FSDV Valuation Multiples

Welltower Inc. is a real estate investment trust headquartered in Toledo, Ohio, that owns healthcare infrastructure with a focus on rental housing for aging seniors, and is an S&P 500 company. It was founded in 1970 in Lima, Ohio, by Wolfe and Bruce Thompson as Health Care Fund, the first healthcare-focused REIT, became Health Care REIT in 1985, moved to Toledo in 1986 and took the Welltower name in September 2015. Shankh Mitra is chief executive, and the company had 533 employees in 2024. In October 2025 it described a portfolio of more than 2,000 seniors and wellness housing communities across the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada, earning rent from triple-net leases and operating income from communities run by operators under RIDEA structures. In the third quarter of 2025 it completed USD 1.9 billion of pro rata gross investments, reported normalized FFO growth of 20.7% and net debt of 2.36 times adjusted EBITDA. In October 2025 it announced the GBP 5.2 billion purchase of a UK portfolio operated by Barchester, comprising 111 communities managed under RIDEA, 152 triple-net leased communities and 21 developments, alongside a GBP 1.2 billion acquisition of HC-One care homes.

Prologis is a publicly traded real estate investment trust that owns, develops and operates industrial and logistics properties. The company leases distribution facilities to manufacturers, retailers, transportation businesses and third-party logistics providers across the Americas, Europe and Asia. Its properties support the storage and movement of goods near consumer markets and transport infrastructure. Rental income from facilities is a principal source of operating revenue, while co-investment ventures provide a separate means of investing alongside institutional partners. Prologis also develops new buildings and acquires existing portfolios to expand its property operations. In September 2014, its European Logistics Partners venture with Norges Bank Investment Management acquired logistics facilities and development land in Madrid and Barcelona. The equal partnership held a European portfolio of approximately 5.3 million square metres after that transaction.

Equinix is a global digital-infrastructure company that develops and operates carrier-neutral data centres and interconnection services. Founded in Silicon Valley in 1998, it is headquartered in Redwood City, California, and is publicly listed on Nasdaq. Its International Business Exchange and xScale facilities give enterprises, cloud platforms, network operators, content providers and financial institutions places to deploy computing equipment and exchange data. Customers also use virtual networking, managed infrastructure, security and professional services to connect distributed applications across markets. Equinix earns recurring revenue primarily from colocation space, power, cross-connects and other subscription-like infrastructure services, supplemented by usage and service fees. Its platform spans hundreds of data centres across six continents and links customers to a large ecosystem of cloud and network providers. The company is structured as a real estate investment trust for United States federal income-tax purposes.

American Tower owns and operates about 150,000 wireless towers throughout the US, Asia, Latin America, Europe, and Africa. It also owns and/or operates 30 data centers in 11 US markets after acquiring CoreSite. On its towers, the company has a very concentrated customer base, with most revenue in each market generated by the top few mobile carriers. The company operates more than 40,000 towers in the US, which accounted for about half of total revenue in 2024. Outside the US, American Tower operates about 47,000 towers in Latin America (dominated by Brazil), 32,000 towers in Europe, and 27,000 towers in Africa. American Tower operates as a REIT.

Simon Property Group is the largest retail real estate investment trust in the United States. Its portfolio includes an interest in 254 properties: 114 traditional malls, 108 premium outlets, 14 Mills centers (a combination of a traditional mall, outlet center, and big-box retailers), six lifestyle centers, and 12 other retail properties. Simon's portfolio averaged $736 in sales per square foot over the trailing 12 months. The company also owns a 22% interest in Klepierre, a European retail company with investments in shopping centers in 14 countries, and joint-venture interests in 33 premium outlets across 14 countries.

Vingroup JSC is a Vietnam-based company engaged in construction and provides retail outlets, commercial offices for lease, residential units for lease and sale. It also carries out investment activities, to provide the management service and to conduct other businesses. The company operates through the segments of Sale of inventory properties, Leasing investment properties and related services, Hospitality, entertainment and other services, Health care and related services, Education services, Retail services, Manufacturing activities, and Others. The company generates the majority of its revenue from Sale of inventory properties including developing and trading apartments and villas at real estate projects of the group.

