Cumulus Media Valuation Multiples

Publicis Groupe is a French communications group headquartered in Paris and listed on Euronext Paris. Marcel Bleustein-Blanchet founded it in 1926, and it has grown into one of the largest advertising and communications groups in the world. The group provides creative, media planning and buying, digital marketing, data and public relations services to corporate clients through networks such as Publicis, Saatchi & Saatchi, Leo Burnett, Zenith, Starcom and Performics. It operates in more than 100 countries and employs over 100,000 people. In the Czech Republic it ran its agencies through a holding co-owned with local co-founder Martin Stepanek from 1995 until it took full control of that holding in 2016. Revenue comes from fees and commissions on client campaigns and media spend.

Omnicom is a holding company that owns several advertising agencies and related firms. It provides traditional and digital advertising services that include creative design, market research, data analytics, ad placement, and public relations. The firm operates globally, providing services in more than 70 countries; it generates more than one half of its revenue in North America and nearly 30% in Europe.

Rogers Communications is the largest wireless service provider in Canada with more than 11 million subscribers, equating to one-third of the total Canadian market. Rogers' wireless business accounts for more than half of total revenue and has been growing at a higher rate than other segments. The cable segment, which provides about 38% of total revenue after acquiring Shaw, offers home internet, television, and landline phone service to consumers and businesses. Remaining sales come from Rogers' media unit, which owns and operates various television and radio stations and major Toronto sports franchises, including the Blue Jays, Maple Leafs, Raptors, Toronto FC, and Argonauts.

Focus Media Information Technology Co Ltd is an advertising company. The company's main business is the development and operation of Life Circle media. Its main products are building media (including elevator TV media and elevator poster media) and cinema screen advertising media, etc., covering the work scenes, life scenes, entertainment scenes, and consumption scenes of the mainstream urban consumer groups, and integrating into a life circle media network.

SiriusXM operates almost exclusively in the US through its SiriusXM and Pandora audio services. SiriusXM is primarily a satellite radio service that offers nationwide coverage and mostly ad-free listening, with proprietary channels and exclusive content. It makes agreements with automakers to install its radios in vehicles and give trial services to vehicle buyers, which have traditionally fed its subscriber base. The company provides the service via a fleet of geostationary satellites it owns and operates, and now offers a streaming SiriusXM option. Pandora, which accounts for a much smaller portion of revenue and profit, offers a subscription and ad-supported streaming music service that competes with industry giants such as Spotify, Apple Music, and YouTube Music.

BlueFocus Communication Group Co Ltd provides marketing and brand management services in China and internationally. It offers marketing and brand management services across various disciplines, including strategy, digital, advertising, media, social, PR, design, branding, CRM, data, e-commerce, and mobile solutions to various multinational companies and Chinese enterprises, such as IT, automobile, consumer goods, real estate, finance, and entertainment industries.

Dentsu Group is the top advertising agency in Japan and the fifth-largest advertising network in the world. It is the oldest advertising agency in Japan, with the original company being established in 1901. Over the years, Dentsu expanded its global footprint through mergers and acquisitions. Currently, international sales account for about 60% of total revenue.

JCDecaux SE is an outdoor advertising company. The company focuses on three main business areas namely Street Furniture, Transport advertising, and Billboard advertising. Street furniture advertising relates to bus stop advertising, newspaper kiosks, public benches, and free-standing panels. Transport which focuses on advertising in land transport networks and airports and Billboard Advertising which concerns the marketing of billboards, neon-light billboards, and advertising wraps. The company generates the majority of its revenue from the Street Furniture segment in the form of Advertising. The company has a geographical presence in Europe, Asia-Pacific, France, the Rest of the world, the United kingdom, and North America.

Headquartered in the United Kingdom, WPP is the world’s largest ad holding company based on annual revenue. Its services, which include traditional and digital advertising, public relations, and consulting, are provided worldwide, with over 70% of its revenue coming from more developed regions such as North America, the UK, and Western Europe. WPP is the largest media buying entity in the world.

