EKH Valuation Multiples

As the world's largest parcel delivery company, UPS manages a massive fleet of more than 500 planes and 100,000 vehicles, along with many hundreds of sorting facilities, to deliver an average of about 22 million packages per day to residences and businesses across the globe. UPS' domestic US package operations generate around 65% of total revenue, while international package makes up 20%. Air and ocean freight forwarding and contract logistics make up the remainder.

Canadian National's railway spans Canada from coast to coast and extends through Chicago to the Gulf of Mexico. In 2024, CN generated CAD 17 billion in revenue by hauling intermodal containers (22% of consolidated revenue), petroleum and chemicals (20%), grain and fertilizers (20%), forest products (11%), metals and minerals (12%), automotive shipments (5%), and coal (5%). Other items constitute the remaining revenue.

Deutsche Post is a company whose business is German postal and parcel-delivery group operating within DHL Group. The organisation is based in Bonn and operates with sector-specific employees, commercial relationships and delivery infrastructure. It serves households, companies, online retailers and public-sector mail users. Its products and services are used in Germany and international logistics markets through postal, parcel and freight networks. The company earns revenue through services, reflecting the way customers purchase its offering. Management coordinates product development, sales, operations and customer support for the relevant market. The business is an operating company rather than an investment vehicle, even where a financial sponsor owns shares. This profile describes the transaction-period entity and avoids conflating it with similarly named companies, subsidiaries or current parent groups. The description supplies the operating context required to interpret its role as a target, platform or acquirer in the documented transactions.

FedEx pioneered overnight delivery in 1973 and remains the world's largest express package provider. In fiscal 2025, the firm's Federal Express segment—which houses the core package delivery operations—made up 86% of total revenue, with 10% coming from FedEx Freight, its asset-based less-than-truckload shipping segment. The remainder came from other services, including FedEx Office, which provides document production/shipping, and FedEx Logistics, which provides global forwarding. FedEx acquired Dutch parcel delivery firm TNT Express in 2016, boosting its presence across Europe. TNT was previously the fourth-largest global parcel delivery provider.

DSV is a Danish-listed transport and logistics company, offering transport services worldwide by road, air, and sea, with the bulk of its activities coming from airfreight and sea freight forwarding businesses. Since its founding in 1976, the company has experienced rapid growth, primarily through strategic acquisitions. Its most recent acquisition, DB Schenker, occurred in the second quarter of 2025, making DSV the largest sea freight forwarder.

Adani Ports & Special Economic Zone Ltd is a port infrastructure company domiciled in India. The company owns, operates, develops, and maintains port terminals and port infrastructure in India, including operating and developing infrastructure at the Special Economic Zone in Mundra. Adani Ports & Special Economic Zone also owns and operates a private railway to transport container cargo, and provides storage, handling, and other logistics services. It has one business segment, namely developing, operating, and maintaining the ports services, ports-related Infrastructure development activities, and development of infrastructure at the contiguous Special Economic Zone at Mundra. The company generates the vast majority of its revenue domestically.

Denmark-listed A.P. Moller-Maersk operates trade, shipping, logistics, and terminal assets globally. The oceans segment, the largest contributor to group revenue and earnings, has the second-largest oceangoing shipping capacity globally. Maersk has acquired several logistics firms in the past couple of years and plans to make the segment the company's growth engine. Over the past few years, Maersk has divested noncore operations, including its long-standing stakes in Danske Bank and Dansk Supermarked, as well as its oil and gas operations and ocean towing.

Poste Italiane is the Italian postal and financial services group, headquartered in Rome and listed on Borsa Italiana, where it is part of the FTSE MIB index. It runs mail, parcel and contract logistics, the BancoPosta financial services division, Poste Vita and Poste Assicura in insurance, PostePay in payments and mobile telephony, and asset management through BancoPosta Fondi. Cassa Depositi e Prestiti holds 35 percent of the capital and the Ministry of Economy and Finance 29.26 percent. The group has about 120,000 employees and a network of roughly 12,700 post offices, and reported revenue of EUR 13.1 billion and net income of EUR 2.2 billion for 2025. It has acquired companies and stakes in payments, logistics, insurance, data and asset management, including LIS, Plurima, Sourcesense and Net Insurance, and in 2026 it took control of the telecoms operator TIM through a public tender and exchange offer.

