Safkar Valuation Multiples

Caterpillar is the world’s leading manufacturer of construction and mining equipment, off-highway diesel and natural gas engines, industrial gas turbines, and diesel-electric locomotives. Its reporting segments are construction, resource, energy, and transportation. Market share approaches 20% across many products. Caterpillar operates a captive finance subsidiary to facilitate sales. The firm has a global reach that is approximately evenly balanced between the US and the rest of the world. Construction skews more domestic, while the other divisions are more geographically diversified. An independent network of over 150 dealers operates approximately 2,800 facilities, giving Caterpillar reach into about 190 countries for sales and support services.

Siemens is a German industrial technology group headquartered in Munich that supplies automation, electrification, rail and healthcare equipment, software and services. It was founded in Berlin on October 1, 1847 by Werner von Siemens and Johann Georg Halske as Telegraphen-Bauanstalt von Siemens & Halske. The group reports through Digital Industries (factory automation and industrial software), Smart Infrastructure (buildings and electrical distribution), Siemens Mobility (rolling stock, signalling and rail systems) and Siemens Financial Services, and holds about 75% of separately listed Siemens Healthineers. It sells mainly to manufacturers, utilities, infrastructure owners, transit operators and hospitals, and in fiscal 2025 generated revenue of €78.9 billion and net income of €10.4 billion with about 327,000 employees. In 2020 it spun off Siemens Energy, keeping a 17.1% stake, and bought Varian Medical Systems for US$16.4 billion; in 2025 it added Altair Engineering for about US$10 billion, its largest acquisition, and Dotmatics for US$5.1 billion. Roland Busch has been chief executive since February 2021, and the shares trade on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange as a DAX member.

Deere is the world’s leading manufacturer of agricultural equipment and a major producer of construction machinery. The company is divided into four reporting segments: production & precision agriculture, or PPA, small agriculture & turf, or SAT, construction & forestry, or CF, and financial services, or FS, its captive finance subsidiary. The core PPA business is the largest contributor to sales and profits by far. Geographically, Deere sales are 60% US/Canada, 17% Europe, 14% Latin America, and 9% rest of the world. Deere goes to market through a robust dealer network that includes over 2,000 dealer locations in North America with reach into over 100 countries. John Deere Financial provides retail financing for machinery to its customers and wholesale financing for dealers.

Schneider Electric is a French energy technology company headquartered in Rueil-Malmaison, near Paris, whose products cover electrification, automation and digitalisation for buildings, homes, data centers, infrastructure and industry. It sells electrical distribution equipment, switches and sockets, building and home automation, industrial control and process safety systems, grid automation, critical power and cooling for data centers, and energy management and industrial software, under brands including Square D, APC, AVEVA, Clipsal, Merlin Gerin, Telemecanique and Modicon. The company earns most of its revenue from product and system sales to distributors, panel builders, contractors, utilities, data-center operators and industrial customers. It reported revenue of 40.15 billion euros and net income of 4.35 billion euros for 2025 and employed about 177,000 people in 2024. Schneider Electric is registered as a Societas Europaea, trades on Euronext Paris as part of the CAC 40 and Euro Stoxx 50 indices, and is led by chief executive Olivier Blum and chairman Jean-Pascal Tricoire. Its history begins in 1836, when brothers Adolphe and Eugène Schneider took over an iron foundry in Le Creusot and founded Schneider-Creusot, a maker of steel, heavy machinery and transport equipment that later refocused on electrical equipment.

Founded in 1911 by Joseph Eaton, the eponymous company began by selling truck axles in New Jersey. Eaton has since become an industrial powerhouse largely through acquisitions in various end markets. Eaton’s portfolio can broadly be divided into two parts: its electrical and industrial businesses. Its electrical portfolio (representing around 70% of company revenue) sells components within data centers, utilities, and commercial and residential buildings, while its industrial business (30% of revenue) sells components within commercial and passenger vehicles and aircraft. Eaton receives favorable tax treatment as a domiciliary of Ireland, but it generates over half of its revenue within the US.

