) brainpowa, transforms the online shopping experience. Brain Commerce uses a proprietary large language model to support online shopping functionality. Geographically, the company generates the maximum revenue from the United Kingdom and Europe. The company generates revenue from cloud-based software solutions and transaction-based services.

VTEX is a Brazilian cloud commerce company that sells a software-as-a-service platform for enterprise retail and brand commerce, listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker VTEX. The platform covers storefront and marketplace management, order management, and, since its acquisitions of Weni and Newtail, conversational customer service and retail media advertising. Its website reports more than 3,500 enterprise customers in 43 countries and more than USD 15 billion of gross merchandise value processed each year, with clients such as Sony, Whirlpool, Stanley Black & Decker and Colgate. Portuguese Wikipedia says the company was founded in Rio de Janeiro in 1999, is headquartered in Sao Paulo and began expanding into neighbouring Latin American markets in 2012 and into the United States and Europe in 2017. It raised USD 140 million in November 2019 and USD 225 million in September 2020, the latter at a USD 1.7 billion valuation. The founders and co-chief executives are Mariano Gomide de Faria and Geraldo Thomaz.

OOh media operates a network of out-of-home advertising sites with a commanding 35% share of the Australian market, and also has a sizable presence in New Zealand. It boasts a diverse portfolio of locations to service the needs of out-of-home marketers, and is particularly strong in the roadside billboard, street furniture and rail, and retail (shopping malls) segments. OOh!media offers these advertising services by entering into space lease arrangements with owners of out-of-home sites, and extracting margins on those lease concessions from firms advertising on those sites. oOh!media is effectively an intermediary allowing site owners to monetize their visible space in high-traffic areas.

FILA-Fabbrica Italiana, known as F.I.L.A., is an Italian manufacturer of art, craft and school supplies founded in 1920 and headquartered in Milan. It is listed on Euronext Milan and sells coloring, drawing, modelling, writing and painting tools under brands that include Giotto, Das, Lyra, Canson, Daler-Rowney, Dixon Ticonderoga and Maimeri. The group has grown through a series of acquisitions, among them Adica Pongo, Dixon Ticonderoga, Lyra, Lapiceria Mexicana, Lycin, Daler-Rowney Lukas, Canson and Pacon, and in January 2026 it took control of Seven, a school backpack and stationery maker. It reported 2024 group revenue of 612.6 million euros with normalized EBITDA of 118.2 million euros, and holds a minority stake in the Indian listed company Doms Industries.

Vector Inc is a Japanese-based company involved in four main businesses which are public relation (PR), Digital PR, Facebook marketing and Facebook marketing business. The company provides various services as per the requirements of companies and consumers. In addition, it also offers other services covering areas such as management, finance, accounting, human resources, administration, internal controls, and audits.

Arabian Contracting Services Co is an outdoor advertising solution provider, offering clients expertise across a multitude of platforms and disciplines. It is mainly engaged in establishing and operating outdoor advertising billboards, including roadside and indoor advertisements. The group's operating segments are Advertising and Others. The Advertising segment, which generates a majority of its revenue, is engaged in the provision of indoor and outdoor advertisements. The Others segment includes all types of printing work and retail sales by mail. Geographically, the group derives maximum revenue from its business in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and also has a presence in the Arab Republic of Egypt and the United Arab Emirates.

Entravision Communications Corp owns and operates Spanish language television and radio stations in the United States. The Company also owns and operates a smaller group of television stations that broadcast English language programming and has operations that provide programmatic advertising technology and services. The Company has organized its operations into two reportable segments. Its media segment includes its television, radio, and digital marketing operations. Its advertising and technology services segment provides programmatic advertising and technology services. The company generates the majority of its revenue from the Media segment. Geographically, the company generates the majority of its revenue from the United States.

Locaweb is a Brazilian internet services company based in Sao Paulo that sells web hosting, domain registration, professional email, cloud servers and website builders to small and medium-sized businesses. It was started by the cousins Gilberto Mautner and Claudio Gora and launched in 1998, and it later added e-commerce, payments, logistics, enterprise software and marketing units through a series of acquisitions beginning with Tray in 2012. It listed on the Sao Paulo stock exchange in February 2020 and the listed group is now called LWSA, whose brands include Locaweb, Tray, Melhor Envio and Bling. Its own site reports more than 285,000 customers, more than 340,000 hosted websites and more than five million mailboxes. The group reported consolidated net revenue of BRL 1,488.5 million for 2025. Silver Lake invested in the company in 2010, and General Atlantic bought a block of its shares in 2022. The company has recorded more than twenty acquisitions of its own since 2012.

FS Development Investment Holdings is a Chinese marketing-communications group headquartered at Oriental Plaza in Beijing and listed on the ChiNext board of the Shenzhen Stock Exchange (stock code 300071); it was formerly named Spearhead Integrated Marketing Communication Group (Huayi Jiaxin). Its services fall into three lines: digital marketing, covering content, social-media, video, live-stream and private-domain marketing and influencer placement; experiential marketing built around brand events and interactive activities; and public relations and advertising, including brand strategy, media relations and crisis management. It runs its own AIGC tools, the DS AI Chain platform and the FlinkAI full-funnel marketing platform, and its public-relations subsidiary ranked 21st in PRovoke Media's 2024 global top 250 PR agencies. Clients are brand owners that pay fees for campaigns; carmakers supplied about 45% of 2024 revenue, with brands such as Changan Mazda, Ford, Wuling, Honor and Vivo among its award-winning accounts. In 2024 the group reported revenue of 1.22 billion yuan, down 11.5%, a net loss attributable to shareholders of 130.5 million yuan, and 787 employees. The company was founded in January 2003 and listed on 21 April 2010, raising 325 million yuan at 25 yuan a share. Chen Yongliang, its actual controller with a 10.2% stake, has been chairman since November 2020.

Innocean Worldwide Inc is a Korea-based company that conducts its business as an advertising agency. The company is engaged in the production of commercial advertising and promotional materials, and other related business activities. The group has a single segment of advertising agencies, from where it generates its entire revenue.

Italian Exhibition Group is an Italian trade fair and congress organiser formed in 2016 by the merger of Rimini Fiera and Fiera di Vicenza and listed on Euronext Milan since 2019. It runs exhibition and congress venues in Rimini and Vicenza and organises events in food and beverage, jewellery and fashion, tourism and hospitality, wellness and sport, and green technology. The group has expanded abroad through joint ventures and acquisitions in the United States, the Middle East, Brazil, Mexico and China. For 2025 it reported revenues of 266.4 million euros and adjusted EBITDA of 70.9 million euros. Corrado Peraboni is managing director and chief executive. Revenue comes from stand space rental, services to exhibitors and visitors, congress hosting and venue management.