China CSSC Holdings Ltd is a China-based company engaged in the business activities of shipbuilding and ship repair. Its main products are a Capesize bulk carrier, Floating production storage and offloading, Aframax tanker, and others. In addition, the company is also involved in the business activities of the power business, marine engineering, and electromechanical equipment.

COSCO SHIPPING Holdings Co Ltd is an investment holding company. The company's operating segments include the Container shipping business, Terminal business, and Corporate and other operations. It generates maximum revenue from the Container shipping business segment. Its geographical segments include America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Mainland China, and Other international markets.

Kuehne+Nagel is a global transportation and logistics company founded in Switzerland in 1890. Kuehne+Nagel is the second-largest sea freight forwarder globally and will hold a top-three spot in air freight. Sea freight has traditionally accounted for the largest part of the business, contributing 40% of the group's revenue in 2024. The company aims to become a more balanced, fully integrated freight forwarder, continually improving its end-to-end offering to clients.

Old Dominion Freight Line is the second-largest less-than-truckload carrier in the United States (following FedEx Freight), with roughly 260 service centers and 11,000-plus tractors. It is one of the most disciplined and efficient providers in the trucking industry, and its profitability and capital returns are well above those of its peers. Strategic initiatives focus on increasing network density through market-share gains and on maintaining industry-leading service (including ultralow cargo claims) through steadfast infrastructure investment.

German-listed Hapag-Lloyd AG operates global trade, shipping, inland services, and terminal assets globally. Hapag-Lloyd liner shipping, the largest contributor to group revenue and earnings, has the fifth-largest shipping capacity globally. Hapag also provides a range of services, including e-business solutions, inland services, and terminal operations.

International Container Terminal Services Inc is a container-handling and terminal company. The company operates, manages, develops, and acquires container terminals to handle import and export cargo shipped in containers. Besides, the firm provides storage, container stripping and stuffing, and maintenance services. The company organises itself into three geographical segments: Asia; Europe, Middle East, and Africa; and Americas. The company derives the majority portion of revenue from the Asia segment, followed by the Americas and EMEA.

SF Holding was the largest logistics integrated service provider in China and Asia, and the fourth largest globally in 2025 by revenue, according to Frost & Sullivan. It is the only large integrated logistics service provider in Asia that has direct control of its operations with minimal reliance on network partners. It is also independent of any e-commerce platforms. The company is equipped with full-product service capabilities in time-definite express delivery, economic express delivery, freight, cold chain and pharmaceutical, intracity on-demand delivery, international express delivery, international freight and forwarding, and supply chain.

Based in the US, Expeditors International of Washington is a non-asset-based third-party logistics provider, mainly focused on international freight forwarding. Its offers freight consolidation and forwarding, customs brokerage, warehousing and distribution, purchase order management, vendor consolidation, and numerous other value-added logistics services. It employs sophisticated IT systems and contracts with airlines and ocean carriers to move customers' freight across the globe. The firm operates more than 200 full-service office locations worldwide, in addition to numerous satellite locations. Expeditors derives around 35% of consolidated gross revenue from airfreight, 30% from ocean freight, and 36% from customs brokerage and other services.

HD Hyundai Heavy Industries is engaged in shipbuilding and heavy-industry manufacturing. The company operates through four segments: Engine Machinery, Offshore Plant, Shipbuilding, and Others. The Engine Machinery segment produces marine engines, diesel power systems, pumps, and fluid machinery. The Offshore Plant segment handles the construction and installation of offshore structures, floating production units, and power-generation equipment. The Shipbuilding segment manufactures crude-oil carriers, container ships, product tankers, LNG carriers, and naval vessels. The Others segment covers leisure and performance-related facilities. It generates the majority of its revenue from the Shipbuilding segment.

Following the spinoff of its contract logistics division (GXO) in 2021 and freight brokerage operations (RXO) in 2022, XPO is moving closer to becoming a pure-play asset-based less-than-truckload carrier. We estimate LTL shipping makes up 60% of total revenue, with XPO's European truckload and LTL operations making up 40%. However, XPO's LTL segment EBITDA mix is much higher than 60%. We believe XPO intends to divest its European trucking division once it finds the right buyer.

Brambles is the world’s largest supplier of reusable wooden pallets for the fast-moving consumer goods, fresh produce, beverage, retail, and general manufacturing industries. Brambles' services primarily operate under the Chep brand. The operation spans approximately 60 countries with three geographical segments: Chep Americas, Chep Europe, Middle East, and Asia, and Chep Asia-Pacific.