Digital Realty is a real estate investment trust that owns and operates carrier-neutral data centers, headquartered in Austin, Texas after relocating there in January 2021. It was established in 2004 by GI Partners, which contributed 21 data centers acquired in bankruptcy auctions, and it trades on the New York Stock Exchange as DLR and is a member of the S&P 500. In 2023 it operated over 300 facilities in more than 25 countries, and it reported revenue of US$4.69 billion in 2022 with about 3,450 employees. It earns rent and fees from colocation, interconnection and large-scale space leased to cloud providers, enterprises and carriers. Its large acquisitions include DuPont Fabros Technology in 2017, Ascenty in 2018 for US$1.8 billion, and Interxion, announced in October 2019 at a US$8.4 billion enterprise value and completed on 12 March 2020. Andrew Power is chief executive.

Public Storage is the largest owner of self-storage facilities in the US, with more than 3,300 self-storage facilities in 40 states and approximately 245 million square feet of rentable space. Through equity interests, it also has exposure to the European self-storage market through Shurgard Self Storage. The company also has a merchandise business, a third-party property management business, and an insurance business that offers products to cover losses for the goods in self-storage facilities.

Realty Income owns roughly 15,600 properties, most of which are freestanding, single-tenant, triple-net-leased retail properties. Its properties are located in 49 states and Puerto Rico and are leased to 250 tenants from 47 industries. Recent acquisitions have added industrial, gaming, office, manufacturing, and distribution properties, which make up roughly 20% of revenue.

AvalonBay Communities owns a portfolio of 295 apartment communities with almost 90,000 units and is developing 20 additional properties with approximately 7,300 units. The company focuses on owning large, high-quality properties in major metropolitan areas of New England, New York/New Jersey, Washington, D.C., California, and the Pacific Northwest.

Ventas owns a diversified healthcare portfolio of almost 1,400 in-place properties spread across the senior housing, medical office, hospital, life science, and skilled nursing/post-acute care. The portfolio includes almost 100 properties in Canada and the United Kingdom as the company looks for additional investment opportunities in countries with mature healthcare systems that operate similarly to the United States. The firm also owns mortgages and other loans, contributing about 1% of net operating income.

Sun Hung Kai Properties is a diversified real estate developer in Hong Kong with a core focus on the residential, office, and retail real estate segments. Most of its business is based in Hong Kong, where it is a leading private housing developer and holds a portfolio of high-quality retail and office properties for rental income. The company also invests in other listed entities, including a telecommunications company, SmarTone, and a data center provider, SUNeVision. The family of the late founder, Kwok Tak Seng, is the controlling shareholder, with a stake of more than 40%.

With operations in 126 markets across 36 states, D.R. Horton is the leading homebuilder in the United States. It mainly builds single-family detached homes (87% of home sales revenue) and offers products to entry-level, move-up, luxury buyers, and active adults. The company offers homebuyers mortgage financing and title agency services through its financial services segment. D.R. Horton's headquarters are in Arlington, Texas, and it manages six regional segments across the United States.

Goodman Group owns, manages, and develops industrial properties in 13 countries, historically in Australia but increasingly worldwide. Around half of its operating earnings come from development, a third from management, and the rest from property investment. Most developments are undertaken on behalf of third parties or fund investors. Goodman earns fees in return for development management services. Completed projects are either sold or reside in one of Goodman’s funds or partnerships. Goodman typically retains ownership stakes in the investment vehicles and continues to manage the sites after completion, collecting investment management base fees, performance fees, property services fees, and a share of rental income.

Crown Castle owns or manages roughly 40,000 wireless towers in the United States. It leases space on its towers to wireless service providers, which install equipment to support their wireless networks. The company has a very concentrated customer base, with about 75% of its revenue from the Big Three US mobile carriers: Verizon, T-Mobile, and AT&T. Crown Castle has plans to divest its fiber business, which is expected to be finalized in the first half of 2026. After that, it will be a stand-alone tower operator. Crown Castle operates as a real estate investment trust.

