Factorial Energy Valuation Multiples

Tesla is a vertically integrated battery electric vehicle automaker and developer of real world artificial intelligence software, which includes autonomous driving and humanoid robots. The company has multiple vehicles in its fleet, which include luxury and midsize sedans, crossover SUVs, a light truck, and a semi truck. Tesla also plans to begin selling a sports car and offer a robotaxi service. Global deliveries in 2025 were nearly 1.64 million vehicles. The company sells batteries for stationary storage for residential and commercial properties including utilities and solar panels and solar roofs for energy generation. Tesla also owns a fast-charging network and an auto insurance business.

CATL, headquartered in Ningde, Fujian Province, is a global leading battery manufacturer founded in 2011. The company specializes in the development and production of lithium-ion batteries for EVs and energy storage systems. CATL is the largest EV battery manufacturer in the world and leads the industry in innovative battery technology development for higher-energy density and safety, longer battery service life and super-fast charging. CATL is also involved in the manufacturing of cathode and other related battery materials. Through its subsidiary Brunp, it works with customers to create a closed-loop battery life cycle from production, application, to recycling.

LG Energy Solution is the third-largest battery maker for electric vehicles with about 11% global share in 2024, according to SNE Research. The EV battery segment is the largest revenue contributor, which accounted for more than 60% of total revenue in 2024. LGES also manufactures batteries for mobility, mobile phones, laptops, electrical devices, and energy storage systems. The company was spun off from LG Chem’s battery division in December 2020 and listed on the Korea Exchange in January 2022. It has global manufacturing facilities in Korea, China, Poland, and the United States. Key customers include General Motors, Tesla, Volkswagen, Hyundai, and Stellantis.

Vistra Corp. is one of the largest power producers and retail energy providers in the USA. It owns 44 gigawatts of generation capacity, including natural gas (27 GW), nuclear (6.5 GW), coal (8.7 GW), and solar and battery storage (1.4 GW). The Cogentrix acquisition will add 5.5 GW of gas generation. Vistra's retail electricity business serves 5 million customers in 20 states, including almost a third of all Texas electricity consumers. Vistra emerged from the Energy Future Holdings bankruptcy as a stand-alone entity in 2016.

LG Chem Ltd manufactures and sells a variety of chemicals, electronics, and energy storage products. The company operates through five segments, including Petrochemical, LG Energy Solution, Advanced Materials, Life Science, and Others. The Petrochemical segment produces ABS, PC, PE, PP, acrylics, alcohols, synthetic rubber, special resins, and olefins. LG Energy Solution supplies small batteries, automotive batteries, and energy-storage batteries. The Advanced Materials segment provides engineering and display materials, cathode materials, separators, and RO filters. The Life Science segment offers growth hormones, vaccines, diabetes treatments, and pesticides, while Common & Others covers corporate management, sales, and R&D activities.

Enlight Renewable Energy Ltd develops, finances, constructs, owns, and operates utility-scale renewable energy projects. The company’s operating segments are the MENA segment, Europe segment, U.S.A segment, and Others. It generates the majority of its revenue from the Europe segment, which produces its revenue from the sale of the electricity that is produced through wind energy and solar energy in Europe.

Canmax Technologies Co Ltd is engaged in Research and development, production and sales of new energy lithium battery materials products, anti-static ultra-clean technology products and medical equipment products.

Ecopro Co Ltd is engaged in the battery materials business, mainly serving the lithium-ion battery industry. The company operates through two reportable segments: Battery Materials business and Other business. The Battery Materials business segment focuses on cathode materials, the core components used in lithium-ion batteries, and also covers precursors, lithium, and recycling activities related to the cathode materials business.

Chart Industries provides a variety of cryogenic equipment for storage, distribution, and other processes within the industrial gas and liquefied natural gas industries. It also provides natural gas processing solutions for the natural gas industry and specialty products that serve a variety of spaces, including hydrogen, biofuels, cannabis, and water treatment. The firm acquired Howden in a significant deal in early 2023, roughly doubling the size of the company. It plans to merge with Flowserve by the end of 2025.

