publity Valuation Multiples

Morgan Stanley is a massive global financial services firm, with offices in 42 countries and more than 82,000 employees as of year-end 2025. The firm cut its teeth in investment banking and institutional trading, where it maintains a strong presence today, but generates the lion share of its income from wealth and asset management franchises, where it boasted $9.3 trillion in client assets at the end of its most recent fiscal year. After reincorporation as a bank holding company in the wake of the global financial crisis, Morgan Stanley also boasts a top 10 banking franchise by deposits, with more than $400 billion in customer deposits, predominately attributable to cash sweeps from its wealth management and brokerage businesses.

Goldman Sachs is a storied financial institution, founded in 1869 and best known for its role as a leading global investment bank. The firm has a sprawling reach across global financial centers and has been the leading provider of global merger and acquisition advisory services, by revenue, for the past 20 years. Since the global financial crisis, Goldman has expanded its offerings into more stable fee-based businesses like asset and wealth management, which comprised roughly 30% of post-provision revenue at the end of 2025. The bank holding company generates revenue from investment banking, global market making and trading, lending, asset management, wealth management, and a small and declining portfolio of consumer credit card loans.

Gould Investors LP is a real estate limited partnership involved in the ownership and operation of a diversified portfolio of real estate assets. The company's real estate assets include office and professional buildings, apartment buildings, shopping centers, mixed-use properties, cooperative and condominium apartments, industrial facilities, and single-tenant properties. Geographically, the activities are carried out in the U.S.

BlackRock is the largest asset manager in the world, with $14.041 trillion in assets under management at the end of December 2025. Its product mix is diverse, with 55% of managed assets in equity strategies, 23% in fixed income, 9% in multi-asset classes, 6% in money market funds, and 5% in alternatives. Passive strategies account for more than two-thirds of long-term AUM, with the company's ETF platform maintaining a leading market share domestically and on a global basis. Product distribution is weighted more toward institutional clients, which, by our calculations, account for around 80% of AUM. BlackRock is geographically diverse, with clients in more than 100 countries and more than one-third of managed assets coming from investors domiciled outside the US and Canada.

Blackstone is the world's largest alternative-asset manager with $1.242 trillion in total asset under management, including $906.2 billion in fee-earning assets under management, at the end of September 2025. The company operates with scale in each of its major product lines: private equity (26% of fee-earning AUM and 33% of base management fees), real estate/real assets (31% and 35%), private credit (34% and 25%), and other alternatives (9% and 7%). While the firm primarily serves institutional investors (84% of AUM), it also caters to clients in the high-net-worth channel (16%). Blackstone operates through 25 offices in the Americas (8), Europe and the Middle East (9), and the Asia-Pacific region (8).

Brookfield Corp is an investment firm focused on building long-term wealth for institutions and individuals. It has seven operating segments: Asset Management, Wealth Solutions, Renewable Power and Transition, Infrastructure, Private Equity, Real Estate and Corporate Activities. It invests in real assets that form the backbone of the economy to deliver risk-adjusted returns to stakeholders. The company generates the majority of its revenue from Asset Management. It has a geographic presence in the UK, the United States, Australia, Canada, Brazil, India, Colombia, Germany, Other Europe, Other Asia, and other countries.

KKR is one of the world's largest alternative asset managers, with $723.2 billion in total managed assets, including $585.0 billion in fee-earning AUM, at the end of September 2025. The company has two core segments: asset management (which includes private markets—private equity, credit, infrastructure, energy, and real estate—and public markets—primarily credit and hedge/investment fund platforms) and insurance (following the firm's initial investment in, and then ultimate purchase of, Global Atlantic Financial Group, which is engaged in retirement/annuity and life insurance lines as well as reinsurance).

Apollo is one of the world's largest alternative asset managers, with $908.4 billion in total assets under management, or AUM, including $685.0 billion in fee-earning assets, at the end of September 2025. The company has two core operating segments: asset management and retirement services. Apollo operates with scale in each of its major product lines-private equity (with $125.6 billion in total AUM and $71.7 billion in fee-earning AUM), real estate/real assets ($59.6 billion/$27.1 billion), and private credit ($723.2 billion/$586.2 billion). Apollo has a distribution profile that is likely not too far off from the industry averages-with 84% of its assets held by institutional investors and 16% by high-net-worth clients.