Samsung C&T is a South Korean construction, trading and consumer-business group headquartered in Seoul and listed on the Korea Exchange, and it is often regarded as the de facto holding company of the Samsung group because of its large stakes in other Samsung affiliates. It is organised into Engineering & Construction, Trading & Investment, Fashion and Resort groups, plus a biopharmaceutical business built around its stake in contract manufacturer Samsung Biologics. The construction group is an engineering, procurement and construction contractor known for skyscrapers such as the Burj Khalifa, the Petronas Towers, Merdeka 118 and Taipei 101; the trading group handles international trade in industrial goods; the fashion group sells apparel brands such as Bean Pole; and the resort group runs the Everland and Caribbean Bay theme parks, golf courses and the Samsung Welstory food service business. In 2025 the company reported revenue of KRW 40.742 trillion and operating profit of KRW 3.293 trillion, with construction contributing KRW 14.1 trillion and trading KRW 14.6 trillion, and it employs more than 17,000 people. Samsung C&T was founded in 1938 by Lee Byung-chul as the first Samsung company, was designated Korea's first general trading company in 1975, merged with Samsung Construction in 1995 and combined with Cheil Industries in September 2015.

Extra Space Storage is a fully integrated real estate investment trust that owns, operates, and manages almost 4,000 self-storage properties in 42 states, with over 300 million net rentable square feet of storage space. Of these properties, approximately one half is wholly owned, while some facilities are owned through joint ventures and others are owned by third parties and managed by Extra Space Storage in exchange for a management fee.

Mitsubishi Estate is one of the three big Japanese real estate companies. Around two thirds of its operating profit comes from leasing office space in Japan, where half of its portfolio is concentrated in the prime Marunouchi/Otemachi district between Tokyo station and the Imperial Palace. Mitsubishi Estate’s predecessor originally bought this land from the government in 1890, and the company sees itself as steward of the showcase area’s long-term development, rarely if ever selling any properties there.

Iron Mountain Inc is an information management services provider organized and operated as a real estate investment trust. The company offers solutions to its clients to address their information management, digital transformation, information security, data center, and asset lifecycle management (ALM) needs. Its customers come from various industries, including commercial, legal, financial, healthcare, technology, etc. The company has two reportable segments: Global Records and Information Management (Global RIM) and Global Data Center. Maximum revenue is generated from the Global RIM segment, which offers data and records management, secure shredding, consumer storage, and other related services. Geographically, the company generates maximum revenue from the United States.

Emaar Properties PJSC is engaged in property investment, development, and development management, shopping malls and retail, hospitality, property management, utility services, and investments in providers of financial services. Its segments are, namely, real estate (develop, sell, and manage condominiums, villas, commercial units and plots of land), leasing, retail and related activities (develop, lease and manage malls, retail, commercial, and residential spaces), and hospitality (develop, own, and/or manage hotels, serviced apartments and leisure activities). It earns revenue from sources other than property sales, leasing, retail and related activities, and hospitality, and this revenue is included in other operating income. The majority of revenue comes from real estate.

Mitsui Fudosan Co Ltd is a real estate development and management company. The company operates through five segments. The Condominiums segment sells housing to individuals and rental properties to investors. The Rental segment leases office buildings and commercial facilities. The Facility Operations segment covers hotels, resorts, sports, and entertainment. The Management segment handles property management, brokerage, and asset management. The Others segment engages in new construction contracting. It generates the majority of its revenue from the Rental segment.

China Resources Land, or CR Land, is a leading real estate developer with nationwide coverage in China. Aside from the core development business, CR Land differentiates itself from peers with a significant investment property portfolio with luxury focused MixC malls, and it holds a 74% stake in listed property management company China Resources Mixc Lifestyle Services. CR Land is a subsidiary of China Resources Holdings, or CR Holdings, a sizable state-owned conglomerate with a diverse presence in the utilities, consumer goods, medical, and property sectors. CR Holdings holds about a 60% stake in CR Land.

