Medard Valuation Multiples

Palantir is an artificial intelligence, analytics, and automated decision-making company that leverages data to drive efficiency across its clients' organizations. The firm serves commercial and government clients via its Foundry and Gotham platforms, respectively. Palantir works only with entities in Western-allied nations and reserves the right not to work with anyone that is antithetical to Western values. The company was founded in 2003 and went public in 2020.

IBM (International Business Machines) is an American technology company headquartered in Armonk, New York, and operating in more than 175 countries. It sells hybrid-cloud and AI software, including Red Hat and the watsonx portfolio, IT consulting services, and infrastructure hardware such as IBM Z mainframes. Its customers are mainly large enterprises and governments, and it earns revenue from software subscriptions and licences, consulting and managed-services contracts, and hardware sales and financing. In 2025 IBM reported revenue of $67.5 billion, up 8%, with software up 11%, consulting up 2% and infrastructure up 12%, and free cash flow of $14.7 billion. The company was founded in 1911 as the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company and renamed International Business Machines in 1924; it dominated mainframe computing with the System/360 and launched the IBM Personal Computer in 1981 before selling its PC division to Lenovo in 2005. More recently it bought Red Hat for $34 billion in 2019, spun off its managed infrastructure services unit as Kyndryl in 2021, and in December 2025 agreed to acquire data-streaming company Confluent for about $11 billion. Arvind Krishna is chairman and chief executive.

Accenture is a leading IT services firm that provides consulting, system integration, and business process outsourcing to enterprises around the world. Customers of Accenture come from a variety of sectors, including communications, media and technology, financial services, health and public services, consumer products, and resources. Accenture is the world’s largest professional services company by headcount, with around 800,000 employees in over 120 countries.

Tata Consultancy Services is a leading global IT services provider based in Mumbai, India. Founded in 1968, it is one of the first companies to leverage a global delivery model that helps clients outsource their IT needs to offshore labor. The company boasts a wide range of offerings, including IT consulting, managed services, and business process outsourcing.

Fujitsu Ltd delivers total solutions in the field of information and communication technology. The company provides solutions/system integration services focused on information system consulting and construction, and infrastructure services centered on outsourcing services. The company operates in three segments. The Hardware Solution segment covers system products such as servers, storage systems, and network equipment, including mobile base stations and optical transmission systems. Service Solution consists of global services centered on Fujitsu Uvance, along with Japan and overseas region-specific businesses. Ubiquitous Solution focuses on client computing devices such as personal computers. It generates the majority of its revenue from the Service Solution segment.

Infosys is an IT services provider based in Bengaluru, India, with offices in more than 50 countries. The company leverages its offshore outsourcing model to serve clients across different industries, such as financial services and manufacturing. Infosys’ IT services offerings include consulting, digital transformation, and business process outsourcing.

NEC Corp is engaged in IT services, networks, social infrastructure, and solutions. The company operates through three segments: IT Services, Social Infrastructure, and Others. The IT Services segment provides system integration, consulting, maintenance, outsourcing, cloud services, system equipment, and software services. The Social Infrastructure segment offers network infrastructure, including core networks, mobile base stations, optical transmission systems, and marine systems, along with telecom software, OSS/BSS solutions, aerospace and defense system integration, and maintenance. The Others segment covers the development, manufacturing, and sales of system equipment. It generates the majority of its revenue from the IT Services segment.

HCL Technologies Ltd provides enterprises with IT solutions. It focuses on offering Digital, Internet of Things, Cloud, Automation, Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Management, and Engineering services to solve business problems for clients. It offers solutions to a variety of industries, including Financial Services, Public Services, Consumer Services, Healthcare, and Manufacturing. It operates in three segments: IT and Business Services, Engineering and R&D Services, and HCL Software. The firm emphasizes consultation services for firms, intending to offer them digital and design solutions. The majority of the firm's revenue comes from the IT and Business Services segment. Geographically, it derives maximum revenue from the USA, and the rest from Europe, India, and the Rest of the world.

Cognizant Technology Solutions is a multinational IT services provider that offers a range of consulting and business process outsourcing services. Originally founded in India, the company is headquartered in the US and serves enterprise customers spanning the financial services, healthcare, and resources industries. With most of its workforce located in India, Cognizant leverages a global delivery model that helps clients outsource their IT needs to offshore labor.