Mitsubishi Corp. is Japan’s largest general trading house, or sogo shosha, a type of conglomerate unique to Japan. Its core role is that of a trading intermediary in a variety of industrial sectors, including resources businesses like energy and metals as well as non-resources businesses, both industrial ones like automotive and non-industrial ones like food, healthcare, and retail. In addition to acting as a trading intermediary (including midstream processing functions to convert inputs into final products), Mitsubishi also participates in upstream production businesses and downstream distribution businesses.

Siemens Energy manufactures a wide range of equipment used to generate and transmit energy. The group is a product of the spinout from Siemens in 2020, consisting of the power and gas segment and Siemens Gamesa, although its operations go back over 150 years. Approximately one-sixth of global electricity generation is based on its technology.

Parker Hannifin started out in 1917 as Parker Appliance, selling pneumatic brakes. Through the acquisition of branded components, the firm has expanded into aerospace engines, agricultural and construction machinery, freight and passenger vehicles, and industrial automation equipment. Within these larger systems, Parker sells a wide array of small, critical pieces such as hydraulic, electromechanical, climate control, and filtration components. Many of its products are designed to work together, resulting in a high rate of cross-selling.

Emerson Electric is an American industrial technology company headquartered in St. Louis, Missouri, that makes automation and control systems, measurement and analytical instruments, test equipment, industrial software and professional tools. Its products serve process and discrete industries such as oil and gas, power generation, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, water treatment and heating and air conditioning in more than 150 countries, and it also makes radar and avionics equipment for aerospace and defence. The company was founded on September 24, 1890 by John Wesley Emerson as Emerson Electric Manufacturing Co. to build electric motors, and in 1892 became the first to sell electric fans in the United States. Over the past decade it has reshaped itself around automation: it sold its Network Power business, now Vertiv, to Platinum Equity in 2016, sold its climate technologies business to Blackstone in stages between 2022 and 2024, and bought National Instruments for $8.2 billion in 2023; Aspen Technology is also a subsidiary. Emerson earns its revenue mainly by selling equipment, systems and software to industrial customers. In 2025 it reported revenue of $18.02 billion, operating income of $2.475 billion and net income of $2.293 billion, with about 71,000 employees. It is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is led by chief executive Lal Karsanbhai and chairman Jim Turley.

Atlas Copco is a 140-year-old Swedish company that pioneered air compression technology and remains a leading air compressor manufacturer. Atlas Copco is also a leading manufacturer of vacuum pump equipment, industrial power tools, and portable power and air compression equipment. The company's operations match the geographic breadth of its customers, with a presence in 180 countries. Atlas Copco's revenue is derived from three sources: initial equipment sales, spare parts, and maintenance.

Zhongji Innolight Co Ltd is a China-based company engaged in the research & development, production, and sales of high-end optical communication transceiver modules, 5G wireless networks, telecom transmission, and fixed network access. The company pays attention to technology research and development and promotes products with high speed, Miniaturization, low power consumption, and low cost that are developed to provide cloud data centers of high-speed Optical transceivers for telecom equipment manufacturers 5G Fronthaul, midhaul, and backhaul optical modules are used to transmit optical on metro, backbone, and core networks modules as well as applications for fixed networks.

Founded in 1912, Illinois Tool Works has become a diversified industrial manufacturer through acquisitions and innovations that follow customer needs. ITW operates through seven business segments, with no segment representing more than one-fifth of revenue. ITW’s automotive OEM segment sells vehicle components; its food equipment segment sells commercial kitchen appliances; its test and measurement and electronics segment sells inspection and analysis equipment; its welding segment sells welding equipment and consumables; its polymers and fluids segment sells industrial and consumer adhesives, solvents, and coatings; its construction products segment sells building fasteners and tools; and its specialty products segment sells medical, packaging, HVAC, and airport ground equipment.

Based in Toronto, Barrick is one of the world's largest gold miners. In 2025, the firm sold about 3.3 million attributable ounces of gold and about 220,000 metric tons of copper. At end-2025, Barrick had about two decades of gold reserves along with significant copper reserves. After buying Randgold in 2019 and combining its Nevada mines in a joint venture with competitor Newmont later that year, it operates mines in the Americas, Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. The company also has growing copper exposure, driven by the expansion of its Lumwana mine in Zambia and the development of its Reko Diq copper and gold project in Pakistan. It intends to undertake an IPO of its joint venture stakes in Nevada Gold Mines and Pueblo Viejo along with its Fourmile deposit later in 2026.