Outfront Media Inc is a real estate investment trust involved in the ownership of advertising space on its portfolio of billboards and transit displays. The Company generates revenue in the form of rental income by allowing other companies to advertise on its properties and structures under short-term contracts. Outfront Media segments its operations into the United States and International units. Although it also owns assets in Canada and Latin America, the company derives the vast majority of its revenue from billboard advertising agreements in the U.S. Roughly half of the U.S. division's revenue comes from its displays in the New York City and Los Angeles markets. Outfront Media's customers include entities within the retail, television, healthcare, and entertainment industries.

RTL Group SA is a broadcasting television company with interests in television channels, video-on-demand platforms, and radio stations. The company has three main areas of business: broadcast, streaming, content, and digital. Broadcast includes television and radio; content includes content production and distribution, and digital includes online video and advertisement technology. Business segments include Mediengruppe RTL Deutschland, Groupe M6, Fremantle, RTL Nederland, and Other segments. The company's business units operate in Europe, predominantly in Germany, France, the United States, the UK, and Other regions.

CyberAgent is a prominent Japanese media company founded in 1998. Its core businesses include internet advertising, online broadcasting platforms, and gaming.

FUJI Media Holdings Inc operates as a certified broadcasting holding company engaged in media, content, and related businesses. The company has two reportable segments: Media & Content Business, which involves broadcasting, film and animation production, music publishing, advertising, and mail-order sales; and Urban Development & Tourism Business, which engages in building rental, real estate transactions, and hotel and resort management. The company earns the majority of its revenue in Japan.

Hakuhodo is the second-largest advertising agency in Japan, and one of the oldest advertising agencies, founded in 1895. Over the years, Hakuhodo has acquired many international companies, and overseas revenue currently accounts for 15% of total sales.

Strive Inc is a structured finance company and institutional asset manager focused on disciplined capital allocation and long term value creation. The company has adopted bitcoin as its hurdle rate for capital deployment because of its fiduciary duty to maximize long-term value for stockholders, and compounding purchasing power over time. It operates in two reportable operating segments: the Asset Management segment, which provides investment advisory services and the Corporate & Other segment, which includes the company's bitcoin treasury operations. The majority of the revenue is derived from the Asset Management segment.

Sun TV Network Ltd is a media and entertainment company. The group owns and operates a series of television networks across four languages in the news, music, action, life, movies, kids, and comedy genres. It also airs FM stations in several Indian languages. Its business activities are reported under a single segment, being Media and Entertainment. The company generates revenues from advertising, broadcasting fees, International subscriptions, other subscriptions, movie distribution, and content trading. Geographically, the group is focused on the Indian market with a few operations outside India.

Stroeer SE & Co KGaA is a Germany-based holding company focused on promotional media services outside of the home. It operates in three main business segments, Out of Home (OOH) Media which generates key revenue, Digital & Dialog Media, and DaaS & E-commerce. The OOH Media segment encompasses the Group's entire OOH advertising business, comprising the Classic OOH, Digital OOH, and OOH services product groups. Digital & Dialog Media segment provides solutions for online advertising in the context of proprietary and third-party content. The scalable products marketed on this basis range from branding and storytelling to performance, native advertising, and social media. Geographically, it generates the majority of its revenue from Germany.

Founded in 2008 as a media content platform, Autohome is the leading online automobile platform in China, ranking first among automotive service platforms in terms of mobile daily active users, according to QuestMobile. Through its two websites, autohome.com.cn and che168.com, Autohome delivers comprehensive, independent, and interactive content and tools to automobile consumers as well as a full suite of services to automakers and dealers. According to iResearch, the company was the largest online automotive advertising and lead-generation service provider in China's online auto platform media advertising market, in terms of media services and lead-generation revenue.

Stagwell Inc is the challenger holding company built to transform marketing. It delivers scaled creative performance for the world's ambitious brands, connecting culture-moving creativity with a technology to harmonize the art and science of marketing. The company's segments include Integrated Agencies Network; Brand Performance Network; and Communications Network. It generates maximum revenue from the Integrated Agencies Network segment. Geographically, it derives a majority of its revenue from the United States.