Publicis Groupe is a French communications group headquartered in Paris and listed on Euronext Paris. Marcel Bleustein-Blanchet founded it in 1926, and it has grown into one of the largest advertising and communications groups in the world. The group provides creative, media planning and buying, digital marketing, data and public relations services to corporate clients through networks such as Publicis, Saatchi & Saatchi, Leo Burnett, Zenith, Starcom and Performics. It operates in more than 100 countries and employs over 100,000 people. In the Czech Republic it ran its agencies through a holding co-owned with local co-founder Martin Stepanek from 1995 until it took full control of that holding in 2016. Revenue comes from fees and commissions on client campaigns and media spend.

PT DCI Indonesia Tbk is a data center provider in Indonesia. It provides reliable, well networked, and well-managed cloud and carrier-neutral data center infrastructure services in Indonesia. The company operates in two segments: Colocation services and Others. The services offered by the company include Colocation, Cross Connect, Flexspace, Smarthands, CloudConnect, and DCI Internet Exchange.

Capgemini is a French IT services company with a global presence. The firm has over 450 offices globally, with more than half of its employees based in India. Capgemini provides services related to IT consulting, software application and technology services, infrastructure management, engineering research and development, and business process outsourcing.

Omnicom is a holding company that owns several advertising agencies and related firms. It provides traditional and digital advertising services that include creative design, market research, data analytics, ad placement, and public relations. The firm operates globally, providing services in more than 70 countries; it generates more than one half of its revenue in North America and nearly 30% in Europe.

NRI was formed in 1988 through the merger of the original Nomura Research Institute and Nomura Computer Systems. Its core financial IT solutions segment (roughly half of revenue) acts as a de facto utility for Japan’s capital markets, running shared back-office platforms for major brokerages and banks. The industrial IT solutions segment builds supply chain and enterprise resource planning systems for retailers and manufacturers. These are supported by IT platform services (data centers) and a consulting business that originates digital transformation projects. Nomura Holdings, the parent of Nomura Securities, remains NRI’s largest shareholder with a 20% stake.

CDW Corp is a multi-brand provider of information technology (IT) solutions to businesses, government, education, and healthcare customers in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada. The company's offerings range from hardware and software products to integrated IT solutions and services, including on-premise and cloud capabilities across hybrid infrastructure, digital experience, and security. Its reportable segments are Corporate, Small Business, Public, and Other. The Corporate and Small Business segments serve US private sector business customers, while the Public segment consists of government agencies and education and healthcare institutions in the US. The Corporate segment generates the majority of its revenue in the United States.

Wipro is a multinational IT services provider based in Bengaluru, India. The company pivoted into the IT space in the 1980s and grew into one of the largest Indian IT consulting companies during the dot-com boom. Nowadays, Wipro leverages its offshore outsourcing model to derive a significant portion of its revenue from North America and Europe.

Fidelity National Information Services provides core processing and ancillary services to banks, but its business has expanded over time. By acquiring SunGard in 2015, the company now provides record-keeping and other services to investment firms. With the acquisition of Worldpay in 2019, FIS was providing payment processing services for merchants and holding leading positions in the United States and United Kingdom. But the company sold off a majority interest in Worldpay and now has only a minority stake.

TD Synnex Corp is a distributor and solutions aggregator for the IT ecosystem. The company aggregates and distributes IT hardware, software, and systems including personal computing devices and peripherals, mobile phones and accessories, printers, server and data center infrastructure, hybrid cloud, security, networking, communications and storage solutions, and system components. Its geographical segments include the Americas, Europe, and APJ.

Tech Mahindra Ltd is an IT services and consulting company in India. It offers a variety of technology solutions and services in addition to business process services. Its segments are Information Technology and Business Process Services. The technology solutions include helping companies engage in cloud software, mobile solutions, network services, cybersecurity, and a variety of other options. The business process service is offered across various industries including telecom, financial services, retail, energy, hospitality, high-tech, agriculture, and food beverage. The company generates the majority of its revenue from Communications & Media & Entertainment Industry. Geographically the company generates the majority of its revenue from the Americas.