Cummins is a leading manufacturer of diesel and other engines used in heavy- and medium-duty commercial trucks, off-highway equipment, and locomotives, in addition to prime power and standby generators. The company also sells powertrain components, which include filtration products, transmissions, turbochargers, aftertreatment systems, and fuel systems. Sales are approximately 60% US and Canada and 40% rest of the world. Much of Cummins’ foreign sales (China, India, and so forth) are through joint ventures. The company operates 650 distributors and over 19,000 dealer locations across 190 countries. Cummins’ business model is unique as it competes with many of its heavy-duty truck manufacturer customers, which also make their own engines.

Paccar is a leading manufacturer of medium- and heavy-duty trucks under the premium nameplates Kenworth and Peterbilt, which are primarily sold in the Americas and Australia, and DAF, which primarily services Europe and South America. The trucks segment (74% sales) goes to market through a network of 2,200 independent dealers. Paccar maintains an internal finance subsidiary that provides retail and wholesale financing for customers and dealers (6% sales). In recent years, Paccar has aggressively expanded its parts business (20% of sales), including engines, axles, and transmissions for its own truck brands as well as independent producers. The company commands 30% of the Class 8 market share in North America and 15% of the heavy-duty market share in Europe.

Sandvik is a manufacturer of specialized tools and mining equipment used predominantly by global mining, engineering, and automotive customers. The group is composed of three segments: mining and rock solutions, rock processing, and machining. Sandvik was founded in 1862 and listed on the Nordic Exchange in Stockholm in 1901.

With roots tracing back to the early 1900s, Rockwell Automation is the successor to Rockwell International, which spun off its avionics segment in 2001. It is a pure-play industrial automation company that operates through three segments. Its largest segment by revenue, intelligent devices, sells factory floor-level devices such as motors, drives, sensors, relays, and actuators. Its software and control segment sells visualization, simulation, and human-machine interface software and control products such as programmable controllers, computers, and operator terminals. Its smallest segment, lifecycle services, offers digital consulting, engineered-to-order services, and other outsourced services such as remote monitoring, cybersecurity, and asset and plant maintenance and optimization.

Switzerland-based Schindler is a top-four global supplier of elevators and escalators. The business generates revenue in three ways: selling new elevators and escalators, modernizing old equipment, and servicing existing installations. Most of the company's profit comes from the last activity, where contracts are rolled over annually with built-in price increases. Ninety percent of its business is in elevators, which are more numerous globally than escalators. Its business model is similar to that of closest competitors Otis, Kone, and TK Elevator.

Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd is a holding company. The company's segment includes Automotive; Farm Equipment and Services. It generates maximum revenue from the Automotive segment. The Automotive segment comprises the sale of automobiles, spares, mobility solutions, construction equipment, and related services. Geographically, it derives a majority of its revenue from India.

Heico is an aerospace and defense supplier that focuses on creating replacement parts for commercial aircraft and components for defense products. In commercial aerospace, Heico is the largest independent producer of replacement aircraft parts. In the defense market, the company produces niche subcomponents used in targeting technology as well as simulation equipment, among other categories. It operates two segments: the flight support group and the electronic technologies group. Both supply the aerospace and defense sectors to different degrees. Heico is persistently acquisitive, focusing on companies in similar or adjacent markets that offer strong cash flow and profitable growth potential.

WEG SA is a Brazilian electrical engineering and automation company listed on the B3 exchange and headquartered in Jaragua do Sul, Santa Catarina. It was founded on 16 September 1961 by Werner Ricardo Voigt, Eggon Joao da Silva and Geraldo Werninghaus, and its name is an acronym of their initials. The company makes electric motors, generators, transformers, drives, industrial automation and control products, gearboxes, switchgear, wind turbines, battery storage systems and coatings and varnishes. In 2025 its net revenue reached R$40.8 billion, of which 59 percent came from markets outside Brazil. It has grown through acquisitions across Europe, Asia, Africa and the Americas, the largest being the 2023 purchase of the industrial motors and generators business of Regal Rexnord for USD 400 million. Alberto Kuba serves as chief executive and Decio da Silva as chairman, and the company keeps a United States base in Duluth, Georgia.