Havas NV is a communications group providing integrated advertising, media, and healthcare-focused communication services. Its has three business lines: (i) Havas Creative, which delivers creative services, from advertising, brand strategy and business transformation to digital and social media solutions as well as public relations and events; (ii) Havas Media, which is dedicated to delivering comprehensive media experiences, through media planning and buying, fan engagement, retail media and e-commerce, as well as data analytics services to optimize client advertising investments; and (iii) Havas Health, which focuses on healthcare and wellness communications, providing specialized marketing services to pharmaceutical companies. The majority of revenue is derived from Havas Creative.

MFE-MediaForEurope is a commercial TV operator in the Italian and Spanish commercial TV sector, offering free-to-air television programming on general interest channels (Canale 5, Italia 1 and Rete 4 in Italy, and Tele5 and Cuatro in Spain) and a wide portfolio of semigeneralist and thematic channels available in linear and on-demand OTT services comprising a broad range of cinema, TV series and children's channel content. The group generates maximum revenue from TV advertising, and the rest from sales of TV rights and productions, pay streaming service, movie distribution, construction, rental, and maintenance of TV equipment, etc. The company's operating segments are: Italy, which is its key revenue-generating market, and Spain.

4imprint Group PLC is engaged in the sale and distribution of promotional products. The company operates in two geographical segments; North America and the United Kingdom and Ireland, Out of which a majority of its revenue is derived from the North American segment. Its products comprise apparel, stationery, technology, and food products among others. The company's plan of action involves achieving organic growth. This implies the use of data-driven, offline, and online direct marketing techniques thereby capturing large and fragmented promotional product markets.

Guangdong Advertising Group Co Ltd is a advertising and marketing company. It provides professional marketing services.

CHEIL Worldwide Inc is a Korean-based advertising and media firm. The company mainly provides strategic, creative, experimental, digital and creative solutions. Its services involve brand activation and retail marketing. It also provides its clients around the world with integrated marketing solutions.

Zhewen Interactive Group Co Ltd is engaged in digital marketing, with technology and data driving traffic operations, and digging into the value of traffic. It provides corporate marketing planning, corporate image planning, exhibition and display services; design, production, agency, and advertising.

Atresmedia Corporacion de Medios de Comunicacion SA is in the provision of audiovisual media services in any type of broadcasting. It is engaged in television, radio, films, advertising and the Internet. Its operating segments are Audiovisual segment: includes the Television and Other businesses activities; Radio segment: relates to the Radio activity. The company generates majority of revenue from Audiovisual segment. The group identifies a single geographical segment, Spain.

Metropole Television SA is a media holding company that owns several television channels, magazines, publications, and movie production firms. Metropole Television SA's flagship channel is M6, a multimedia television network that displays a wide variety of content and includes dramas, news, comedies, films, and documentaries. Furthermore, Metropole owns production houses and operates digital content publications. It has four reportable segments which includes Television, Radio, Production & Audiovisual Rights and Diversification involves distribution of niche products, other online revenues, Interactions division. The company generates the vast majority of its revenue from France and also from Television segment.

Beijing Gehua CATV Network Co Ltd is engaged in the development and maintenance of radio and television networks. It is involved in the transfer and transmission of radio and television programs, video on demand, network information service business, internet access services based on cable television networks, internet data transmission value-added services, domestic IP telephony services, and cable television advertising design, production, and distribution services. The service scope covers cities, districts, streets, communities and other levels, covering education, finance, medical care, environmental protection, transportation, commerce, safety supervision and other fields.

Hunan TV & Broadcast Intermediary Co Ltd operates in the advertising industry.

Huawen Media Group operates in the media industry. Its business activities include financial media platforms, regional information media and related extension services, advertising consisting of radio advertising and building media.

Clear Channel Outdoor Holdings Inc is a provider of out-of-home advertising solutions. The company offers advertisers an opportunity to reach mass audiences across various high-traffic public spaces, by using its diverse portfolio of assets including roadside billboards, street furniture, and airport displays. Its reportable segments are; America (U.S. operations excluding airports), Airports (U.S. and Caribbean airport operations), and Other. A majority of its revenue is generated from the America segment which generates revenue from the sale of advertising on printed and digital out-of-home advertising displays such as bulletins, posters, street furniture, and others. Geographically, the company generates maximum revenue from the United States followed by Singapore.