CGI is a Montreal-headquartered global information-technology and business-consulting company. It provides systems integration, managed services, application development, business consulting and technology outsourcing across industries. The group serves government agencies and large commercial clients in financial services, healthcare, communications, manufacturing and other sectors. Revenue comes from consulting projects, managed-service contracts, software and long-term outsourcing arrangements. Founded in 1976, CGI expanded internationally through organic growth and numerous acquisitions of technology-service providers. Its operating model combines local client relationships with global delivery centers and long-duration service contracts. CGI Group acquired Pangaea Systems after shareholders approved the offer on 21 February 2006. That transaction transferred the Saskatchewan software company to a strategic technology-services buyer and ended Investment Saskatchewan’s equity holding.

Leidos Holdings Inc is a technology, engineering, and science company that provides services and solutions in the defense, intelligence, civil, and health management, both domestically and internationally. The customers of the company includes the U.S. Department of Defense ("DoD"), the U.S. Intelligence Community, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security ("DHS"), the Federal Aviation Administration ("FAA"), the Department of Veterans Affairs ("VA"), and many other U.S. civilian, state and local government agencies, etc. The company is engaged in four reportable segments; National Security & Digital, Health & Civil, Commercial & International and Defense Systems. It provides a wide array of scientific, engineering and technical services and solutions across these reportable segments.

Obic is one of Japan’s largest enterprise resource planning service providers with a dominant share of the Japanese midsize corporate market. Obic has three main business lines: system integration, system support, and office automation, and, thus, offers one-stop construction and operation of information systems centered on its proprietary ERP suite. The company, which has a 57-year history, reported fiscal March 2025 revenue of JPY 121.2 billion, with system integration contributing 41.5%, system support 52%, and office automation 6.5%.

CACI International Inc is a provider of differentiated Technology and distinctive Expertise to customers in support of national security in the intelligence, defense, and federal civilian sectors, both domestically and internationally. The demand for its Technology and Expertise is largely driven by the evolving national security and geopolitical environment, increasingly complex network, systems, and information environments in which governments and businesses operate. The Company has two segments: Domestic Operations, which generates maximum revenue and provides Technology and Expertise mainly to the U.S. federal government, and International Operations, which provides Technology and Expertise mainly to international government and commercial customers.

LTIMindtree Ltd is a world-wide technology consulting and digital solutions company that enables enterprises across industries to reimagine business models, accelerate innovation, and maximize growth by harnessing digital technologies. The company's segment includes Banking, Financial Services and Insurance; Technology, Media & Communications; Manufacturing and Resources; Consumer Business; and Healthcare, Life sciences & Public Services. It derives maximum revenue from Banking, Financial Services and Insurance segment. Geographically, the company operates in North America, Europe, and Rest of the World.

Indra Sistemas SA is a Spain-based provider of information technology offerings for finance, insurance, public administration, airports, defense, healthcare, media, telecom, security, energy, and infrastructure end markets. Its product capabilities include analytics, cloud computing, enterprise resource planning, networks and communications, electoral processes, bus technology, subway technology, and sustainability solutions. The firm generates revenue in Europe, Africa, the Middle East, the Americas, and Asia-Pacific.

Samsung SDS Co Ltd is a Korean company which provides software solutions and information technology (IT) services. The company operates two reportable segments: Information Technology (IT) Services and Logistical Services. The IT Services segment delivers cloud services, system integration, and IT outsourcing based on the company’s technology capabilities. The Logistical Services segment provides end-to-end international logistics through its Cello and Cello Square platforms, covering international and inland transportation, logistics center operations, and project logistics.

ELM Co is engaged in providing ready-made and customized digital solutions in many areas. Its ready-made solutions serve a broad segment of customers, who can subscribe to different packages of their choosing to meet their needs and suffice business requirements. The services offered by the company include Consulting, Data Analysis and Technical solutions. The segments are Digital Business, Business Process Outsourcing and Professional Services, out of which the majority are from the Digital Business segment.

Unisplendour Corp Ltd is engaged in cloud computing infrastructure construction and industry smart application services. The company operates through three segments. The Digital Business segment focuses on services such as digital platforms, smart computing, smart storage, cloud computing, and services, as well as active security and related fields. The Distribution Business segment involves the sale of IT products, including switches, routers, wireless devices, and 5G-related equipment. The Others segment covers areas like digital solutions, high-level planning, software development, system integration, and maintenance management.