Komatsu, headquartered in Tokyo, is the world’s second-largest manufacturer of construction, mining, and utility equipment, with a legacy dating back to 1921. Operating in over 150 countries, Komatsu delivers a full suite of heavy machinery, intelligent solutions, and lifecycle services across infrastructure, energy, natural resources, and industrial sectors.

Kone is a global top-four supplier of elevators and escalators. Kone began producing elevators in Finland in 1918 and today generates revenue in three ways: selling new elevators and escalators, modernizing old equipment, and servicing its installed base. Most of the company's profit comes from the last activity, where contracts are rolled over annually with built-in price increases. The bulk of Kone's business is in elevators, which are more numerous globally than escalators. Its business model is similar to its closest competitors Otis, Schindler, and TK Elevator.

Bridgestone Corp is engaged in developing, manufacturing, and marketing tires and diversified products. The company manufactures tires and tubes for passenger cars, trucks and buses, construction and mining vehicles, industrial machinery, agricultural machinery, aircraft, motorcycles and scooters, and others. Its tire operations include retread base tire business, automotive maintenance and repairs, retail business, and raw material supplies, as well as tire development, manufacturing, and marketing. The company also provides diversified products that include industrial products, chemical products, automotive components, construction materials, electronic equipment, bicycles, and sporting goods.

Techtronic Industries Co Ltd is a designer and manufacturer of power tools. It operates in two segments namely Power Equipment and Floorcare and Cleaning. The company generates maximum revenue from the Power Equipment segment. Its Power Equipment segment includes sales of power tools, power tool accessories, outdoor products, and outdoor product accessories for consumer, trade, professional, and industrial users. The products are available under the MILWAUKEE, EMPIRE, AEG, RYOBI, and HOMELITE brands plus original equipment manufacturer (OEM) customers. Geographically, it derives a majority of its revenue from North America.

Fanuc's primary products include industrial robots, computerized numerical control systems (CNC), and compact machining centers (Robodrills) globally. The company had its beginnings as part of Fujitsu developing early numerical control systems and commands the top global market share with its CNC systems and industrial robots.

Ingersoll Rand was formed through the merger of Gardner Denver and Ingersoll Rand's industrial segment. The firm’s portfolio consists of two business lines: industrial technologies and services, and precision and science technologies. Ingersoll Rand serves a variety of end markets, including industrial, medical, and energy. Its broad portfolio of products includes compression, blower and vacuum, and fluid management. Ingersoll Rand generated roughly $7.7 billion in revenue in 2025.

Denso was founded on Dec. 16, 1949, as Nippondenso, and is now a leading global manufacturer of automotive components, ranging from thermal and powertrain control systems to electronic and electrification solutions, headquartered in Kariya, Aichi Prefecture, Japan, and a core member of the Toyota Group.

Otis is the largest global elevator and escalator supplier by revenue with around 18% global market share. In 1854 Otis’ founder and namesake Elisha Graves Otis, invented a safety mechanism that prevented elevators from falling if the hoisting cable failed. The company's product and service lifecycle begins with installations of elevator units in new buildings, later selling maintenance services on the units, and eventually replacement of the units after the average 15- to 20-year useful life of an elevator. As the largest global OEM, Otis has amassed an installed base under service that exceeds 2 million elevators. Its business model is similar to that of its closest competitors Kone, Schindler, and TK Elevator.

Vestas is a leading manufacturer of wind turbines with the highest installed capacity under service in the world. The firm operates two business segments: power solutions and services. The power solutions segment designs, manufactures, and installs onshore and offshore wind turbines. The services segment performs operating and maintenance service work on wind turbines.

Epiroc is a global manufacturer of niche equipment and services used by mining and infrastructure customers. The company’s products include hard rock drilling equipment and excavation technologies for underground and surface mining, as well as servicing and spare parts. Approximately 69% of group sales are from the aftermarket, which includes services and the sale of spare parts and consumables. Epiroc was spun out of Atlas Copco and listed as a stand-alone company on Nasdaq Stockholm in 2018.