EnerSys provides stored energy solutions for industrial applications. It also manufactures and distributes energy systems solutions and motive power batteries, specialty batteries, battery chargers, power equipment, battery accessories, and outdoor equipment enclosure solutions to customers. Energy Systems that combine enclosures, power conversion, power distribution, and energy storage are used in the telecommunication and broadband, utility industries, uninterruptible power supplies, and numerous applications requiring stored energy solutions. Its segments include Energy Systems, Motive Power, and Specialty.

Beijing HyperStrong Technology Co Ltd is engaged in research and development, production and sales of electrochemical energy storage systems. It is a ESS integrator and service provider. Its product include HyperBlock III, HyperBlock II, HyperCube Pro, HyperBox, etc.

Koninklijke Vopak NV is a tank storage provider for the oil and chemical industry. The company provides storage facilities and handling services for bulk liquid products and gases, including oil, chemicals, gases, liquefied natural gas, and biofuels. It operates a network of terminals located at strategic locations along key trade routes around the world. The company organizes itself into the following six reporting segments, which are principally based on its geographical markets: Asia & Middle East, China & North Asia, Netherlands, Singapore, USA & Canada, and All other Business Units (consisting of business units Brazil, North Latin America, South Africa, and Belgium). The majority of its revenue is generated from the Netherlands.

Sunwoda Electronic Co Ltd is engaged in research and development, design, production, and sales of lithium-ion battery modules. The company's Li-ion battery product covers Li-ion batteries for mobile phones, digital cameras, laptops, netbooks, electronic paper books, power-driven tools, industrial mobile lighting, and medical equipment.

Enagas SA is a Spanish utility company involved in the transport, storage, and regasification of natural gas. Its segment include operations into Infrastructure activity, Technical system management, and Non-regulated activities businesses.

Liontown Ltd is a battery minerals provider focused on supplying minerals used in energy and industrial applications. It holds two lithium deposits in Western Australia and seeks to expand its portfolio through exploration, partnerships, and acquisitions. The company also considers participating in downstream activities where having control of mineral deposits may offer operational advantages.

QuantumScape Corporation is an American company that researches and develops solid-state rechargeable lithium metal batteries for use in electric cars. It was founded in 2010 and is headquartered in San Jose, California, employs around 850 people. Major investors include Volkswagen Group and Bill Gates.

GoodWe Technologies Co Ltd is engaged in Research and development, production and sales of new energy power supply equipment such as solar energy and energy storage.

Gibson Energy Inc is an oil infrastructure company engaged in the storage, optimization, processing, and gathering of liquids and refined products, as well as waterborne vessel loading. The company's reportable segments are: Infrastructure and Marketing. The majority of its revenue is generated from the Marketing segment, which is involved in the purchasing, selling, storing, and optimizing of hydrocarbon products (such as crude oil, natural gas liquids, road asphalt, etc.) and marketing its refined products. The Marketing segment sources the majority of its hydrocarbon products from Western Canada as well as the Permian Basin and markets those products throughout Canada and the United States. Geographically, the company generates maximum revenue from Canada.

Aegis Logistics Ltd. is an oil, gas, and petrochemical logistics company based out of India. It operates a network of bulk liquid handling terminals, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) terminals, filling plants, pipelines, and gas stations to deliver products and services. Clients consist mainly of Indian industrial companies and retail customers that utilize gas stations. The majority of revenue is derived from gas terminal operations. Gas logistics encompasses complete supply chain management and delivers both pressurized and refrigerated cargoes to several ports on the coastline of India, including its own LPG terminals. Terminals include tank farm installations and are connected by pipelines at various sites. The pipelines handle exportation and importation of various products.

Versigent PLC designs and manufactures low- and high-voltage electrical architectures. Its products include signal, power, and data distribution systems used in sectors such as automotive, commercial vehicles, agriculture, and energy storage. The company operates engineering and manufacturing facilities across multiple regions and serves customers through an international network.

