4Science Valuation Multiples

Adobe provides content creation, document management, and digital marketing and advertising software and services to creative professionals and marketers for creating, managing, delivering, measuring, optimizing, and engaging with compelling content multiple operating systems, devices, and media. The company operates with three segments: digital media content creation, digital experience for marketing solutions, and publishing for legacy products (less than 5% of revenue).

Constellation Software is an acquirer, manager, and developer of vertical market software, or VMS, businesses globally. VMS differentiates from horizontal software in that it provides mission critical solutions within a specific industry for customers in a particular market. Constellation operates through a decentralized model in which each business operates as its own independent entity. Managers of individual businesses are incentivized to optimize their business for returns on invested capital and revenue growth. Excess cash generated by the individual businesses is repatriated to portfolio managers who focus on allocating as much capital as possible on new acquisitions. As of 2025, Constellation consisted of over 1,000 individual businesses and 64,000 employees.

Tyler Technologies provides a full suite of software solutions and services that address the needs of cities, counties, schools, courts and other local government entities. The company’s three core products are Munis, which is the core ERP system, Odyssey, which is the court management system, or CMS, and payments. The company also provides a variety of add-on modules and offers outsourced property tax assessment services.

Docusign offers Agreement Cloud, a broad cloud-based software suite that enables users to automate the agreement process and provide legally binding e-signatures from nearly any device. The company was founded in 2003 and completed its initial public offering in 2018.

Open Text Corp is engaged in the design, development, marketing, and sale of Information Management software and solutions. Its software allows clients to archive, aggregate, retrieve, and search unstructured information (such as documents, e-mail, and presentations). Its platform and services provide secure and scalable solutions for enterprises, SMBs, governments, and consumers around the world. The company's solutions are marketed and delivered on the OpenText Cloud Platform, which is a comprehensive Information Management platform consisting of six business clouds; Content Cloud, Cybersecurity Cloud, Application Automation Cloud, Business Network Cloud, IT Operations Management Cloud, and Analytics Cloud. Geographically, it derives maximum revenue from the United States.

Topicus com Inc is engaged in the development, installation, and customization of vertical market software and the provision of related professional services and support for customers across several diverse markets, mainly in Europe. Its revenue consists mainly of software license fees, maintenance and other recurring fees, professional service fees, and hardware sales. Geographically, the company generates maximum revenue from its business in the Netherlands, and the rest from other markets.

East Buy Holding Ltd is a live-streaming platform that focuses on selecting premium products for customers. The company operates in three reportable segments: Private Label Products and Livestreaming E-Commerce, College Education, and Institutional Customers. The majority of its revenue comes from private label products and the direct e-commerce segment, i.e., direct online commerce with private label products sold to individual customers and providing commission services.

IPE Universal Inc is engaged in developing childhood education software systems. The company is engaged in high-tech business developing early childhood education software systems located in Taiwan and China. The company also provides education programs, products, services and technological products but also licenses IP services to businesses, NFTs, Crypto, Virtual Real Estate, Metaverse (Virtual World), and merchandise.

Stride Inc is a technology company providing an educational platform to deliver proprietary and third-party curriculum, software systems, and educational services designed to facilitate individualized learning for students and adults throughout the U.S. The platform delivers products and services to attract, enroll, educate, track progress, and support students. It provides customized solutions to public and private schools, school districts, charter boards, employers, government agencies, and consumers. Its platform addresses two markets in the K-12 space: General Education and Career Learning, with products and services for the General Education market predominantly focused on core subjects for kindergarten through twelfth grade students.

Wix.com is a software-as-a-service content management system platform that allows users to create, customize, and manage websites for themselves, or for clients. Wix is best known for its Wix Editor service for self-creators, but in recent years has invested heavily and introduced its Wix Studio offering for partners, who are agencies and developers. Wix also offers a range of business solutions such as payment services and marketing products.

McGraw Hill is an American education company that publishes curriculum and course materials and sells adaptive learning software to schools, universities and professionals. Its roots go back to 1888, when James H. McGraw bought the American Journal of Railway Appliances, and to the 1909 merger of his and John A. Hill's publishing operations into the McGraw-Hill Book Company. The K-12 business provides core, supplemental and intervention curricula to US schools; Higher Education sells digital courseware such as the Connect platform and the ALEKS adaptive learning system alongside e-books and print materials; Global Professional serves medical and engineering learners; and International sells in more than 100 countries. The McGraw-Hill Companies sold the education business to Apollo Global Management for $2.4 billion in 2013, Platinum Equity bought it for $4.5 billion in 2021, and it completed an initial public offering on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker MH on 24 July 2025. The company reports about $2.2 billion of annual revenue and 4,200 employees, and digital products generated about 61% of revenue in the first quarter of fiscal 2026. It is headquartered in Columbus, Ohio and led by chief executive Philip Moyer.