J.B. Hunt Transport Services ranks among the top surface transportation companies in North America by revenue. Its primary operating segments are intermodal delivery, which uses the Class I rail carriers for the underlying line-haul movement of its owned containers (48% of sales), dedicated trucking services that provide customer-specific fleet needs (27%), for-hire truckload (6%), heavy goods final-mile delivery (7%), and asset-light truck brokerage (12%).

China Merchants Energy Shipping Co Ltd is a China-based company that engages in tanker transportation, bulk cargo vessel transportation, and liquid natural gas (LNG) vessel transportation. It provides a full range of energy transportation services running a large diversity of vessels, including crude oil tankers, dry bulk carriers, and LNG carriers. It provides services to customers from China, Japan, Korea, Southeast Asia, the United States, and other countries.

Shanghai International Port (Group) Co Ltd is the world's largest container port in terms of throughput volume, and a major trans-shipment hub in China. It engages in handling port containers and bulk cargo along with other container-related services in the Yangtze River Delta. The gross profit in core port operation is approximately 72% in containers, 2% in bulk cargo, and 26% in port logistics and services. The Shanghai state-owned Asset Supervision and Administration Commission holds approximately a 44% stake in SIPG.

FedEx Freight Holding Co Inc is a North American provider of LTL freight transportation services. It offers services designed to meet the diverse needs of LTL shippers including time-critical transportation needs leveraging advanced tracking capabilities and a comprehensive network of service centers and hubs that facilitate efficient delivery and pickup. FedEx Freight's service offerings include priority services when speed is critical and economy services when time can be traded for savings.

Nippon Yusen Kabushiki Kaisha is a Japan-based shipping and transportation company. The company operates through seven segments. The Automotive Business covers ocean-going cargo shipping and automobile logistics. Dry Bulk Cargo Business focuses on bulk cargo transport and ship chartering. Energy Business handles shipping and chartering related to energy transport. Liner & Logistics Business includes Air Transport, Liner Shipping with agency, container terminal, port, and tugboat operations, and Logistics covering warehousing, freight forwarding, and coastal freight. Other Business involves real estate leasing and sales, passenger ship services, machinery and equipment wholesale, transportation support, information processing, and petroleum product sales.

Evergreen Marine Corp (Taiwan) Ltd is mainly engaged in domestic and international marine transportation, shipping agency services, commercial port area ship repair services, and the distribution of containers. Along with its subsidiaries, it operates in the following reportable segments: Transportation Department, which derives maximum revenue, and Other Departments. Geographically, the group generates maximum revenue from Asia (excluding Taiwan), followed by Taiwan, America, Europe, and other regions.

Wartsila is a global manufacturer of critical equipment and services for the marine and energy markets with operations in over 70 countries. Approximately one-half of the group’s sales are derived from the sale of services and spare parts through its network of 258 sales and service network locations. Wartsila is listed on the Nasdaq Helsinki exchange in Finland. Approximately one in three oceangoing vessels has a Wartsila solution on board, translating into an installed base of over 50,000 vessels and 10,000 customers.

SITC International Holdings Co Ltd is an Asian shipping logistics company that provides integrated transportation and logistics solutions. The company focuses exclusively on servicing the Asia trade market, which is the largest in the world and one of the fastest-growing markets in terms of shipping volume, according to Drewry Maritime Services (Asia) Pte Ltd, an independent industry consultant. The business covers integrated shipping logistics services, such as the provision of container transportation, freight forwarding, shipping agency, depot, warehousing services, land leasing, and other services.

HMM is an integrated logistics and shipping company. It provides shipping services covering container, bulk, and specialized cargo, including reefer, oversized, and hazardous shipments. The company supports a wide range of industries through its extensive fleet, container service network, and integrated logistics facilities. Its operating segments include Bulk, Containers, and Others.

ZTO Express is China’s largest express delivery company by parcel volume, with a volume share of 19.4% in 2024. It operates a network partner model where it provides line-haul transportation and sorting services, while its local network partners provide first-mile pickup and last-mile delivery services under the ZTO brand name. Headquartered in Shanghai, the company was founded in 2002 by Meisong Lai, who remains chair, CEO, and its major shareholder with 78% voting rights as of March 31, 2025. ZTO’s strategic shareholder is leading China e-commerce company Alibaba Group with around an 8.9% interest.