Focus Media Information Technology Co Ltd is an advertising company. The company's main business is the development and operation of Life Circle media. Its main products are building media (including elevator TV media and elevator poster media) and cinema screen advertising media, etc., covering the work scenes, life scenes, entertainment scenes, and consumption scenes of the mainstream urban consumer groups, and integrating into a life circle media network.

Otsuka is Japan’s leading one-stop provider of IT solutions and office supplies, primarily targeting small and midsize enterprises. The System Integration business sells and integrates everything from PCs and servers to the proprietary “Smile” ERP system. This is complemented by the Service & Support business, featuring the “Tanomail” office-supply mail-order service and “Tayoreru” maintenance contracts. Operating through a dense nationwide network, Otsuka functions as the outsourced IT department for companies that lack one, providing a single, trusted point of contact for all technology and office needs.

Persistent Systems Ltd is an India-based provider of software solutions organized in three segments based on the end market: Software, Hi-Tech, and Emerging Industries; Banking, Financial Services and Insurance; and Healthcare & Life Sciences. Its solutions include cloud life cycle management, Internet of Things, unified endpoint management, endpoint detection and response, and Big Data analytics. The firm also offers product engineering services, platform-based cloud solutions, and Internet Protocol-based products. The majority of the firm's revenue gets derived from the Software, Hi-Tech, and Emerging Industries segments.

CSG Digital Power Grid Research Institute Co Ltd provides comprehensive solutions for digital construction for customers in power and energy industries. Its services include digital technology services, standardized services, engineering and technology research and experimental development, software development, integrated circuit chip design and service, integrated circuit chip and product manufacturing, electronic component manufacturing, technical services, technology development, technical consulting, technology exchanges, technology transfers, and technology promotion.

Coforge Ltd provides a variety of information technology services. The firm's services include infrastructure management, business processes outsourcing, application and network testing, systems integration, IP asset-based solutions, application development and maintenance, managed services, cloud computing, and digital services, among others. The company's customers typically operate in the travel and transportation, banking and financial services, insurance, manufacturing, and media industries. The geographical segments of the company include the Americas, India, Europe, Middle East and Africa, and Asia Pacific. It generates maximum revenue from the Americas.

Computacenter PLC is an IT infrastructure services provider that advises organizations on IT plans and manages customer infrastructure. The company offers user support, devices, applications, and data to support the customers through consulting, and the implementation and operation of networks and data center infrastructures on or off customers' premises. The company's segments include the U.K., Germany, Western Europe, North America, and International, with Germany accounting for the majority of revenue.

EPAM Systems is a global IT services firm with a focus on platform engineering, software development, and consulting services. The company used to host large engineer bases in Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia, but it now delivers from various locations across different continents. EPAM’s largest market is North America, which represents approximately 60% of revenue.

Hyundai Autoever Corp is a South Korea based company involved in providing information technology related services in the the automotive sector. It provides Cloud services for part suppliers, Digital Marketing, Mobility services, ICT R&D for smart automobiles and Dealer Management services. The other services of the company include Smart factory, Smart SOC, Smart Security and E-governance among others.

ExlService Holdings Inc. is a data analytics and digital operations company that provides data and AI-led solutions and technology-enabled services to clients across industries. The company has four reportable segments. The Insurance segment provides services such as claims management, underwriting support, and analytics solutions. The Healthcare and Life Sciences segment offers data-driven solutions and services to healthcare payers, providers, and life sciences organizations. The Banking, Capital Markets and Diversified Industries segment delivers solutions across financial services and other industries. The International Growth Markets segment focuses on providing data, AI, and digital operations services to clients outside North America.

Ingram Micro Holding Corp is a technology company for the global information technology ecosystem. The company plays a vital role in the IT sales channel, bringing products and services from technology manufacturers and cloud providers to business-to-business technology experts. The company also provide a broad range of technology services, including financing, specialized marketing, and lifecycle management, as well as technical pre- and post-sales professional support.

BlueFocus Communication Group Co Ltd provides marketing and brand management services in China and internationally. It offers marketing and brand management services across various disciplines, including strategy, digital, advertising, media, social, PR, design, branding, CRM, data, e-commerce, and mobile solutions to various multinational companies and Chinese enterprises, such as IT, automobile, consumer goods, real estate, finance, and entertainment industries.