Founded in 1981, Blackbaud provides software solutions designed to serve the "social good" community, including nonprofits, foundations, corporations, educational institutions, healthcare institutions, and individual change agents. Through M&A and organic product development efforts, the company has also moved into related areas outside core fundraising, notably into K-12 schools. The firm enables more than $100 billion in donations annually across a customer base in excess of 40,000 customers in over 100 countries.

Youdao Inc develops and markets software applications. It engages in developing technologies to provide learning content, applications, and solutions. The firm operates in three segments: Learning services, Smart devices, and Online marketing services. The majority of its revenue comes from the Learning services segment, which generates revenues from online courses, mainly including Youdao Premium Courses, NetEase Cloud Classroom, and China University MOOC. The learning products segment includes sales of smart devices such as the Youdao Dictionary Pen and the Youdao Pocket Translator. Geographically, all of its revenue is generated from the People's Republic of China.

Justsystems Corp is a software provider based in Japan. It provides service of user Interface customization, output customization. The company's products include XMetaL Author which brings automation to the process of content creation. Other products include Smile Zemi and ATOK Passport, as well as packaged software such as the Japanese word processing software Ichitaro, and it also operate the e-commerce site Just MyShop. The company also offers "JUST.SFA," the all-in-one BI solution "Actionista!", the no-programming web database "UnitBase," and more.

IReader Technology Co Ltd operates as a mobile software development company. It develops, and markets mobile phone reading application known as iReader e-book reader, a software for mobile reading APP. The app is developed for both android and iPhone platform. Geographically the activities are carried out through China.

Alef Education Holding Plc is an EdTech company that designs impactful learning experiences for students customized to different curriculums. The company operates in three segments: The Education solution segment, which provides customers the right of access to the Group’s learning platform. The Support and services segment includes ancillary services such as IT infrastructure setup and maintenance support and services, and the Financial investments segment pertains to the maintenance of the investment portfolio for returns based on market dynamics. The majority of its revenue is generated from the Education solution segment.

Cengage Learning Holdings II Inc is an educational technology, content, and services company operating in the higher education, professional, K-12, English language teaching (ELT) and library spaces. It has five reportable segments on the basis of products and customers provided by each segment: Cengage Academic (U.S. Higher Education, International Higher Education, and Secondary Education), Cengage Work (ed2go and Infosec), Research, ELT, and Other (Australia K-12 and Milady). Research, ELT, and Other are reported together as a core business unit titled Cengage Select.

Vitec Software Group AB is a software company in Vertical Market Software in the Nordic region. The company provides software for the pharmacy market, automotive and machine industry, banks and insurance companies, healthcare companies, real estate agents, and the education sector. Its segments comprise Auto, Energy, Real Estate, Finance and insurance, Environment, Estate Agents, and Education and health.

Vobile Group Ltd is a Saas provider of digital content protection and monetization technology services. It builds the essential technology infrastructure to support the distribution of digital content assets. The company's products are VideoTracker, ReClaim, TV Ad Tracking, Online TVOD PPT, MediaWise, and Transaction-based SaaS business that includes content monetization platforms to enable revenue-sharing for conventional home video distribution through its conventional PPT platform. Geographically, it operates in Mainland China, United States and Other Countries.

Cyber Folks SA Formerly R22 SA is a technology company. The company focuses on scalable services offered in the subscription model and SaaS, operates within the entire value chain - from creating its own solutions, through their maintenance from the technological side, to sales and customer service. It offers hosting services and domain sales, omnichannel communication services automating electronic communication with recipients and telecommunications services.

Fujian Fuxin Software Development JSC Ltd Provides PDF electronic document software products and services.

Docebo Inc is a provider of cloud-based learning management systems. The solutions provided by the company allow learning administrators to deliver scalable and flexible personalized learning experiences, from formal training to social learning to multiple internal, external, and blended audiences. The group provides an easy-to-use, configurable, and affordable learning platform with the end-to-end capabilities and critical functionality needed to train both internal and external workforces, partners, and customers. The majority of the revenue is derived from customers based in North America.

Yext Inc provides a knowledge engine platform that lets businesses manage their digital knowledge in the cloud and sync it to approximately 200 services including Apple Maps, Bing, Cortana, Facebook, Google, Google Maps, Instagram, Siri and Yelp. Digital knowledge is the structured information that a business wants to make publicly accessible. The company also makes search intelligent by helping to provide precise, accurate and current answers to location-based queries that are conducted across the web and mobile applications and voice and artificial intelligence, or AI, engines. The company derives the majority of its revenues from subscription services. Geographically, the company generates a majority of its revenue from North America and the rest from International markets.

Shenzhen Fangzhi Science & Technology Co Ltd is engaged in Research, development and sales of synchronous educational software for primary and secondary schools, and provide online services.