Mitsui O.S.K. Lines Ltd is a Japanese transportation and logistics company. The company operates through seven segments. The Car Carrier/Ports & Logistics segment manages car carriers. The Container Ship segment operates containerships. The Dry Bulk segment handles bulk vessels, and the Energy segment operates tankers, LNG carriers, and marine businesses. The Ferry/Domestic RORO Ship/Cruise segment provides passenger and cargo transport and cruise services. The Real Estate segment covers leasing and building management. Related Business includes tugboat and trading operations, while Others covers ship operation, management, chartering, and finance.

C.H. Robinson is a top-tier non-asset-based third-party logistics provider with a significant focus on domestic freight brokerage (about 60% of net revenue), which reflects mostly truck brokerage but also rail intermodal. Additionally, the firm operates a large air and ocean forwarding division (30%), which has grown organically and via tuck-in acquisitions over the years. The remainder of revenue consists of transportation management services and a legacy produce-sourcing operation.

COSCO SHIPPING Energy Transportation Co Ltd engages in the shipping business. The firm's business covers oil shipping, which includes vessel chartering. The company operates through the following segments: Oil transportation, LNG shipping, LPG transportation, and Chemical transportation. The majority of the firm's revenue is dominated by the Oil transportation segment.

Adnoc Logistics & Services PLC provides fully integrated, end-to-end services to ADNOC Group companies and its extensive range of customers in the energy maritime industry. Its business is organized into various segments namely Integrated Logistics, Shipping, Services, and Others. The majority of the company's revenue is generated from the Integrated logistics segment.

Orient Overseas (International) Ltd is engaged in container transport and logistics. Container transport and logistics include containerized shipping services in trade lanes, covering Trans-Pacific, Trans-Atlantic, Asia/Europe, Asia/Australia, and Intra-Asia trades, and integrated services over the management and control of effective storage and flow of goods. Revenue comprises gross freight income, charter hire, service, and other income from the operation of the container transport and logistics and rental income from the investment property. Its segments are Container transport and logistics and Others.

HD Korea Shipbuilding & Offshore Engineering is a shipbuilding company engaged in shipbuilding, marine plant development, green energy solutions, engine manufacturing, and other related engineering businesses. Its Green Energy operations focus on renewable projects such as solar power, while the Marine Plant segment handles the manufacture and installation of offshore structures, floating oil production units, and power generation facilities. The Shipbuilding segment produces crude oil carriers, container ships, product carriers, LNG carriers, and naval vessels. The Engine segment manufactures marine engines, diesel power generation units, pumps, and fluid machinery, and the Others segment covers gas eco-friendly systems and related technologies.

Bollore SE is an infrastructure company domiciled in France. The company organizes itself into four segments: transportation and logistics, oil logistics, communication, and industry segment. The transportation and logistics segment offers freight forwarding and logistics services. The oil logistics segment distributes oil and fuel. The communication segment provides advertising, cinema, and telecommunications services. The industry segment is engaged in manufacturing polypropylene film for capacitors and packaging films. The firm generates majority of the revenue from the communications segment.

J&T Express provides express delivery in 13 countries, with a number one position in Southeast Asia and a leading position in China by parcel volume share in the first half of 2025 and a growing footprint in Latin America and the Middle East. As of Sept. 30, 2025, it had network coverage across Indonesia, Vietnam, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, Cambodia, Singapore, China, Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Mexico, Brazil, and Egypt.

Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha Ltd is a Japan-based company engaged in the logistics business. The company operates its business through three segments. The Dry Bulk segment covers bulk cargo shipping. The Energy Resources segment includes liquefied natural gas transportation, oil tankers, offshore operations, and electric power businesses. The Product Logistics segment handles car carrier services, logistics, coastal and domestic shipping, and containership operations. The Others segment consists of ship management, travel agency, and real estate leasing and management businesses not included in the main reporting segments. It generates the majority of its revenue from the Product logistics segment.

Hyundai Glovis Co Ltd is a South Korean-based logistics company. Its operating segments include Logistics, Distribution, and Shipping. Its Distribution sector covers product and merchandise sales, including CKD operations, commodity trading, and used-car business; the Logistics sector handles domestic and overseas cargo transportation services; and the Shipping sector transports cargo by sea through automobile carriers and bulk carriers. It generates the majority of its revenue from the Distribution segment.

