QumulusAI Valuation Multiples

NVIDIA is a US semiconductor and accelerated-computing company headquartered in Santa Clara, California. It was founded on 5 April 1993 by Jensen Huang, Chris Malachowsky and Curtis Priem, and Huang remains president and CEO. The company designs GPUs (GeForce, RTX), data-center AI accelerators and networking, system-on-chip processors and the CUDA software platform. For fiscal 2026 (year ended 25 January 2026) it reported revenue of US$215.9 billion, net income of US$120.1 billion and data-center revenue of US$193.7 billion, with about 42,000 employees. It is listed on Nasdaq (NVDA) and on 29 October 2025 became the first company to reach a US$5 trillion market capitalisation. NVIDIA is also an active strategic investor, taking part in 67 venture deals in 2025 against 54 in 2024, while its NVentures fund made 30 deals in 2025. Its largest commitments include up to US$10 billion in Anthropic (November 2025) and participation in funding rounds of OpenAI, xAI, Mistral AI and Cursor.

Alphabet is a holding company that wholly owns internet giant Google. The California-based company derives slightly less than 90% of its revenue from Google services, the vast majority of which is advertising sales. Alongside online ads, Google services houses sales stemming from Google’s subscription services (YouTube TV and YouTube Music, among others), platforms (sales and in-app purchases on Play Store), and devices (Chromebooks, Pixel smartphones, and smart home products such as Chromecast). Google’s cloud computing platform accounts for roughly 10% of Alphabet’s revenue. The firm’s investments in up-and-coming technologies such as self-driving cars (Waymo), health (Verily), and internet access (Google Fiber) make up the rest.

Microsoft is an American technology company headquartered in Redmond, Washington that sells software, cloud computing services, devices and games to consumers, businesses and governments. It was founded on 4 April 1975 by Bill Gates and Paul Allen and has been led by chief executive Satya Nadella since February 2014. Its products include the Windows operating system, the Microsoft 365 productivity suite, the Azure cloud platform, the Copilot AI assistant, Xbox consoles and games, the LinkedIn professional network, the GitHub developer platform and the Bing search engine. In the fiscal year to 30 June 2026 revenue rose 18% to $331.8 billion, operating income reached $155.2 billion and net income $133.7 billion; Azure revenue passed $100 billion for the first time and Microsoft 365 Copilot exceeded 30 million paid seats. The company earns money from cloud subscriptions and consumption, software licences, advertising, and hardware and game sales, and employs about 223,000 people. Major acquisitions include LinkedIn for $26.2 billion in 2016 and Activision Blizzard for $68.7 billion in 2023, and it is a major investor in OpenAI under a multi-year, multi-billion-dollar partnership announced in January 2023.

Amazon is an American technology and retail company headquartered in Seattle, Washington, with a second headquarters in Arlington County, Virginia. It runs the amazon.com online store and marketplace for third-party sellers, the Amazon Prime subscription programme, which had 200 million subscribers worldwide in 2021, and Amazon Web Services, the cloud computing unit launched in 2002 that rents data storage and computing power to companies. It also sells Echo, Kindle and Fire devices, distributes video, music and audiobooks through Prime Video, MGM+, Amazon Music, Twitch and Audible, and owns the Whole Foods Market grocery chain, Ring, IMDb and the self-driving car developer Zoox. Amazon earns revenue from product sales, seller commissions and fulfilment fees, subscriptions, cloud services and advertising. It reported revenue of US$716.9 billion and net income of US$77.7 billion in 2025 with about 1,576,000 employees, making it the world's largest company by revenue as of 2026 and the second-largest private employer in the United States. Jeff Bezos founded the company as Cadabra on July 5, 1994, in Bellevue, Washington, as an online bookstore and renamed it Amazon that November. Bezos, who owns about 8.8% of the shares, became executive chairman in July 2021, when former AWS chief Andy Jassy became chief executive.

Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co. is the world's largest dedicated chip foundry, with about 70% market share in 2025. TSMC was founded in 1987 as a joint venture of Philips, the government of Taiwan, and private investors. It went public in Taiwan in 1994 and as an ADR in the US in 1997. TSMC's scale and high-quality technology allow the firm to generate solid operating margins, even in the highly competitive foundry business. Furthermore, the shift to the fabless business model has created tailwinds for TSMC. The foundry leader has an illustrious base of customers, including Apple, AMD, and Nvidia, that look to apply its cutting-edge process technologies to their semiconductor designs. TSMC employs more than 83,000 people.