D2L Inc is a learning innovation company. It provides cloud-based learning software for higher education institutions, kindergarten to grade 12 (K-12) schools and districts, and private sector enterprises. The company serves K-12, higher education, associations, and the corporate sector. Its product includes D2L Brightspace and D2L Wave. Geographically, It operates in United States, Canada and Rest of the World, where it derives maximum revenue from United States.

Objective is a founder-led technology company providing software and services for compliance with government regulations. Objective’s primary business is its content management software for the Australian public sector, which ensures government information can be gathered, located, accessed, supplemented, authored, collaborated on, signed off on, and shared in a compliant manner. Objective also offers products which encompass industry-specific applications of enterprise content management software, such as for assessing building development applications, compiling new regulations and providing ministerial briefs.

Shanghai Wondertek Software Corp Ltd engages in the software research and services. Its business is categorized in multimedia software and mobile internet services, and business intelligence software applications and services. Its products include wonder runtime platform, operating a management system, media assets management, streaming transcoding process, and data marketing analysis.

Tribal Group PLC is a provider of education software and services for international education, learning, and training markets. It has two business segments. The Student Information Systems (SIS) segment represents the delivery of software and subsequent maintenance and support services and the activities through which it deploys and configures software for its customers, and the Etio segment represents inspection and review services that support the assessment of educational delivery, and a portfolio of performance improvement tools and services, including analytics, software solutions, and asset management. The company generates maximum revenue from the SIS segment. Geographically, it operates in the UK, Australia, other APAC, North America, and the rest of the world.

NIIT Learning Systems Ltd is engaged in providing managed training solutions which predominantly include technology-based solutions for learning and education management to improve efficiency and effectiveness to customers in the education sector in India and international markets. The company also offers a comprehensive suite of solutions including content, learning delivery, assessment, and technology for students and teachers, as well as solutions for institution administration and management. Geographically, the company derives a majority of its revenue from America, and the rest from Europe, India, and the rest of the world.

Qibu Co Ltd operates in the apparel industry. The company designs and develops, produces, and sells children's shoes, children's wear, and children's clothing accessories. The company's main product brand is ABC KIDS.

cBrain AS is a software engineering company headquartered in Denmark. The company is created from the collective ambition of IT industry pioneers and technology innovators to help governments transform and thereby contribute to creating efficient, accountable and transparent public institutions. The company has developed a Commercial Of-The-Shelf (COTS) software platform named F2, built for government organizations focused on fast-tracking digital transformation at scale.

Fabasoft AG is a software manufacturer and provider of cloud services for the digital control of documents as well as electronic document, process, and record management. The software ensures the consistent capture, organization, secure storage, and context-sensitive findings of all digital business documents and the media-neutral multi-channel publishing of digital content. Its software products can be used based on purchasing models with payment of one-off software license fees and optional recurring update tees or based on recurring usage fees for cloud services, Software-as-a-Service (SaaS). The company earns revenue from sales of software and services. Its business is classified under geographical segments that include Austria, Germany, Switzerland, and Other countries.

I-Scream Media Co Ltd is an education company with educational content and different content production capabilities. The company's business includes the edutech platform 'Ice Cream S' utilized by elementary school teachers with differentiated and diverse contents, 'Ice Cream Remote Education Training Center', a training institute for teachers to enhance their teaching expertise, 'Ice Cream Mall', which helps teachers conveniently prepare classes and operate classes by the Korean environment, and 'Ice Cream Textbook', an elementary school textbook that combines books and digital contents.

RM PLC provides resources, software, solutions, services to Uk and international education sector. The company is structured into Four operating divisions: RM TTS, RM Assessment, RM Technology and services. TTS provides education resources used in schools through a predominantly direct marketing business model. The RM Assessment business provides IT software and services to exam boards and professional bodies to allow e-assessment. RM Technology division focuses on supplying IT software and services to schools and colleges. Its primary geographic markets are the United Kingdom, Europe, North America, Asia, the Middle East, and the Rest of the world.

eBASE Co Ltd is engaged in the planning, development, sales and maintenance of e BASE series which is a content management software. The solutions provided by the company include food industry solutions, residential industry solutions, printing industry solutions, data pool solution, and sales support solutions.

Konan Technology Inc provides the smartest search/analysis/recommendation software and data service based on language and multimedia analysis technology. The company's base technology is grouped into Text AI and Vision AI , and have a lineup of eight products. Text AI consists of Conan Search, Conan Analytics, Pulse Key, Conan Chatbot/ Conan Chatbot+, and Conan LLM, while Vision AI consists of Conan Watcher, Conan Voice, and Conan Listener.