Brookfield Asset Management is one of the world's largest alternative-asset managers, with USD 1.151 trillion in total managed assets, including USD 580.7 billion in fee-earning AUM, at the end of September 2025. The company has three main business segments: private credit (USD 349.0 billion in total AUM and USD 262.8 billion in fee-earning AUM), private equity (USD 151.0 billion/USD 46.3 billion), and real estate/real assets (USD 651.0 billion/USD 271.6 billion). The firm primarily serves institutional investors (90% of AUM) and high-net-worth individuals (10%), and is diversified globally, with 67% of revenue from the Americas, 20% from EMEA, and 13% from Asia-Pacific. Canadian-based Brookfield Corporation owns 73% of Brookfield's outstanding Class A shares.

Macquarie Group began trading in 1969 as Hill Samuel Australia, obtained its bank licence in 1985, and listed in 1996. It's Australia's only sizable listed investment bank, now internationally diversified, operating in asset management, banking and wealth, risk and capital solutions, and advisory.

Vingroup JSC is a Vietnam-based company engaged in construction and provides retail outlets, commercial offices for lease, residential units for lease and sale. It also carries out investment activities, to provide the management service and to conduct other businesses. The company operates through the segments of Sale of inventory properties, Leasing investment properties and related services, Hospitality, entertainment and other services, Health care and related services, Education services, Retail services, Manufacturing activities, and Others. The company generates the majority of its revenue from Sale of inventory properties including developing and trading apartments and villas at real estate projects of the group.

State Street is a leading provider of financial services, including investment servicing, investment management, and investment research and trading. With approximately $54 trillion in assets under custody and administration, and $5.7 trillion in assets under management, as of Dec. 31, 2025, State Street operates globally in more than 100 geographic markets and employs about 51,500 worldwide.

Samsung C&T Corp is a diversified company. It is engaged in construction, trading, fashion, resort, food & beverages, and biopharmaceutical operations. The Construction division handles domestic and overseas construction projects, the Trading division engages in trading activities, and the Fashion division imports and sells apparel. The Resort division operates Everland, Caribbean Bay, and golf courses, while the Food and Beverages division manages specialty catering and food distribution through Samsung Welstory. The Bio division carries out biopharmaceutical contract manufacturing and biosimilar-related business.

Goodman Group owns, manages, and develops industrial properties in 13 countries, historically in Australia but increasingly worldwide. Around half of its operating earnings come from development, a third from management, and the rest from property investment. Most developments are undertaken on behalf of third parties or fund investors. Goodman earns fees in return for development management services. Completed projects are either sold or reside in one of Goodman’s funds or partnerships. Goodman typically retains ownership stakes in the investment vehicles and continues to manage the sites after completion, collecting investment management base fees, performance fees, property services fees, and a share of rental income.

Strategy Inc is a bitcoin treasury company and a provider of business intelligence services. It is designed to provide investors varying degrees of economic exposure to Bitcoin by offering a range of securities, including equity and fixed-income instruments. The company also provides industry AI-powered enterprise analytics software. It has one reportable operating segment: the Software Business, which is engaged in the design, development, marketing, and sales of the company's enterprise analytics software platform through cloud subscriptions and licensing arrangements and related services (i.e., product support, consulting, and education). Geographically, the company operates in EMEA, U.S. and Other Regions, of which maximum revenue is derived from U.S..

With operations in 126 markets across 36 states, D.R. Horton is the leading homebuilder in the United States. It mainly builds single-family detached homes (87% of home sales revenue) and offers products to entry-level, move-up, luxury buyers, and active adults. The company offers homebuyers mortgage financing and title agency services through its financial services segment. D.R. Horton's headquarters are in Arlington, Texas, and it manages six regional segments across the United States.

Sun Hung Kai Properties Ltd s is a diversified real estate developer in Hong Kong with a core focus on the residential, office, and retail real estate segment. Most of its business is based in Hong Kong where it is a leading private housing developer and holds a portfolio of high-quality retail and office assets for rental income. The company also invests in other listed entities, including telecommunication company, SmarTone and data center provider, SUNeVision. The Kwok family is the controlling shareholder, with a stake of more than 40%.

Sun Life Financial is one of the Big Three Canadian life insurers. The Canadian business contributed around 38% of adjusted earnings. In that segment, the firm provides health, life insurance, and annuity products to individual and group customers. Its US business is mostly group health and contributed about 20% of the firm's adjusted earnings in 2024. Sun Life also offers life insurance and wealth products in several Asian markets with a strong presence in Hong Kong and the Philippines. The Asia segment contributed around 18% of adjusted 2024 earnings. Its asset management business had around CAD 1.1 trillion total assets under management or administration at the end of 2024 and represents around 34% of the firm's earnings.