Plan B Media PCL is principally engaged in providing advertising media production, advertising space, and airtime rental services. The group has two principal reportable segments, which are the Out-of-home media segment comprising advertising media production, advertising space and airtime rental services, and Engagement marketing segment comprising sports marketing and artist management. The majority of its revenue is derived from the Out-of-home media segment.

Stingray Group Inc is a provider of multi-platform music services. It broadcasts music and video content on several platforms, including radio stations, premium television channels, digital TV, satellite TV, IPTV, the Internet, mobile devices, and game consoles. The company's reportable segments are: Broadcasting and commercial music, Radio, and Corporate and eliminations. The maximum revenue is generated from its Broadcasting and commercial music segment, which specializes in the broadcast of music and videos on multiple platforms and digital signage experiences and generates revenues from subscriptions or contracts. Geographically, the company derives its key revenue from the United States and the rest from Canada and other countries.

APG SGA SA is a Swiss out-of-home advertising media company. As a media company, it transports advertising messages into public and private areas with posters, screens, and related media as promotions and mobile advertising. This media performance is generated in streets, city centers, pedestrian zones, railway stations, shopping centers, airports, tourist resorts, and on the outside and inside of public transport vehicles. The company's regional segments are Switzerland, and Serbia, out of which a majority of its revenue comes from Switzerland.

Ciwen Media Co Ltd is a China-based company engaged in the investment, manufacture, and publication of movie and television plays. It is also engaged in the research, development, and promotion of games, artist brokerage business and the provision of information technology. The company distributes its products within domestic market and to overseas markets.

Vector Inc is a Japanese-based company involved in four main businesses which are public relation (PR), Digital PR, Facebook marketing and Facebook marketing business. The company provides various services as per the requirements of companies and consumers. In addition, it also offers other services covering areas such as management, finance, accounting, human resources, administration, internal controls, and audits.

OOh media operates a network of out-of-home advertising sites with a commanding 35% share of the Australian market, and also has a sizable presence in New Zealand. It boasts a diverse portfolio of locations to service the needs of out-of-home marketers, and is particularly strong in the roadside billboard, street furniture and rail, and retail (shopping malls) segments. OOh!media offers these advertising services by entering into space lease arrangements with owners of out-of-home sites, and extracting margins on those lease concessions from firms advertising on those sites. oOh!media is effectively an intermediary allowing site owners to monetize their visible space in high-traffic areas.

FILA-Fabbrica Italiana, known as F.I.L.A., is an Italian manufacturer of art, craft and school supplies founded in 1920 and headquartered in Milan. It is listed on Euronext Milan and sells coloring, drawing, modelling, writing and painting tools under brands that include Giotto, Das, Lyra, Canson, Daler-Rowney, Dixon Ticonderoga and Maimeri. The group has grown through a series of acquisitions, among them Adica Pongo, Dixon Ticonderoga, Lyra, Lapiceria Mexicana, Lycin, Daler-Rowney Lukas, Canson and Pacon, and in January 2026 it took control of Seven, a school backpack and stationery maker. It reported 2024 group revenue of 612.6 million euros with normalized EBITDA of 118.2 million euros, and holds a minority stake in the Indian listed company Doms Industries.

Arabian Contracting Services Co is an outdoor advertising solution provider, offering clients expertise across a multitude of platforms and disciplines. It is mainly engaged in establishing and operating outdoor advertising billboards, including roadside and indoor advertisements. The group's operating segments are Advertising and Others. The Advertising segment, which generates a majority of its revenue, is engaged in the provision of indoor and outdoor advertisements. The Others segment includes all types of printing work and retail sales by mail. Geographically, the group derives maximum revenue from its business in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and also has a presence in the Arab Republic of Egypt and the United Arab Emirates.

Entravision Communications Corp owns and operates Spanish language television and radio stations in the United States. The Company also owns and operates a smaller group of television stations that broadcast English language programming and has operations that provide programmatic advertising technology and services. The Company has organized its operations into two reportable segments. Its media segment includes its television, radio, and digital marketing operations. Its advertising and technology services segment provides programmatic advertising and technology services. The company generates the majority of its revenue from the Media segment. Geographically, the company generates the majority of its revenue from the United States.