Broadcom is one of the largest semiconductor companies in the world and has also expanded into infrastructure software. Its semiconductors primarily serve computing, wired connectivity, and wireless connectivity. It has a significant position in custom AI chips to train and run inference for large language models. It is primarily a fabless designer but holds some manufacturing in-house. In software, it sells virtualization, infrastructure, and security software to large enterprises, financial institutions, and governments. Broadcom is the product of consolidation. Its businesses are an amalgamation of former companies like legacy Broadcom and Avago Technologies in chips, as well as VMware, Brocade, CA Technologies, and Symantec in software.

Micron Technology is a semiconductor manufacturer headquartered in Boise, Idaho. The company designs, develops and manufactures memory and storage technologies used in electronic equipment. Its principal technologies include dynamic random-access memory, NAND flash and NOR memory, which support the storage and retrieval of digital information. Customers use its products in data centres, personal computers, smartphones, vehicles and other connected equipment. Micron earns revenue from sales of memory and storage products to equipment manufacturers and other business customers. Founded in 1978, it developed from a small semiconductor design company into an international manufacturer with fabrication, assembly, testing and research operations. Its manufacturing footprint spans the United States and multiple Asian locations, while design centres and customer laboratories support product development and applications. The company operates under the Micron Technology name and maintains its corporate base in Boise.

Advanced Micro Devices is a United States semiconductor company founded in 1969 and headquartered in Santa Clara, California. It designs central and graphics processors, data-center accelerators, adaptive computing products and related system-on-chip technology for computer makers, cloud operators, enterprises and embedded-system customers. Revenue comes from sales of chips and computing platforms, intellectual-property arrangements and long-term supply relationships. AMD historically manufactured many of its own processors but later separated fabrication into GlobalFoundries and became primarily a fabless designer. Its products compete in personal computers, gaming consoles, servers, artificial-intelligence infrastructure and industrial applications. Advanced Micro Devices serves B2B and B2C customers through activities spanning Semiconductors, AI Chips & Hardware and Artificial Intelligence.

SK Hynix is a semiconductor memory manufacturer with around 60%-70% of its revenue from DRAM and 30%-35% of its revenue from NAND. The company is both the second-largest DRAM and NAND supplier globally, with a 33% and 21% market share, respectively, as of 2024. SK Hynix increased its market position in NAND from fourth to second, after acquiring Intel's NAND business in 2021. SK Square, an investment management company spun off from SK Telecom, is SK Hynix's largest shareholder and currently holds 20% of the company's shares.

ASML is the leader in lithography systems for manufacturing semiconductors with 90% market share. Lithography is the process in which a light source is used to expose circuit patterns from a photomask onto a semiconductor wafer. Lithography allows chipmakers to increase the number of transistors in the same area of silicon, with lithography historically representing a high portion of the cost of making cutting-edge chips. ASML outsources the manufacturing of most of its parts, acting like an assembler. ASML’s largest clients are TSMC, Samsung, Intel, SK Hynix, and Micron.

CXMT Corp is engaged in the research, design, production and sales of Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) products. These DRAM products are widely used in mobile terminals, computers, servers, virtual reality, and the Internet of Things (IoT).

Cisco Systems is a United States networking technology company headquartered in San Jose, California. It develops and sells routers, switches, security products, collaboration systems and software used to connect and manage digital networks. The company serves enterprises, telecommunications providers, public-sector organizations and smaller businesses worldwide. Revenue comes from hardware product sales, software subscriptions, licensing and technical support services. Cisco agreed to acquire CAIS Software Solutions and its IPORT technology in 2000 to strengthen products for property-based broadband access. The company is publicly listed and operates globally through direct sales and partner channels, with products spanning campus, data-center, wide-area and Internet infrastructure.

Oracle is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Austin, Texas, having moved its head office from Redwood Shores, California, in December 2020. It was co-founded on June 16, 1977, in Santa Clara, California, by Larry Ellison, Bob Miner and Ed Oates as Software Development Laboratories, and took its name from its flagship Oracle Database. Oracle sells database software, enterprise applications including enterprise resource planning, human capital management, customer experience and supply chain software, Oracle Cloud Infrastructure and hardware to businesses and governments. It acquired Sun Microsystems and, in June 2022, Cerner for $28.3 billion, which now forms Oracle Health. In January 2025 Oracle joined OpenAI, SoftBank and MGX in the Stargate AI infrastructure venture, and in September 2025 it signed a $300 billion contract with OpenAI for 4.5 gigawatts of capacity over five years. For the quarter ended November 2025 it reported revenue of $14.1 billion, with cloud infrastructure revenue up 68% to $4.1 billion and remaining performance obligations of $130 billion. It employed 141,000 full-time staff in May 2026, and Clay Magouyrk and Mike Sicilia succeeded Safra Catz as co-CEOs, with Ellison as chairman and chief technology officer.