Fluence Energy Inc provides intelligent energy storage and optimization software for renewables and storage. Its energy storage solutions and operational services support a more resilient grid and help unlock the potential of renewable portfolios. The company’s offerings include energy storage solutions, recurring operational and maintenance services, and Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) products designed to meet customer business needs, performance requirements, in-house capabilities, and risk profiles. Its service plans offer varying levels of training, maintenance, guarantees, warranties, and support for active system management. The company operates in the Americas, APAC and EMEA, with the majority of revenue coming from the Americas.

Rockpoint Gas Storage Inc owns and operates natural gas storage facilities across North America, providing critical capacity for the reliable supply of natural gas in key producing and consuming regions. The company generates revenue by offering customizable natural gas storage solutions to clients, and is categorized into Fee for Service revenue and Optimization revenue. It also operates Access Gas Services, which delivers natural gas supply and related services to commercial, industrial, and residential customers in Canada. The company’s assets are strategically located in regions including Alberta, California, Oklahoma, and Texas. Its business focuses on managing and optimizing natural gas storage infrastructure without owning physical retail outlets.

Voltronic Power Technology Corp is a Taiwan-based company that manufactures and distributes uninterruptible power supplies (UPSs), photovoltaic products, and electronic materials. Its products includes UPS, PV Inverter, Energy Storage System, Variable Frequency Drive, and EV Charger. Geographically, it operates in Taiwan, China and Vietnam, of which it derives maximum revenue from Taiwan.

T1 Energy Inc is an energy solutions provider building an integrated U.S. supply chain for solar and batteries. The group manufactures and sells photovoltaic (PV) solar modules in the United States for U.S. customers.

Amprius Technologies Inc is engaged in the production of silicon anodes for high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries. The company develops, manufactures and markets lithium-ion batteries for mobility applications, including the aviation, electric vehicle (EV) and light electric vehicle (LEV) industries. The company's batteries are used for existing and emerging aviation applications, including unmanned aerial systems, such as drones and high-altitude pseudo satellites.

Ola Electric Mobility Ltd is a pure EV player in India and is building vertically integrated technology and manufacturing capabilities for EVs and EV components, including cells. The company manufactures EVs and certain core EV components like battery packs, motors and vehicle frames at the Ola Futurefactory. Its business focuses on capturing the opportunity arising out of electrification of mobility in India and it also seeks opportunities to export its EVs in select international markets in the future.

Eos Energy Enterprises Inc designs develop, manufactures, and markets zinc-based energy storage solutions for utility-scale, microgrid, and commercial & industrial (C&I) applications. The solutions are used in the utility sector, the renewable energy sector, and the industrial sector. It's flagship product Eos Znyth is a stationary battery energy storage system.

SMA Solar Technology AG produces, develops, and sells systems and solutions for the efficient and sustainable generation, storage and use of solar energy. Its products include PV and battery inverters, monitoring systems for PV systems, charging solutions for electric vehicles as well as energy management systems, and digital services for the future energy supply. The company operates through the following segments; Home Solutions, Commercial & Industrial Solutions, and Large Scale & Project Solutions. The Large Scale & Project Solutions segment, which derives key revenue for the company, offers products, systems and solutions for industrial solar, storage and hydrogen projects as well as for the conversion of utility grids to a higher proportion of renewable energy.

Enovix Corp is engaged in designing, developing, manufacturing, and commercializing Lithium-ion, or Li-ion, battery cells. It uses BreakFlow and Encapsulation technologies to manufacture high capacity and resilient batteries. The company's product portfolio comprises power disc batteries, flexible lithium-ion polymer batteries, superior lithium-ion polymer batteries, active silicon lithium-ion cells, and others. Geographically, the company generates maximum revenue from its customers in South Korea, followed by Switzerland, the United States, Norway, Taiwan, and other regions.