NARI Technology Co Ltd is engaged in providing power & automation technologies in China. It operates in areas of power system automation, smart grid, renewable energy, railway automation, industrial control, & energy conservation & environment protection.

CRRC Corp Ltd is engaged in research and development, design, manufacturing, refurbishment, sales, leasing and technical services of railway locomotives, MUs, urban rail transit vehicles, engineering machinery, various electromechanical equipment, electronic equipment and components, as well as electronic devices and environmental protection equipment; information consultation; industry investment and management; asset management; import and export business. Its business operations are spread across Mainland China which derives the highest revenue, and a few other countries.

Sany Heavy Industry Co Ltd is a construction machinery manufacturer in China. Its products range from concrete and crane machinery to excavators, road construction, piling machinery, and others. The company operates its businesses through seven segments: Concrete Machinery, Excavator Machinery, Hoisting Machinery, Piling Machinery, Road Machinery, Financial Services, and Others. It generates the majority of its revenue from the Excavator Machinery segment, which engages in research, development, manufacture, and sale of excavator machinery products.

Weichai Power is a Chinese industrial group with businesses spanning powertrains, commercial vehicles, agricultural equipment and intelligent logistics. Established in 2002, the company originated from the Weifang diesel engine business. Its powertrain operations supply engines and related components, including transmissions and axles, for vehicles and industrial applications. Other group businesses manufacture commercial vehicles and agricultural machinery. Through holdings including KION and Dematic, the group also participates in forklift trucks, warehouse automation and supply chain technology. Customers include vehicle and equipment manufacturers, industrial operators and logistics businesses in China and international markets. Revenue comes from manufactured products and associated aftermarket services. The group's activities therefore extend beyond automobile manufacturing to a wider range of industrial equipment and components sold under several established brands.

Michelin manufactures tires for passenger vehicles. The company also makes tires for all types of commercial vehicles as well as bicycle, motorcycle, earthmover, aviation, and agricultural tires. Its operations are organized into three operating segments namely Automotive and two-wheel; Road transportation; and Specialty businesses. The company generates maximum revenue from Automotive segments. The Specialty businesses include the Mining, Beyond-road, Two-wheel and Aircraft tire activities, as well as the High-Tech Materials activities. The Services & Solutions businesses are included for the majority part in the "Road transportation and related distribution" segment.

Hyundai Mobis Co Ltd is an automotive parts manufacturer. The company operates two reportable segments: the Auto Parts segment, which supplies modules and parts required for the complete vehicle manufacturing process, and the After-Sales Services segment, which provides auto parts for After-Sales service needs along with accessories and related products. It generates the majority of its revenue from the Auto parts segment.

Xylem is a global leader in water technology and offers a wide range of solutions, including the transport, treatment, testing, and efficient use of water for customers in the utility, industrial, commercial, and residential sectors. Xylem was spun off from ITT in 2011. Based in Rye Brook, New York, Xylem has a presence in over 150 countries and employs 16,200. The company generated $9 billion in revenue in 2025.

Alfa Laval is a leading manufacturer of highly engineered equipment, primarily in the areas of separation, heat transfer, and fluid handling used by a diverse range of customers spanning the food, water, energy, and marine industries. These products play a key role in a number of industrial processes, and Alfa Laval enjoys a leading position in all three areas. Alfa Laval’s history stretches back 140 years to when its first separator was developed. The company is listed on the Stockholm stock exchange.

TVS Motor Co Ltd is an Indian automobile manufacturing company focused on the production of two-wheeled vehicles. The company principally manufactures motorcycles, scooters, mopeds, three-wheelers, and related spare parts and accessories. The company's reportable segments are Automotive vehicles and parts, Automotive Components, Financial Services, and Others. The company generates a majority of its revenue from the Automotive vehicles and parts segment. Geographically, the company derives its key revenue from India and the rest from other countries through exports.