Lam Research is one of the largest semiconductor wafer fabrication equipment manufacturers in the world. It specializes in deposition and etch, which entail the buildup of layers on a semiconductor and the subsequent selective removal of patterns from each layer. Lam holds the top market share in etch and holds the clear second share in deposition. It is more exposed to memory chipmakers for DRAM and NAND chips. It counts as top customers the largest chipmakers in the world, including TSMC, Samsung, Intel, and Micron.

Applied Materials is the largest semiconductor wafer fabrication equipment manufacturer in the world. It has a broad portfolio spanning nearly every corner of the WFE ecosystem. Applied Materials holds leading market share in deposition, which entails the layering of new materials on semiconductor wafers. It is more exposed to general-purpose logic chips made at integrated device manufacturers and foundries. It counts the largest chipmakers in the world as customers, including TSMC, Intel, and Samsung.

Dell Technologies is an American information technology company headquartered in Round Rock, Texas, where Dell has been based since 1994, and listed on the New York Stock Exchange. It was formed in September 2016 when Dell Inc., founded by Michael Dell and taken private in 2013, completed its $67 billion acquisition of the storage and software company EMC. The company has two main divisions: the Client Solutions Group, which sells personal computers, monitors and peripherals including the Alienware gaming brand, and the Infrastructure Solutions Group, which sells servers, data storage and networking equipment. It also offers cloud, security, IT consulting and managed services, and sells to business and consumer customers directly and through channel partners, earning its revenue mainly from hardware sales plus services and software. In the fiscal year ended January 2026 Dell reported revenue of $113.5 billion and net income of $5.9 billion, and it employed about 97,000 people. Michael Dell is chairman and chief executive and owns about 59% of the company. Dell Technologies ranked 44th on the 2025 Fortune 500.

Alibaba Group is a Chinese technology company headquartered in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, founded on 28 June 1999 by Jack Ma and 17 friends and students as the business-to-business marketplace Alibaba.com. It operates China's largest consumer marketplaces, Taobao (consumer-to-consumer) and Tmall (business-to-consumer), the global B2B site Alibaba.com and domestic wholesale platform 1688, alongside international e-commerce, Alibaba Cloud, the Cainiao logistics network, local consumer services and digital media and entertainment businesses, reorganised in 2023 into six business groups. It earns revenue mainly from merchant advertising and commissions on its marketplaces, plus cloud computing, logistics and direct sales. Early backers included Goldman Sachs, SoftBank and Investor AB, which invested $25 million in October 1999. Its September 2014 New York Stock Exchange IPO raised $25 billion, then the largest in history, giving it a market value of $231 billion, and in January 2018 it became the second Asian company to pass a $500 billion valuation. Joseph Tsai became chairman and Eddie Wu chief executive in 2023.

Arm Holdings is the IP owner and developer of the ARM architecture, which is used in 99% of the world’s smartphone CPU cores, and it also has high market share in other battery-powered devices like wearables, tablets, or sensors. Arm licenses its architecture for a fee, offering different types of licenses depending on the flexibility the customer needs. Customers like Apple or Qualcomm buy architectural licenses, which allow them to modify the architecture and add or delete instructions to tailor the chips to their specific needs. Other clients directly buy off-the-shelf designs from Arm. Both off-the-shelf and architectural customers pay a royalty fee per chip shipped.

IBM (International Business Machines) is an American technology company headquartered in Armonk, New York, and operating in more than 175 countries. It sells hybrid-cloud and AI software, including Red Hat and the watsonx portfolio, IT consulting services, and infrastructure hardware such as IBM Z mainframes. Its customers are mainly large enterprises and governments, and it earns revenue from software subscriptions and licences, consulting and managed-services contracts, and hardware sales and financing. In 2025 IBM reported revenue of $67.5 billion, up 8%, with software up 11%, consulting up 2% and infrastructure up 12%, and free cash flow of $14.7 billion. The company was founded in 1911 as the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company and renamed International Business Machines in 1924; it dominated mainframe computing with the System/360 and launched the IBM Personal Computer in 1981 before selling its PC division to Lenovo in 2005. More recently it bought Red Hat for $34 billion in 2019, spun off its managed infrastructure services unit as Kyndryl in 2021, and in December 2025 agreed to acquire data-streaming company Confluent for about $11 billion. Arvind Krishna is chairman and chief executive.