Dentsu Group is the top advertising agency in Japan and the fifth-largest advertising network in the world. It is the oldest advertising agency in Japan, with the original company being established in 1901. Over the years, Dentsu expanded its global footprint through mergers and acquisitions. Currently, international sales account for about 60% of total revenue.

JCDecaux SE is an outdoor advertising company. The company focuses on three main business areas namely Street Furniture, Transport advertising, and Billboard advertising. Street furniture advertising relates to bus stop advertising, newspaper kiosks, public benches, and free-standing panels. Transport which focuses on advertising in land transport networks and airports and Billboard Advertising which concerns the marketing of billboards, neon-light billboards, and advertising wraps. The company generates the majority of its revenue from the Street Furniture segment in the form of Advertising. The company has a geographical presence in Europe, Asia-Pacific, France, the Rest of the world, the United kingdom, and North America.

Science Applications International Corp provides technical, engineering, and enterprise IT services mainly to the U.S. government. Specifically, it offers end-to-end solutions spanning the design, development, integration, deployment, management and operations, sustainment, and security of the customer’s entire IT infrastructure. The company has two reportable segments which include Defense and Intelligence and the Civilian segment. Maximum revenue is generated from its Defense and Intelligence segment, which provides a diverse portfolio of national security solutions to the Department of Defence (DoD) and the Intelligence Community of the United States Government. The Civilian segment provides solutions to the civilian markets, encompassing federal, state, and local governments.

TIS Inc is a Japan-based company engaged in providing information technology (IT) related services. The company operates through five segments. The BPM segment delivers process improvement and outsourcing solutions using IT, business expertise, and human resources. The Financial IT and Industrial IT segments develop and promote business and IT strategies tailored to the financial sector and other industries, respectively. The Offering Service segment provides knowledge-based IT services built on the Group’s expertise and investments. The Wide Area IT Solution segment offers professional IT services across regions and customer sites to support problem-solving and business growth. The Others segment covers various IT services outside the core reporting categories.

Applied Digital Corp is a U.S. based designer, developer, owner, and operator of large-scale, purpose-built data centers engineered to support high-performance computing (HPC) workloads, including artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, and other accelerated-compute applications. It design, build, and operate high-performance, sustainably engineered data centers which it refer to as AI factories and deliver that capacity to investment-grade hyper scalers and other compute customers under long-term lease and hosting arrangements. The company has two segments Data Center Hosting Business, and HPC Hosting Business. The company generates majority of revenue from Data Center Hosting Business segment. Its solutions are Digital Infrastructure, and AI Factories.

Arabian Internet and Communications Services Co is an information and communication company. The company's revenue mainly comprises of Core ICT Services, IT Managed and Operational Services, and Digital Services. It derives the majority of its revenue from Core ICT Services.

Headquartered in the United Kingdom, WPP is the world’s largest ad holding company based on annual revenue. Its services, which include traditional and digital advertising, public relations, and consulting, are provided worldwide, with over 70% of its revenue coming from more developed regions such as North America, the UK, and Western Europe. WPP is the largest media buying entity in the world.

Outfront Media Inc is a real estate investment trust involved in the ownership of advertising space on its portfolio of billboards and transit displays. The Company generates revenue in the form of rental income by allowing other companies to advertise on its properties and structures under short-term contracts. Outfront Media segments its operations into the United States and International units. Although it also owns assets in Canada and Latin America, the company derives the vast majority of its revenue from billboard advertising agreements in the U.S. Roughly half of the U.S. division's revenue comes from its displays in the New York City and Los Angeles markets. Outfront Media's customers include entities within the retail, television, healthcare, and entertainment industries.

Reply is an Italian consulting, systems integration and digital services group headquartered in Turin. It is listed on Borsa Italiana, in the FTSE Italia Mid Cap and STAR indices, and is chaired by co-founder Mario Rizzante. The group operates as a network of specialised companies that design and implement solutions in artificial intelligence, big data, cloud computing, Internet of Things and cybersecurity. Founders of acquired companies join the group with the role of Partner Reply and keep developing their businesses inside it. Reply reported revenue of EUR 2.295 billion and net profit of EUR 211 million for 2024 and employed 15,660 people. It has grown through acquisitions in Germany, France, the United States and other markets, and has also invested in early-stage technology start-ups.