China State Construction Engineering Corp Ltd is a construction and real estate conglomerate. The company conducts its operations through five segments: Housing Construction segment, Infrastructure Construction and Investment segment, Real Estate Development and Investment segment, Design & Survey segment, and Others segment. It derives the majority of its revenue from the Housing Construction segment. The company's services include product technology research and development, survey and design, real estate development, engineering contracting, equipment manufacturing, asset operation, and property management.

VICI Properties Inc is a real estate investment trust based in the United States. It engaged in the business of owning and acquiring gaming, hospitality, wellness, entertainment and leisure destinations, subject to long-term triple net leases. It own nearly 93 experiential assets across a geographically portfolio consisting of nearly 54 gaming properties and nearly 39 other experiential properties across the United States and Canada, including Caesars Palace Las Vegas, MGM Grand and the Venetian Resort Las Vegas.

PulteGroup Inc is a homebuilder in the United States. The company mainly builds single-family detached homes and offers products to entry-level, move-up, and active-adult buyers. It also offers homebuyers mortgage financing, title, and insurance agency services through its financial services segment.

CK Asset Holdings was the property business arm of the Cheung Kong Group before the spinoff in 2015. It was subsequently renamed CK Asset Holdings from CK Property in 2017. Li Ka-shing and his family remain the largest shareholders of CK Asset over the years, with about a 48% equity stake. The company mainly engages in property development, property investment, and hotel management in Hong Kong and mainland China, while diversifying into social housing, pub operations, and infrastructure management overseas in recent years.

Lennar is one of the largest public homebuilders in the United States. The company’s homebuilding operations target first-time, move-up, active adult, and luxury homebuyers mainly under the Lennar brand name. Lennar’s financial-services segment provides mortgage financing and related services to its homebuyers. Miami-based Lennar is also involved in multifamily and single-family for-rent construction and has invested in numerous housing-related technology startups.

SBA Communications owns a portfolio of about 45,000 wireless towers throughout North America, South America, and Africa. It leases space on its towers to wireless service providers, who install equipment to support their wireless networks. The company has a very concentrated customer base, with most revenue in each market being generated by the top few mobile carriers. It owns more than 17,000 towers in the US, which account for about 75% of leasing revenue. Internationally, SBA’s largest presence is in Brazil, where it owns roughly 10,000 towers. SBA operates as a real estate investment trust.

DLF Ltd is a general real estate company. The company's development business majorly focuses on developing and selling residential real estate. This includes plotted developments, houses, villas, and apartments of varying sizes and integrated townships, with a focus on high-end, luxury residential developments. DLF's business also consists of commercial and shopping complexes. The company considers merger and acquisition investment as a potential component of its operational growth strategy.

Swire Properties is a Hong Kong-based property investor and Hong Kong's largest office landlord. Its Hong Kong portfolio provides more than 13 million square feet of gross floor area, with its portfolio of grade A office contributing over 9 million square feet. The firm also holds investment properties and development projects in China, the United States, and Southeast Asia. Rental income accounts for over 60% of its total revenue, with property development and hotel operations contributing the balance. The company was listed in 2012. Parent company Swire Pacific holds an 83% stake.

Daiwa House Industry Co Ltd is engaged in the business of housing, commercial facilities, and urban development. The company operates through seven segments. The Apartment segment develops, sells, and manages condominiums, while the Business Facilities segment handles logistics, manufacturing, medical, and nursing care facilities. The Commercial Facility segment focuses on the development, construction, and management of retail spaces. The Detached Houses segment contracts and sells individual homes. The Environment Energy segment develops renewable power plants and electricity retail. The Rental Housing segment covers development, operation, and brokerage of rental housing, while Others include the resort hotel business.

China Overseas Land & Investment, or COLI, is a large real estate developer in China. Property development accounts for most of the core earnings, with operating scale among the top five of all peers regarding contracted sales. In addition to property development, COLI has actively grown its commercial property portfolio, with a dual focus on offices and shopping malls for recurring income. COLI is a subsidiary of China State Construction Engineering, China's largest construction firm. It also holds about a 40% stake in China Overseas Grand Oceans, a real estate developer focusing on lower-tier cities in China.