Marvell Technology is a fabless chip designer focused on wired networking, where it has the second-highest market share. Marvell serves the data center, carrier, enterprise, and consumer end markets with processors, optical and copper transceivers, switches, and storage controllers.

Qualcomm is a San Diego semiconductor, software and wireless-technology company founded in 1985. It designs modem, radio-frequency, connectivity, automotive and computing platforms used by device manufacturers and network operators worldwide. The company develops and licenses a large portfolio of patents essential to cellular standards and earns revenue through chip sales and technology licensing. Its Snapdragon platforms combine processors, connectivity, graphics and artificial-intelligence capabilities for smartphones, vehicles, personal computers and connected devices. Qualcomm also invests in and acquires technologies that extend its wireless intellectual-property base into adjacent markets. At the time of the HaloIPT transaction, its European Innovation Development group was pursuing wireless-power systems for electric vehicles. Qualcomm acquired substantially all HaloIPT technology and hired its team in November 2011 while establishing a continuing research relationship with Auckland UniServices. The company is publicly traded on Nasdaq and primarily serves manufacturers, carriers and enterprise customers.

ServiceNow Inc provides software solutions to structure and automate various business processes via a SaaS delivery model. The company primarily focuses on the IT function for enterprise customers. ServiceNow began with IT service management, expanded within the IT function, and more recently directed its workflow automation logic to functional areas beyond IT, notably customer service, HR service delivery, and security operations. ServiceNow also offers an application development platform as a service.

Cloudflare is a software company based in San Francisco, California, that offers security and web performance offerings by utilizing a distributed, serverless content delivery network, or CDN. The firm’s edge computing platform, Workers, leverages this network by providing clients the ability to deploy and execute code without maintaining servers.

Tata Consultancy Services is a leading global IT services provider based in Mumbai, India. Founded in 1968, it is one of the first companies to leverage a global delivery model that helps clients outsource their IT needs to offshore labor. The company boasts a wide range of offerings, including IT consulting, managed services, and business process outsourcing.

Hewlett Packard Enterprise is an enterprise IT company headquartered in Spring, Texas, near Houston. It sells servers, networking equipment, hybrid-cloud and storage products and financing to business customers, and offers its HPE GreenLake platform as pay-per-use cloud consumption. In fiscal 2025 (year ended October 31, 2025) net revenue was $34.3 billion, up 14%, split across Server ($17.7 billion), Networking ($6.9 billion), Hybrid Cloud ($5.8 billion) and Financial Services ($3.5 billion), and it had approximately 67,000 employees. Revenue comes from hardware, software and services sales, GreenLake consumption services and financing through its Financial Services arm. On July 2, 2025 it completed the acquisition of Juniper Networks for total consideration of $13.6 billion, and Networking revenue rose 51% in fiscal 2025. HPE was created on November 1, 2015, when Hewlett-Packard split into HP Inc. and Hewlett Packard Enterprise; in 2017 it spun off its Enterprise Services business into DXC Technology and its software business into Micro Focus, and Antonio Neri has been CEO since 2018.

Astera Labs Inc designs and delivers semiconductor-based connectivity solutions for cloud and AI infrastructure. Its Intelligent Connectivity Platform integrates semiconductor technology, microcontrollers, sensors, and software to enhance performance, scalability, and data management. The company offers products such as integrated circuits (ICs), boards, and modules, catering to hyperscalers and system OEMs. The company's solutions focus on data, network, and memory management in AI-driven platforms. Geographically, the company operates in Singapore, China, Taiwan, and United States, of which maximum revenue is derived from United States.

Nebius is a vertically integrated cloud provider focusing on AI and high-performance computing. It is a carve-out of the previous Russian tech firm Yandex, following the Russian sanctions since the Ukraine-Russia war. Nebius designs and operates its own data centers and servers across Europe and the US, with a total capacity of several hundred megawatts. In September 2025, Microsoft became a major Nebius client under a multiyear $17 billion revenue agreement to provide computing capacity.