ReadyTech Holdings Ltd is a provider of people management software for educators, employers, and facilitators of career transitions. Its products are JR Plus, A2E, HR3, ePayroll, JR Gov, Aussiepay, and others. The company's operating segments include Education and Work pathways, Workforce Solutions, and Government and Justice. It generates maximum revenue from the Government and Justice. The education segment mainly provides products and services to tertiary education providers. Its Workforce segment provides products and services to a mid-sized company across various industries. The Government division provides government and justice case management software as a service solution to local governments, state governments, and justice departments.

Thinkific Labs Inc is a cloud-based software platform. Its business activity is to provide a platform that helps entrepreneurs and established businesses to scale and generate revenue by teaching. The platform provides its creators with the functionality needed to launch, grow, and diversify their businesses by creating and selling learning products composed of customized courses, communities, membership sites and other experiences that creators can create, sell, and deliver using its Platform. Its sources of revenue consist of software subscriptions to its cloud-based platform and revenue from payment processing.

AudioEye Inc is a software solution provider delivering immediate ADA and WCAG accessibility compliance at scale. Through patented technology, subject matter expertise and proprietary processes, it is eradicating all barriers to digital accessibility, helping creators get accessible and supporting them with ongoing advisory and automated upkeep. Trusted by the ADP, Tommy Hilfiger, A360 Media, Samsung, Landry’s and others. It helps everyone identify and resolve issues of accessibility and enhance user experiences, automating digital accessibility for the widest audiences.

51 Talk Online Education Group is an online education platform in China, with core expertise in English education. The company's mission is to make quality education accessible and affordable. It's online and mobile education platforms enable students across China to take live interactive English lessons with overseas foreign teachers, on demand. The Group operates in seven principal geographical area: China, Hong Kong, Philippines, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand and Saudi Arabia.

Research Solutions Inc is a holding company. The company provides vertical software-as-a-service ("SaaS") and artificial intelligence ("AI") solutions, providing software and related services to help research-intensive organizations simplify the research process, save time, and money. The company operates in a single segment, which derives its revenue from subscription fees from its cloud-based SaaS Platforms and transactional service fees for the electronic delivery of single articles. The company generates the majority of its revenue from the Transactions. Geographically, the company generates the majority of its revenue from the United States, followed by Europe.

FLOWSPARKS NV is engaged in providing online educational services. It provides an e-learning platform that enables organizations to create, manage, and deliver digital training based on their internal expertise. With built-in instructional design, multilingual capabilities, reporting features, and AI Co-Authoring, FLOWSPARKS helps companies scale training across teams, locations, and languages. In addition to the platform, it offers customized training content creation services for customers who require support.

Skillsoft Corp is a leader in corporate digital learning. The company's segments include Talent Development Solutions and Global Knowledge. Talent Development Solutions brings a foundation of products and customers. TDS enterprise-grade solution serves customers and employees world-wide. TDS Learner is a world-renowned consumer-scale and experiential learning platform that serves learners internationally. The Global Knowledge segment is centered around instructor-led training, or live learning, with face-to-face delivery by experienced trainers, both in-person and virtually.

Sylogist Ltd is a software company that provides software-as-a-service (SaaS) solutions that provides ERP, CRM, fundraising, education administration, and payments solutions to education verticals. , including fund accounting, grant management, and payroll to public service organizations. The company's revenue is divided into verticals namely, SylogistMission, SylogistEd, SylogistGov, and SylogistServices. It receives maximum revenue in the form of SaaS subscriptions. Geographically, the company offers its services to the United States of America, Canada, the United Kingdom, and other regions. The majority of the revenue comes from the United States of America.

Vinyl Group Ltd Formerly Jaxsta Ltd is a music technology company that carries on music database. It has developed an online platform named Jaxsta to hold official music metadata. Its database consists of official music information and is built to meet the needs of music professionals and enthusiasts seeking a comprehensive and authenticated source of music data. The company uses " Big Data" technology to ingest and translate information sourced directly from official channels including record labels, music publishers, royalty agencies and industry associations onto its Jaxsta platform ensuring optimum accuracy and reliability.

Day1 Company Inc is developing educational content and engaging in service business. The company plans, develops, and distributes all content that requires learning for adults.

CHieru Co Ltd is a Japanese firm which provides information and communication technology environments for teaching and learning in schools. It offers services including software and system products, teaching and learning resources and strategic consulting for school ICT environment. Its solutions include CaLabo EX, CaLabo LX, CaLabo TX, interclass cloud.

Intellinetics Inc is a document service and solutions software company serving both the small-to-medium business and governmental sectors. The company's digital transformation products and services are provided through two reporting segments: Document Management and Document Conversion. The Document Management segment consists of solutions involving software platforms, which allow customers to capture and manage all documents across operations such as scanned hard-copy documents and all digital documents including those from Microsoft Office 365, digital images, audio, video, and emails. The company's Document Conversion offerings aid clients as a part of their overall document to convert documents from one medium to another. Majority of revenue is from Document Conversion Segment.