Camel Group Co Ltd is engaged in the research and development, production, sale, and recycling of lead acid batteries. It produces various types of batteries, including flooded automobile battery, AGM battery, flooded traction battery, lithium-ion battery, and pure lead battery. Its products are widely used in automobiles, agricultural vehicles, ships, forklifts, and various special purposes.

Sinopec Kantons Holdings Ltd is a company that operates in the storage, logistics, and trading industry. It provides crude oil and oil product terminals, ancillary facilities, and logistics services including storage, transportation, and terminal services. The company has two main segments: the crude oil jetty and storage services segment and the vessel chartering and logistics services segment. The company generates the majority of its revenue from the crude oil jetty and storage services segment, which caters to crude oil transportation, unloading, storage, and other jetty services for oil tankers in the PRC, Europe, and the Middle East. Geographically, the company generates all of its revenue from the PRC.

FuelCell Energy Inc is a clean energy technology company engaged in the development, design, production, and servicing of high temperature fuel cells for clean electric power generation. The Company provides proprietary molten carbonate fuel cell systems that generate electricity electrochemically with ultra low emissions and high efficiency, and operates as a solutions provider managing the design, manufacturing, installation, and maintenance of its systems under long term power purchase, service, and engineering procurement agreements. The Company serves utilities, data centers, and commercial and industrial customers, and operates in the United States, South Korea, Europe, and Canada, with maximum revenue generated from the United States.

Henan Yicheng New Energy Co Ltd is engaged in the production of solar crustal wafer cutting blade, recycling of waste mortar, solar power station construction, production and sales of negative electrode materials, and production and sales of monocrystalline silicon cells.

Jadranski Naftovod DD is mainly engaged in oil transportation activities and storage of oil and refinery products. The company operates the JANAF system which is an international crude oil transportation system consists of crude oil handling terminals and pipelines in Sisak, Gola, Virje, Sotin and Slavonski Brod and the accompanying pumping and metering stations. It also involved in the reloading and storage of crude oil and oil products as well as provision of engineering and technical advisory services.

ADS-TEC Energy PLC produces, develops, and markets battery-buffered EV charging systems infrastructure, battery storage systems, and cloud-based services that enable the customer to control and manage the system. ADSE generates revenue mainly through the sale of its products, services, and Big-LinX. Geographically, it derives a majority of its revenue from Germany.

Matthews International Corp is a provider of memorialization products, industrial technologies and brand solutions. The company's segments are Memorialization, Industrial Technologies and Brand Solutions. The memorialization offerings include bronze and granite memorials, caskets, and cremation-related products and equipment for cemeteries and funeral homes. Its Industrial Technologies segment designs, manufactures, services, and sells custom energy storage systems and product identification and warehouse automation solutions. The Brand Solutions segment provides brand management, pre-media, printing plates and cylinders, imaging, digital asset management, merchandising displays, and marketing and design services. The majority of revenue is generated by Memorialization.

Veken Technology Co Ltd is engaged in the manufacturing and sales of lithium-ion batteries. Its products portfolio includes 3C Digital battery and Power battery. The company products cover ares such as passenger car, special vehicle, household appliances, and energy storage batteries. It is also used in smartphones, tablets, notebook, and computers.

Kempower Corp designs, manufactures and commercializes charging solutions and services for electric vehicles and machines. Geographically, it derives a majority of its revenue from Rest of Europe regions and it also has a presence in Nordics, North America and Rest of the World. Its charging solutions include Kempower Power Unit; Kempower Movable Charger; Kempower Station Charger; Kempower ChargEye for Depots; Kempower ChargEye for CPOs and others.

Energy Vault Holdings Inc is a grid-scale energy storage company that is driving a faster transition to renewable power by solving the intermittence issues that are inherent to the prevalent sources of renewable energy, solar and wind. Geographical presence in United States, China and Other. Majority of its revenue comes from U.S.