HD Hyundai Heavy Industries is engaged in shipbuilding and heavy-industry manufacturing. The company operates through four segments: Engine Machinery, Offshore Plant, Shipbuilding, and Others. The Engine Machinery segment produces marine engines, diesel power systems, pumps, and fluid machinery. The Offshore Plant segment handles the construction and installation of offshore structures, floating production units, and power-generation equipment. The Shipbuilding segment manufactures crude-oil carriers, container ships, product tankers, LNG carriers, and naval vessels. The Others segment covers leisure and performance-related facilities. It generates the majority of its revenue from the Shipbuilding segment.

Fuyao Glass Industry Group Co Ltd manufactures and sells glass to be fitted in automobiles. The company is principally engaged in providing total solutions of safety glass and automotive accessories for various transportation vehicles, including the design, manufacture, and sale of automotive grade float glass, automotive glass, locomotive glass, luggage racks, vehicle window trims, and provision of relevant services. The company's product portfolio consists of automobile glasses, such as coating glasses and others, which are applied in passenger cars, buses, limousines and others, and float glasses. The company distributes its products within domestic markets and overseas markets. Geographically, it derives a majority of its revenue from PRC.

Kubota manufactures and sells small and midsize agricultural and construction equipment as well as water treatment equipment. Its key products in the farm and industrial machinery segment include compact/utility tractors, mini excavators, compact track loaders, engines, and rice farming equipment, such as combine harvesters, as well as rice transplanters. The company has produced over 5.6 million tractors worldwide and over 30 million engines. Its water and environment segment provides mainly pipe system products like ductile iron pipes and valves, water/waste treatment plants, pumps, as well as operation and maintenance services, including public/private partnership projects. The company is based in Osaka, Japan, and was founded in 1890.

Snap-on is a manufacturer of premium tools, equipment, and diagnostics for professional technicians, primarily involved in the repair of passenger cars but having expanded into other industrial applications. The company’s legacy business is selling hand tools through franchisee-operated mobile vans to technicians who purchase the tools at their own expense. The company also operates a commercial and industrial business that is focused on repair facilities serving other industries. The third segment, repair systems and information, targets auto OEMs and large dealerships more directly and also offers substantial diagnostic solutions to aid repairs. The company’s finance arm provides financing to franchisees to run their operations, as well as underwriting end customer purchases.

Samvardhana Motherson International Ltd is a manufacturer of automotive wiring harnesses and plastic components and modules. The products include wiring harnesses, mirrors for passenger cars, injection molded products, modules including dashboards, door trims, bumpers, blow moulded components, liquid silicone rubber molded components, injection molding tools, extruded rubber products, precision machined metal components, and others. The company has five reportable segments such as Wiring Harness, Modules and polymer products, Integrated Assemblies, Vision systems and Emerging businesses. It derives majority of the revenue from Modules and polymer products segment which is engaged in manufacturing and supplies of plastic parts and system modules for vehicle interiors and exteriors.

Traton SE is the parent and holding company of the TRATON GROUP and one of the world’s commercial vehicle manufacturers. With its brands Scania, MAN, International, and Volkswagen Truck and Bus. The Group’s product portfolio comprises trucks, buses, and light-duty commercial vehicles. Transforming Transportation Together. For a sustainable world, this intention underlines the Company’s ambition to have a lasting and sustainable impact on the commercial vehicle business and on the Group’s commercial growth.

Hengli Hydraulic is a leading Chinese hydraulic component supplier. It designs, manufactures, and sells hydraulic cylinder, pump, valve, and motor products. Hengli’s products are widely used in heavy machinery. It is the largest supplier of excavator hydraulic cylinders in the world with about 30% global market share.

CNH Industrial is the world’s second largest manufacturer of agricultural machinery (82% of industrial net sales) as well as a major player in construction equipment (18% of industrial net sales). Its Case and New Holland brands have served farmers for generations. Geographically, agriculture sales are 40% North America, 32% Europe, Middle East, and Africa, 18% South America, and 10% Asia-Pacific. CNH’s products are available through a robust independent dealer network, which includes over 2,600 dealer and distribution locations and reach into 164 countries. The construction business leverages over 400 dealers. The company’s captive finance arm provides retail financing to its customers as well as wholesale financing for dealers to maintain inventory, which supports sales.