Hanwha Ocean manufactures various types of commercial and specialty ships and operates offshore and onshore industrial plants. It is a shipbuilding and marine specialized company that builds various ships, offshore plants, drilling ships, floating oil production facilities, submarines, and destroyers. The company builds various types of ships, including carriers, containerships, submarines, and other vessels. The company's industrial plants focus on oil and gas exploration, chemical, seawater treatment, and power. It helps supply electricity, water, and other resources and utilizes differentiated technology to provide clean energy.

Samsung Heavy Industries Co Ltd is a South Korean-based shipbuilding and construction company. The company has two reportable segments: Shipbuilding Offshore and Energy Infrastructure Solution. The Shipbuilding Offshore segment derives revenue from LNG ships, container ships, FLNG and related products, serving mainly overseas ship owners. The Energy Infrastructure Solution segment is involved in civil engineering, architecture and related infrastructure products, with the majority of customers including construction companies. It generates the majority of its revenue from the Shipbuilding Offshore segment.

Ningbo Zhoushan Port Co Ltd operates in the ports of Ningbo and Zhoushan, China. The Company handles containers, minerals, crude oil, liquid chemical products and other goods. The company also provides port leasing, ship agency and logistics services.

Knight-Swift Transportation is the largest full-truckload carrier in the US, with a diversified transportation offering. Pro forma for the US Xpress deal, about 82% of revenue derives from Knight’s asset-based trucking business, with full truckload (for-hire dry van, refrigerated, and dedicated contract) making up 69% and less than truckload 13%. Truck brokerage and other asset-light logistics services make up 9% of revenue, with intermodal near 6%. Knight's intermodal operations use the Class I railroads for the underlying movement of its shipping containers and include drayage (regional trucking services to and from inland intermodal ramps/terminals). The remainder of revenue reflects services offered to shippers and third-party truckers, including equipment maintenance and leasing.

Wan Hai Lines Ltd is a transportation and logistics company domiciled in Taiwan. The company develops and operates terminals, container yards, and warehouses, and provides container shipping services through its fleet of vessels. Besides, the company constructs and maintains cargo containers, provides container loading and unloading services, and constructs and maintains ships. The company generates the majority of its revenue from Freight, Rentals, followed by WHL Terminals and Other services in geographical regions that include Asia, followed by India, the Middle East, and the Red Sea.

HANJIN KAL Corp is a Korean-based company engaged in providing hotel and travel business services through its subsidiaries. The company operates through four segments: Database and Online Information Provider, General and International Travel Business, Hotel Industry, and Rental Industry. The Database and Online Information Provider sector offers travel-related information and online services. The General and International Travel Business sector provides tourism and accommodation-related services. The Hotel Industry sector covers accommodation, food, convention, and related operations. The Rental Industry sector includes non-residential rental services, intangible property rentals, and other related activities. It generates the majority of its revenue from the Rental industry segment.

China Merchants Port Group Co Ltd is engaged in port operations, ancillary port-related services, and bonded logistics operations. The operating segments of the company are; Port operations; Containers providing ship berthing, loading, and unloading services, and offer container storage services, and Bulk cargoes: the Company is engaged in bulk cargo handling and transportation in port zones and storage services in yards, The ancillary port-related services include smart port solutions, smart port technology operation, and other port information technology businesses, and Bonded logistics operations include services like a warehouse, yard leasing, loading and unloading in warehouses/yards, customs clearance and division or merger of cargoes at terminals.

China Merchants Port Holdings is a port developer, investor, and operator within China Merchants Group. It owns interests in container and bulk terminals and provides port, logistics, and related services across an international network. The company serves customers and counterparties through the operating assets, products, or financial capabilities described in the cited transaction materials. Its economics are driven by services, while its competitive position depends on sector expertise, asset quality, customer relationships, and disciplined capital allocation. The company is classified in Marine Transportation and Logistics because those categories best represent its principal activity at the transaction date. This profile is intended to identify the legal or operating business involved in the deal, including a historical name where the company was later renamed, merged, privatized, or reorganized.

Saia ranks among the 10 largest less-than-truckload carriers in the United States, with more than 200 facilities and a fleet of more than 6,500 tractors and 26,000 trailers. As a national LTL carrier, the firm offers time-definite and expedited options for shipments ranging between 100 and 10,000 pounds. Saia ranks among the top-tier providers in terms of profitability.