Innocean Worldwide Inc is a Korea-based company that conducts its business as an advertising agency. The company is engaged in the production of commercial advertising and promotional materials, and other related business activities. The group has a single segment of advertising agencies, from where it generates its entire revenue.

FS Development Investment Holdings is a Chinese marketing-communications group headquartered at Oriental Plaza in Beijing and listed on the ChiNext board of the Shenzhen Stock Exchange (stock code 300071); it was formerly named Spearhead Integrated Marketing Communication Group (Huayi Jiaxin). Its services fall into three lines: digital marketing, covering content, social-media, video, live-stream and private-domain marketing and influencer placement; experiential marketing built around brand events and interactive activities; and public relations and advertising, including brand strategy, media relations and crisis management. It runs its own AIGC tools, the DS AI Chain platform and the FlinkAI full-funnel marketing platform, and its public-relations subsidiary ranked 21st in PRovoke Media's 2024 global top 250 PR agencies. Clients are brand owners that pay fees for campaigns; carmakers supplied about 45% of 2024 revenue, with brands such as Changan Mazda, Ford, Wuling, Honor and Vivo among its award-winning accounts. In 2024 the group reported revenue of 1.22 billion yuan, down 11.5%, a net loss attributable to shareholders of 130.5 million yuan, and 787 employees. The company was founded in January 2003 and listed on 21 April 2010, raising 325 million yuan at 25 yuan a share. Chen Yongliang, its actual controller with a 10.2% stake, has been chairman since November 2020.

Nrj Group is a media company operating as a publisher, producer, broadcaster and marketing its own media spaces. It operates with the brand names NRJ, CHERIE FM, NOSTALGIE and RIRE & SONGS. The company operates two free national channels under the brand name NRJ 12 and CHERIE 25 and a pay channel under the brand NRJ HITS. It also operates an international radio station and production of musical theatre. The company operates in France as well as an outside country either through direct operations or through NRJ / ENERGY brand licenses, the first international radio brand, and/or NOSTALGIE / NOSTALGIA.

Gray Media Inc is a multimedia company. The company owns and operates local television stations and digital assets. It also owns Gray Digital Media, a full-service digital agency offering national and local clients digital marketing strategies with digital products and services. Its additional media properties include video production companies Raycom Sports, Tupelo Media Group, and PowerNation Studios, and studio production facilities Assembly Atlanta and Third Rail Studios.

Italian Exhibition Group is an Italian trade fair and congress organiser formed in 2016 by the merger of Rimini Fiera and Fiera di Vicenza and listed on Euronext Milan since 2019. It runs exhibition and congress venues in Rimini and Vicenza and organises events in food and beverage, jewellery and fashion, tourism and hospitality, wellness and sport, and green technology. The group has expanded abroad through joint ventures and acquisitions in the United States, the Middle East, Brazil, Mexico and China. For 2025 it reported revenues of 266.4 million euros and adjusted EBITDA of 70.9 million euros. Corrado Peraboni is managing director and chief executive. Revenue comes from stand space rental, services to exhibitors and visitors, congress hosting and venue management.

RCS MediaGroup is an Italian multimedia publishing group based in Milan that publishes the newspapers Corriere della Sera and La Gazzetta dello Sport, magazines, books, digital content and television, and organises sports events. It also owns Unidad Editorial in Spain, publisher of El Mundo and Marca. The company is listed on the Italian stock exchange and has been controlled by Cairo Communication since 2016, with Urbano Cairo as chairman and chief executive. Revenue was EUR 428 million in the first half of 2026. It has bought digital businesses such as Polis Medialink and sold non-core holdings such as IGP Decaux and RCS Gaming.

INTAGE HOLDINGS Inc is engaged in the provision of marketing research and consulting system solutions, and healthcare development support in Japan.

Beijing Quanshi World Online Network Information Co Ltd is engaged in providing customers with integrated internet marketing services and enterprise-level SaaS marketing services.