Solid Power Inc is engaged in solid-state battery technology and manufacturing processes. Its core technology is a sulfide-based solid electrolyte material, which replaces the liquid or gel electrolyte used in traditional lithium-ion battery cells. Its commercialization plan is to manufacture and sell electrolytes to Tier 1 battery manufacturers and automotive original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) that choose to produce its battery cells.

West Indies Petroleum Terminal Ltd is engaged in the purchase and distribution of petroleum products. This includes the distribution of fuel in Jamaica and the Caribbean; sale of marine lubricants mainly to sea going vessels; and bunker trading in Jamaican waters. WIP is headquarters in Kingston, Jamaica. It generates revenue from the storage and delivery of fuel products on behalf of its customers for a fee.

FTAI Infrastructure Inc is engaged in five segments; Railroad segment includes five freight railroads and one switching company that provide rail service to certain manufacturing and production facilities, the Jefferson Terminal segment consists of a multi-modal crude oil and refined products terminal and other related assets. Repauno segment consists of a 1,630-acre deep-water port located along the Delaware River with an underground storage cavern, a new multipurpose dock, a rail-to-ship transloading system, and multiple industrial development opportunities. Power and Gas segment is comprised of an equity method investment in Long Ridge, and Sustainability and Energy Transition segment is comprised of Aleon/Gladieux, Clean Planet, and CarbonFree.

Electrovaya Inc is a technology-focused lithium-ion battery company engaged in designing, developing and manufacturing battery cells, modules and systems based on its proprietary Infinity Battery Technology, which provides high safety performance, long cycle life and durability. The Company supplies low-voltage and high-voltage battery systems for industrial and transportation markets, including material-handling equipment, robotic vehicles, electric buses and trucks, and energy-storage installations, and its products are suitable for mission-critical applications. it maintains an expanding intellectual-property portfolio, develops next-generation solid-state and hybrid solid-state battery technologies, and sells its products through OEM relationships, dealer networks and direct sales.

American Battery Technology Co is an integrated critical battery minerals company that develops technologies for both primary battery minerals manufacturing and lithium-ion battery recycling. It operates battery recycling facilities that process materials from electric vehicle batteries, stationary battery energy storage systems, and consumer electronics. Additionally, the company advances lithium production projects using proprietary technology to produce battery-grade lithium hydroxide. It generates revenue mainly from its recycling operations and is expanding capacity with strategic partnerships and government grants. The company’s activities focus on creating a closed-loop battery materials supply chain to support sustainable manufacturing in the United States.

SES AI Corp is a developer and manufacturer of high-performance, AI-enhanced Lithium-Metal (Li-Metal) and Lithium-ion (Li-ion) rechargeable battery technologies for electric vehicles (EVs), Urban Air Mobility (UAM), drones, robotics, Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) and other applications. It includes Software and Hardware products that are EV, UAM, Drone, Molecular Universe, and Avatar.

Microvast Holdings Inc is a technology innovator that designs, develops, and manufactures lithium-ion battery solutions. It is renowned for its cutting-edge cell technology and its vertical integration capabilities which extends from core battery chemistry to battery packs.

Alfen NV is engaged in the business of developing, producing, and selling various products, systems, and services related to the electricity grid. The company's business segments are Smart Grid Solutions, Energy Storage Systems, and EV Charging Equipment. Geographically, the company derives maximum revenue from the Netherlands, followed by Belgium and Finland.

Hexagon Composites ASA is a supplier of clean energy technology for gas storage, distribution, fuel systems, and drivetrains. Its operating segments are Hexagon Agility & CNG LDV, Hexagon Purus, Hexagon Digital Wave, and Hexagon Ragasco LPG. Hexagon Agility & CNG LDV segment offers natural gas fuel systems and delivery solutions for the mobility market. Hexagon Purus is a provider of technology needed for zero-emission mobility. The Hexagon Digital Wave segment offers cylinder testing and monitoring technology. Hexagon Ragasco LPG segment is a manufacturer of composite LPG cylinders. It operates through Europe, North America, Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and Norway geographic regions.