Ameriprise Financial has evolved into a diversified financial services provider that generates roughly 65% of its operating income from advice and wealth management. With nearly $1.2 trillion in segment assets under management and advisory at year-end 2025, and with roughly 10,600 affiliated and employee advisors, Ameriprise is one of the larger US-based wealth managers. It also boasts a reasonably large asset management franchise in Columbia Threadneedle, which boasted $678 billion in assets under management at year-end 2025. The firm's third key segment is its retirement and protection services business, which sells insurance products to the firm’s advisory clients. After eliminations, Ameriprise had $1.69 trillion in assets under management and advisory across segments at year-end 2025.

ORIX Corp is a diversified financial services company with operations in Corporate Financial Services, Maintenance Leasing, Real Estate, PE Investment and Concession, Environment and Energy, Insurance, Banking and Credit, Aircraft and Ships, ORIX USA, ORIX Europe, Asia, and Australia and engages in various other fee businesses by providing products and services aligned with customer needs to its core customer base of domestic small and medium-sized enterprises. Orix's numerous divisions finance leases of large-ticket items like ships, airplanes, and technology equipment. The company generates the majority of its revenue from Corporate Financial Services and Maintenance Leasing operations and Real Estate operations.

Power Corp. of Canada is a holding company with controlling interests in Great-West Lifeco (one of the big three Canadian life insurers), IGM Financial (Canada's largest nonbank asset manager), and other alternative asset management platforms (Sagard and Power Sustainable). The company also has minority interests in Groupe Bruxelles Lambert, a holding company with interests in European firms.

Prudential Financial is one of the largest US life insurers, offering annuities, life insurance, and asset-management products. The United States and Japan are its two largest markets. Its US business contributed about 50% of adjusted 2024 earnings and includes institutional retirement (mostly pension risk transfer), individual retirement (annuities), group insurance, and individual life insurance. Its international business represented about 40% of adjusted earnings, with a strong market position in Japan, and the firm also has a presence in emerging markets like Brazil. The company's investment management business, PGIM, contributed approximately 10% of its 2024 adjusted earnings. PGIM had around $1.4 trillion in assets under management at the end of third-quarter 2025.

Banco BTG Pactual S.A. is a Brazil-based banking firm. It offers financial products and services regarding commercial, investments, credit, financing, capital leases, insurance, and foreign exchange portfolios, among others, in the country and several locations abroad.

Swedish conglomerate Investor AB set up EQT as its private equity division in 1994. In its early days, EQT focused primarily on private equity investments in Sweden and the rest of Scandinavia. Today, EQT is one of the largest global private-market investors, with funds that focus on private equity, real estate, and infrastructure globally. Investor AB retains a minority stake.

China Resources Land, or CR Land, is a leading real estate developer with nationwide coverage in China. Aside from the core development business, CR Land differentiates itself from peers with a significant investment property portfolio with luxury focused MixC malls, and it holds a 74% stake in listed property management company China Resources Mixc Lifestyle Services. CR Land is a subsidiary of China Resources Holdings, or CR Holdings, a sizable state-owned conglomerate with a diverse presence in the utilities, consumer goods, medical, and property sectors. CR Holdings holds about a 60% stake in CR Land.

Northern Trust is a leading provider of wealth management, asset servicing, asset management, and banking to corporations, institutions, affluent families, and individuals. Founded in Chicago in 1889, Northern Trust has offices in 20 states and Washington, D.C. as well as 23 locations in Canada, Europe, the Middle East, and Asia-Pacific. As of December 2025, Northern Trust had assets under custody or administration of $18.7 trillion and assets under management of $1.8 trillion.

Mitsubishi Estate is one of the three big Japanese real estate companies. Around two thirds of its operating profit comes from leasing office space in Japan, where half of its portfolio is concentrated in the prime Marunouchi/Otemachi district between Tokyo station and the Imperial Palace. Mitsubishi Estate’s predecessor originally bought this land from the government in 1890, and the company sees itself as steward of the showcase area’s long-term development, rarely if ever selling any properties there.

Ares Management is one of the world's largest alternative-asset managers, with $595.7 billion in total assets under management, or AUM, including $367.6 billion in fee-earning AUM, at the end of September 2025. The company has four main business segments: private credit ($391.5 billion in total AUM and $240.2 billion in fee-earning AUM), private equity, ($25.1 billion/$11.8 billion), real estate/real assets ($132.4 billion/$80.5 billion), and other alternatives ($46.7 billion/$35.1 billion). The firm primarily serves institutional investors (80% of AUM) and high-net-worth individuals (20%). Ares operates through more than 35 offices in over 15 countries around the globe.