NetApp Inc is a provider of enterprise data management and storage solutions. The company's segments include Hybrid Cloud and Public Cloud. It generates maximum revenue from the Hybrid Cloud segment. The Hybrid Cloud segment offers a portfolio of storage management and infrastructure solutions that help customers recast their traditional data centers with the power of the cloud. This portfolio is designed to operate with public clouds to unlock the potential of hybrid, multi-cloud operations. Hybrid Cloud is composed of software, hardware, and related support, as well as professional and other services. Geographically, the company generates the majority of its revenue from the United States, Canada and Latin America (Americas).

HCL Technologies Ltd provides enterprises with IT solutions. It focuses on offering Digital, Internet of Things, Cloud, Automation, Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Management, and Engineering services to solve business problems for clients. It offers solutions to a variety of industries, including Financial Services, Public Services, Consumer Services, Healthcare, and Manufacturing. It operates in three segments: IT and Business Services, Engineering and R&D Services, and HCL Software. The firm emphasizes consultation services for firms, intending to offer them digital and design solutions. The majority of the firm's revenue comes from the IT and Business Services segment. Geographically, it derives maximum revenue from the USA, and the rest from Europe, India, and the Rest of the world.

CoreWeave is a modern cloud infrastructure company that offers Nvidia GPUs and other essential AI hardware with optimized efficiency to handle the most demanding AI training and inference workloads. Its cloud platform supports the development and use of foundational large language models and the delivery of next-generation AI applications to satisfy the growing demand for AI around the world.

Wiwynn Corp is a Taiwan-based cloud infrastructure provider. The company is a cloud-enabling service company that is engaged in research, development, design, testing, and sales of products, semi-products, peripheral equipment and parts of computer and peripheral equipment, data storage media, electric appliances and media products, information software, export business relating to the business of the company, management consult services, information software services, and data processing services. The company derives revenue from the manufacturing and sale of servers and storage in cloud infrastructure and hyperscale data centers.

Cerebras Systems Inc is an AI company. It designs the world's fastest AI infrastructure for training and inference. The company builds the world's largest semiconductor as well as the AI systems to power, cool, and feed the processors data. It develops software to link these systems together into industry-leading supercomputers that are simple to use even for the most complicated AI work, using familiar ML frameworks like PyTorch. Customers use its supercomputers to train industry-leading models. The company uses these supercomputers to run inference at speeds unobtainable from alternative commercial technologies. It delivers these AI capabilities to its customers on-premise and via the cloud. The company generates the majority of its revenue from the USA.

Most of Baidu's revenue comes from Baidu core, with the rest coming from video-streaming subsidiary iQiyi. The firm’s main businesses include online marketing services from its search engine, AI cloud infrastructure, AI applications, AI marketing, and autonomous driving.

Verisign is an operator of critical infrastructure within the domain name system, or DNS. As the registry for some of the world’s most popular TLDs, .com and .net, Verisign directs DNS resolvers to the appropriate registry where IP addresses are stored. Verisign’s control over its TLDs is regulated by ICANN and the NTIA and are subject to contract renewal every six years. The company generates revenue through annual subscriptions allowing customers to use .com and .net as their TLD of choice for their respective websites.

Founded in 2007, MongoDB is a vendor of a document-oriented database that accelerates development processes of new applications. Enterprise customers can choose between the fully managed offering, MongoDB Atlas, or the self-managed version, MongoDB Enterprise Advanced. MongoDB is a popular tool among developers, and its free Community Server has recorded over 500 million downloads since 2009.

Shanghai Enflame Technology Co Ltd is engaged in the research, design and sales of cloud-based AI chips and related products.

SJ Semiconductor Corp is engaged in mid-stage silicon wafer processing and back-end packaging business in the packaging and testing industry for integrated circuits.

PT DCI Indonesia Tbk is a data center provider in Indonesia. It provides reliable, well networked, and well-managed cloud and carrier-neutral data center infrastructure services in Indonesia. The company operates in two segments: Colocation services and Others. The services offered by the company include Colocation, Cross Connect, Flexspace, Smarthands, CloudConnect, and DCI Internet Exchange.

MetaX Integrated Circuits (Shanghai) Co Ltd is engaged in the research, design, and sale of high-performance GPU chips and computing platforms. Its business activities include technical services, technology development, consulting, and technology transfer in the areas of integrated circuit, electronic, communication, computer software and hardware, and network technologies. The company also provides integrated circuit design, software development, and sells electronic products.

Moore Threads Technology Co Ltd is principally engaged in the R&D, design and sales of graphics processing units(GPUs) and related products. The business includes providing technical services, technology development, technical consulting, technology exchanges, technology transfers, technology promotion and information system integration. Besides chip design and sales, it also engages in import-export activities related to technology and hardware products.