Henderson Land Development is a leading property developer in Hong Kong with a focus on urban redevelopment and farmland conversion. The company was founded in 1976, listed in 1981. Henderson Land controls four listed entities directly, including a 69% stake in Henderson Investment, a 41.5% stake in Hong Kong and China Gas, a 33.4% stake in Hong Kong Ferry, and a 50.1% stake in Miramar Hotel & Investment.

Essex Property Trust owns a portfolio of 258 apartment communities with over 62,000 units. The company focuses on owning large, high-quality properties on the West Coast in the urban and suburban submarkets of Southern California, Northern California, and Seattle.

Aldar Properties is a real estate developer, investor and manager headquartered in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, and listed on the Abu Dhabi Securities Exchange. Its Aldar Development arm builds and sells homes and master-planned communities in the UAE, including projects at Al Raha Beach, Al Raha Gardens and Yas Island, and develops property abroad through SODIC in Egypt and London Square in the United Kingdom, which it bought in 2023 for £230 million. Aldar Investment holds more than AED 49 billion of assets under management, spanning retail, residential, commercial and logistics property such as Yas Mall and The Galleria, hotels and leisure assets in Abu Dhabi and Ras Al Khaimah, and Aldar Education, which runs 27 owned and managed schools with about 36,000 students. The group earns revenue from property sales, rental income, hospitality, school fees and project management services. In 2025 it reported revenue of AED 33.8 billion, net profit of AED 8.8 billion and record group sales of AED 40.6 billion. Aldar was founded on 12 January 2004, listed its shares in 2005, received a $5.2 billion bailout from the Abu Dhabi government in 2011 and merged with Sorouh Real Estate in 2013. Its largest shareholder is the sovereign wealth fund Mubadala.

One of the oldest real estate investment trusts in the United States, Kimco Realty owns interests in 564 shopping centers throughout major markets in the US, representing roughly 100 million square feet.

Swire Pacific is a Hong Kong-based conglomerate with interests in property, aviation, beverage, trading, and industrials. The property division, an 82% stake in Swire Properties, contributes more than half of the group's operating profit. The beverage division is one of two Coca-Cola bottlers in mainland China and also a bottler in Hong Kong, Taiwan, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia. The aviation division consists of Haeco, an aircraft engineering company, and a 45% stake in Cathay Pacific. As of end December 2024, John Swire & Sons, the parent company, holds a 60% stake in Swire Pacific but has 68% of the voting rights through a dual-class share structure.

NVR Inc is engaged in the construction and sale of residential properties, including single-family detached homes, townhomes, and condominium buildings, all of which are built on a pre-sold basis. Additionally, the company provides related services through its mortgage banking and title services businesses. Its business segments are Homebuilding and Mortgage Banking. Its geographical segments include the Mid Atlantic, the North East, the Mid East, and the South East regions of America. The majority of the company's revenue is derived from the Homebuilding Mid Atlantic segment, which includes homebuilding operations that construct and sell single-family detached homes, townhomes and condominiums in Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, Delaware and Washington, D.C. regions.

Host Hotels & Resorts owns 80 predominantly urban and resort upper-upscale and luxury hotel properties representing nearly 43,000 rooms, mainly in the United States. Host recently sold off the company's interests in a joint venture owning a portfolio of hotels throughout Europe and also sold other joint ventures that owned properties in Asia and the United States. The majority of Host’s portfolio operates under the Marriott and Starwood brands.

Segro PLC is a European real estate investment trust involved in the ownership and management of industrial and warehouse properties. The company's real estate portfolio is split fairly evenly between smaller, light industrial warehouses, which serve as urban distribution centers, and larger logistics, or big box, warehouses. The majority of its properties are located in either the Greater London area or the adjacent Thames Valley. The company derives the vast majority of its income in the form of rental income from its tenants operating out of its warehouses. Food and general manufacturing, transport and logistics, and retail companies comprise the majority of Segro's customers. The company's other key markets include the European cities of Warsaw, Dusseldorf, and Paris.