3i Group PLC is a closed-ended investment fund. It is an international investor engaged in private equity, infrastructure, and debt management. Its business segments are Private Equity, Infrastructure, and Scandlines. The private equity segment invests in business services, consumer, healthcare, and industrial sectors. Its infrastructure segment invests in utilities, transportation, and social infrastructure.

Swiss Life is predominantly a life and long-term savings company that generates the main share of its revenue and earnings from its domestic market of Switzerland. The company also operates in France, Germany, and a few smaller but wealthy European countries. The company has an asset manager as well. Swiss Life has three main sources of income that vary in significance by geography. Savings income relates to spread-based earnings, the risk result relates to an insurance margin, and the fee result relates to asset management and financial advisory. The fee result has been growing in importance over recent years as a result of advice, asset management, and unit-linked sales.

Raymond James Financial is a diversified financial services firm that provides wealth management, investment banking, asset management, and capital markets services to individuals, corporations, and municipalities. The firm maintains an extensive catalogue of products and services across its business lines. However, the wealth management franchise generates the bulk of its revenues and earnings through a vast network of more than 8,900 independent and employee-affiliated advisors, who collectively managed over $1.7 trillion in client assets as of fiscal year-end 2025. While Raymond James maintains a global footprint, the company derives over 90% of its revenue, and an even larger percentage of its operating income, from the United States.

China State Construction Engineering Corp Ltd is a construction and real estate conglomerate. The company conducts its operations through five segments: Housing Construction segment, Infrastructure Construction and Investment segment, Real Estate Development and Investment segment, Design & Survey segment, and Others segment. It derives the majority of its revenue from the Housing Construction segment. The company's services include product technology research and development, survey and design, real estate development, engineering contracting, equipment manufacturing, asset operation, and property management.

Itausa Investimentos ITAU SA is a Brazilian investment holding company. It has equity interests in the companies engaged in the financial, consumer goods, construction materials, sanitation, energy, and infrastructure sectors. Its portfolio consists of brands such as Itau Unibanco, Dexco, Alpargatas, CCR, Aegea Saneamento, Copa Energia and Nova Transportadora do Sudeste (NTS). The majority of the revenue for the company is generated from Itau Unibanco which is a banking institution that offers, directly or using its subsidiaries, a broad range of credit products and other financial services to a diversified individual and corporate client base in Brazil and abroad.

Emaar Properties PJSC is engaged in property investment, development, and development management, shopping malls and retail, hospitality, property management, utility services, and investments in providers of financial services. Its segments are, namely, real estate (develop, sell, and manage condominiums, villas, commercial units and plots of land), leasing, retail and related activities (develop, lease and manage malls, retail, commercial, and residential spaces), and hospitality (develop, own, and/or manage hotels, serviced apartments and leisure activities). It earns revenue from sources other than property sales, leasing, retail and related activities, and hospitality, and this revenue is included in other operating income. The majority of revenue comes from real estate.

Yuanta Financial Holdings Co Ltd is engages in the business of a financial holding company and its operations are limited to investing and investment management.

Mitsui Fudosan Co Ltd is a real estate development and management company. The company operates through five segments. The Condominiums segment sells housing to individuals and rental properties to investors. The Rental segment leases office buildings and commercial facilities. The Facility Operations segment covers hotels, resorts, sports, and entertainment. The Management segment handles property management, brokerage, and asset management. The Others segment engages in new construction contracting. It generates the majority of its revenue from the Rental segment.

Nomura Holdings Inc is a financial services group in Japan and operates offices in countries and regions world-wide, including Japan, the U.S., the U.K., Singapore, and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region ("Hong Kong") through its subsidiaries. The company's clients include individuals, corporations, financial institutions, governments, and governmental agencies. The company's business consists of Wealth Management*, Investment Management, and Wholesale. The company generates the majority of its revenue from the wholesale segment. The Wholesale Division consists of two businesses, Global Markets, which is mainly engaged in the trading, sales, and structuring of financial products, and Investment Banking, which is engaged in advisory, financing, and solutions businesses.