Super Micro Computer Inc provides high-performance server technology services to cloud computing, data centers, high-performance computing, and the Internet of Things embedded markets. Its solutions include servers, storage systems, modular blade servers, workstations, full-rack scale solutions, networking devices, server sub-systems, and server management. These turn-key solutions are designed, developed, validated, and installed for AI datacenters. The company has one operating segment that develops and provides high-performance server solutions based upon a, modular and open-standard architecture. More than half of the firm's revenue is generated in the United States, with the rest coming from Europe, Asia, and other regions.

CDW Corp is a multi-brand provider of information technology (IT) solutions to businesses, government, education, and healthcare customers in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada. The company's offerings range from hardware and software products to integrated IT solutions and services, including on-premise and cloud capabilities across hybrid infrastructure, digital experience, and security. Its reportable segments are Corporate, Small Business, Public, and Other. The Corporate and Small Business segments serve US private sector business customers, while the Public segment consists of government agencies and education and healthcare institutions in the US. The Corporate segment generates the majority of its revenue in the United States.

Nutanix Inc is engaged in cloud software, offering organizations a single platform for running applications and managing data anywhere. Its Nutanix Cloud Platform is designed to enable organizations to build a hybrid multicloud infrastructure, providing a consistent cloud operating model with a single platform for running applications and managing data in core data centers, at the edge, and in public clouds, all while supporting a variety of hypervisors and container platforms. The company operates a single operating and reportable segment based on a subscription business model. It conducts business in the United States, Europe, the Middle East and Africa, Asia Pacific, and other Americas, with key revenue generated from the United States.

CGI is a Montreal-headquartered global information-technology and business-consulting company. It provides systems integration, managed services, application development, business consulting and technology outsourcing across industries. The group serves government agencies and large commercial clients in financial services, healthcare, communications, manufacturing and other sectors. Revenue comes from consulting projects, managed-service contracts, software and long-term outsourcing arrangements. Founded in 1976, CGI expanded internationally through organic growth and numerous acquisitions of technology-service providers. Its operating model combines local client relationships with global delivery centers and long-duration service contracts. CGI Group acquired Pangaea Systems after shareholders approved the offer on 21 February 2006. That transaction transferred the Saskatchewan software company to a strategic technology-services buyer and ended Investment Saskatchewan’s equity holding.

GoDaddy provides internet services that help individuals and small businesses establish and operate an online presence. Its products include domain registration, web hosting, website creation tools, business email, security certificates and online marketing services. Customers range from independent entrepreneurs to web professionals who build and maintain websites for other businesses. The company receives recurring fees for domain registrations and subscriptions to hosting and related products. Founded in 1997 and historically headquartered in Scottsdale, Arizona, GoDaddy expanded internationally while supporting customers through its service teams. KKR, Silver Lake and Technology Crossover Ventures announced a majority investment in 2011. Acquisitions subsequently extended its capabilities in bookkeeping, local business information, professional web hosting and email marketing. GoDaddy became publicly traded in 2015.

Akamai operates a content delivery network, which entails locating servers at the edges of networks so its customers, which store content on Akamai servers, can reach their own customers faster, more securely, and with better quality. Akamai has over 325,000 servers distributed over 4,100 points of presence in more than 1,000 cities worldwide. The firm also offers security and cloud computing for its customers, and those businesses have grown to be bigger than the legacy CDN.

DigitalOcean Holdings Inc is a cloud computing platform offering on-demand infrastructure and platform tools for developers, start-ups, and small and medium-sized businesses. The customers use the platform for a wide range of cases, such as web and mobile applications, website hosting, e-commerce, media and gaming, personal web projects, and managed services, among many others. Geographically, the company generates maximum revenue from North America and also has a presence in Europe, Asia, and the Rest of the world.

Shanghai Biren Technology Co Ltd is engaged in developing general-purpose computing on graphics processing units (GPGPU) chips and GPGPU-based intelligent computing solutions to provide the foundational computing power required by AI. The company's business activities are sales of GPGPU and other ready-to-use applications and provision of application development and other services mainly in the PRC. It provides solutions that combine self-developed GPGPU-based hardware (BILI series) with the proprietary BIRENSUPA software platform, supporting AI model training and inference across cloud and edge applications. The company generates the majority of revenue from the sales of Intelligent computing solutions.