Lamar Advertising Co is an outdoor advertising company that operates as a real estate investment trust. It is engaged in the outdoor advertising business, operating outdoor advertising displays and logo signs mainly near highway exits, delivering brand-name information on available gas, food, lodging, and camping services. Included in the company's logo sign business are tourism signing contracts. It also provides transit advertising services in airport terminals, on bus shelters, benches, and buses. The company manages its operations through three operating segments: Billboard, which generates maximum revenue, Logo, and Transit Advertising. Geographically, it operates in the United States and Canada.

Invitation Homes owns a portfolio of over 85,000 single-family rental homes. The company focuses on owning homes in the starter and move-up segments of the housing market with an average sale price around $350,000 and generally less than 1,800 square feet. The portfolio is spread across 17 target markets that feature high employment and household formation growth with over 70% of the portfolio in the Western US and Florida; 15 of the 17 markets featuring average rents lower than homeownership costs.

Emaar Development PJSC is a property developer and provider of lifestyle-focused real estate, with operations in the Middle East, North Africa, and Asia. Its principal activities are property investment, development and development management, shopping malls and retail, entertainment, hospitality, property management and utility services and investments in providers of financial services. The majority of the company'ss revenue is derived from the sale of residential units. Geographically, the company is currently operating only in the UAE.

Unibail-Rodamco-Westfield operates as a real estate investment trust. The company develops and owns large, efficient office buildings in prime locations in Paris and La Defense. It also owns offices, hotels and residential assets in Europe and the USA. Its portfolio includes shopping centers, office , and convention & exhibition centers. Its segments include Southern Europe, including France, Spain and Italy; Central Europe, including Germany, Austria, Poland and the Czech Republic; Northern Europe, including Sweden, Denmark, The Netherlands, and The UK; and The United States.

Sekisui House Ltd is a Japanese construction company engaged in housing, construction, real estate, and international operations. The company operates through seven segments. The Detached House segment focuses on designing and selling homes. The Rental and Commercial Building segment handles rental housing and commercial properties. The Architecture and Civil Engineering segment undertakes construction and civil engineering projects, and the Rental Housing Management segment is engaged in leasing and management services. The company also operates a Remodeling business for homes and rental units, a Development division covering real estate, condominiums, and urban redevelopment, and an International business that develops and sells housing, land, and apartments overseas.

W.P. Carey Inc is a real estate investment trust principally involved in the ownership of properties located in the U.S., Western Europe, and Northern Europe. W.P. Carey organizes its operations into Real Estate and Investment Management segments. The vast majority of the company's income is derived from its Real Estate division in the form of lease revenue from long-term agreements with companies. W.P. Carey's real estate portfolio is comprised of single-tenant office, industrial, warehouse, and retail facilities located around the world. majority of the company's revenue comes from properties in the USA. Its Investment Management unit generates revenue from providing real estate advisory and portfolio management services to other REITs.

Omega Healthcare Investors Inc is a real estate investment trust that invests in healthcare-related real estate properties located in the United States (U.S.), the United Kingdom (U.K.), and Canada. The company's objective is to provide attractive returns to investors while serving as the preferred capital partner to its third-party healthcare operating companies and affiliates, as well as other third-party healthcare operators, allowing them to focus on delivering a high level of care to their resident patients. Omega's investment portfolio mainly consists of skilled nursing facilities, assisted living facilities (ALFs), including care homes in the U.K., independent living facilities, rehabilitation and acute care facilities, and continuing care retirement communities.

Sun Communities is a residential REIT that focuses on owning manufactured housing and residential vehicle communities. The company currently owns a portfolio of 501 properties, which includes 337 manufactured housing communities and 164 residential vehicle communities. Sun targets owning properties that are desirable as second homes or vacation properties with nearly 50% of the portfolio located in either Florida or Michigan near major bodies of water.