Principal Financial Group Inc is a financial services provider. It offers various financial products and services including retirement, asset management, and workplace benefits and protection solutions to individuals and institutional clients. The company, along with its subsidiaries, operates in the following reportable segments; Retirement and Income Solutions, Principal Asset Management, and Benefits and Protection. Maximum revenue is generated from the Retirement and Income Solutions segment which provides workplace savings and retirement solutions, banking, trust and custodial services, individual variable annuities (including RILAs), pension risk transfer, and investment services to businesses, their employees, and other individuals.

T. Rowe Price provides asset management services for individual and institutional investors. It offers a broad range of no-load US and international stock, hybrid, bond, and money market funds. At the end of September, the firm had $1.767 trillion in managed assets, composed of equity (50%), balanced (35%), fixed-income and money market (12%), and alternative (3%) offerings. Approximately two-thirds of managed assets are held in retirement-based accounts, which provides T. Rowe Price with a somewhat stickier client base than most of its peers. The firm also manages private accounts, provides retirement planning advice, and offers discount brokerage and trust services. The company is primarily a US-based asset manager, deriving less than 10% of its AUM from overseas.

PulteGroup Inc is a homebuilder in the United States. The company mainly builds single-family detached homes and offers products to entry-level, move-up, and active-adult buyers. It also offers homebuyers mortgage financing, title, and insurance agency services through its financial services segment.

Industrivarden AB is a holding company that invests in and works long-term to develop and create value in its portfolio companies. Active ownership is exercised through sizable ownership stakes in a selection of listed companies with firm market positions, good cash flows, financial strength, and clear development capacity. Its stock offers exposure to a portfolio of companies with validated business models, a wide breadth of underlying business areas, and good value potential.

Partners Group is a Swiss-based global alternative asset manager founded in 1996. It manages funds invested in private equity, private credit, real estate, and infrastructure. Most of Partners Group's assets are invested in Europe and the Americas, with a smaller exposure to Asia and the Middle East. Partners Group operates a differentiated business model, offering bespoke client solutions through diversified portfolios tailored to each client individually, semiliquid open-ended funds, alongside traditional closed-end funds.

Vantage is the tower arm of Vodafone, spun off in 2021. Vantage fully owns 45,000 towers in Germany, Spain, Greece, and other European countries. Vantage also owns stakes in Inwit (22,000 towers, Vantage owns 33% stake), the Italian tower operator resulting from the merger of Vodafone and Telecom Italia’s towers in the region, and Cornerstone (14,000 towers, 50% stake) a tower joint venture in the U.K. with Telefonica.

Lennar is one of the largest public homebuilders in the United States. The company’s homebuilding operations target first-time, move-up, active adult, and luxury homebuyers mainly under the Lennar brand name. Lennar’s financial-services segment provides mortgage financing and related services to its homebuyers. Miami-based Lennar is also involved in multifamily and single-family for-rent construction and has invested in numerous housing-related technology startups.

China Merchants Securities Asset Management Co.,Ltd formerly China Merchants Securities Co Ltd is a financial service provider. The company provides services like, investment banking, financial advisory, equity underwriting, assets management, investment advisory, and trading equity securities among others. Its business is divided into four segments: Wealth management and institutional business; Investment banking; Investment management; and Investment and trading. The Wealth management and institutional business segment which generates key revenue engages in the trading of stocks and futures contracts on behalf of clients and includes margin financing, securities lending, and selling financial and other wealth management products.

China Overseas Land & Investment, or COLI, is a large real estate developer in China. Property development accounts for most of the core earnings, with operating scale among the top five of all peers regarding contracted sales. In addition to property development, COLI has actively grown its commercial property portfolio, with a dual focus on offices and shopping malls for recurring income. COLI is a subsidiary of China State Construction Engineering, China's largest construction firm. It also holds about a 40% stake in China Overseas Grand Oceans, a real estate developer focusing on lower-tier cities in China.

GF Securities Co Ltd is principally engaged in securities business, the proxy sale of securities investment funds, the provision of futures intermediary services for futures companies, securities investment fund custodian, fund raising, fund sales, asset management, project and investment management, commodity futures brokerage, financial futures brokerage and futures investment advisory, etc. It operates through the following segments: Investment banking, Wealth management, Trading & Institutions, and Investment management.

Scottish Mortgage Investment Trust PLC is an investment trust company. The company's objective is to maximize total return from a portfolio of long-term investments chosen on a global basis enabling the company to provide capital and dividend growth. It focuses on investment in quoted securities irrespective of any geographical, industry, and sector exposure. The portfolio also invests in fixed-income securities, convertible securities, funds, unquoted entities, and other assets.