Energy Vault Valuation Multiples

Tesla is a vertically integrated battery electric vehicle automaker and developer of real world artificial intelligence software, which includes autonomous driving and humanoid robots. The company has multiple vehicles in its fleet, which include luxury and midsize sedans, crossover SUVs, a light truck, and a semi truck. Tesla also plans to begin selling a sports car and offer a robotaxi service. Global deliveries in 2025 were nearly 1.64 million vehicles. The company sells batteries for stationary storage for residential and commercial properties including utilities and solar panels and solar roofs for energy generation. Tesla also owns a fast-charging network and an auto insurance business.

GE Vernova is a global leader in the electric power industry, with products and services that generate, transfer, convert, and store electricity. The company has three business segments: power, wind, and electrification. Power includes gas, nuclear, hydroelectric, and steam technologies, providing dispatchable power. The wind segment includes wind generation technologies, including onshore and offshore wind turbines and blades. Electrification includes grid solutions, power conversion, electrification software, and solar and storage solutions technologies required for the transmission, distribution, conversion, and storage of electricity from the point of generation to the point of consumption.

CATL, headquartered in Ningde, Fujian Province, is a global leading battery manufacturer founded in 2011. The company specializes in the development and production of lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicle and energy storage systems. CATL is the largest EV battery manufacturer in the world and leads the industry in innovative battery technology development for higher-energy density and safety, longer battery service life, and super-fast charging. CATL is also involved in the manufacturing of cathode and other related battery materials. Through subsidiary Brunp, it works with customers to create a closed-loop battery life cycle from production, application, to recycling.

Iberdrola is one of the largest utilities in the world with electric utility operations in nearly 40 countries. The company has a 57-gigawatt portfolio of hydro, wind, natural gas, and nuclear power plants. It is one of the largest owners of wind farms in the world, representing about 40% of its portfolio. Although the company has recently developed or acquired distribution and power generation assets in other geographic areas, Spain is still home to more than half of its power generation capacity. Iberdrola also owns and operates electricity and distribution networks in Spain, the UK, Brazil, and the US.

Siemens Energy manufactures a wide range of equipment used to generate and transmit energy. The group is a product of the spinout from Siemens AG in 2020, consisting of the power and gas segment and Siemens Gamesa, although its operations go back over 150 years. Approximately one-sixth of global electricity generation is based on its technology.

Constellation Energy Corp producer of carbon-free energy and a supplier of energy products and services. The company offers generating capacity that includes nuclear, wind, solar, natural gas, and hydroelectric assets. It sells electricity, natural gas, and other energy-related products and sustainable solutions to various types of customers, including distribution utilities, municipalities, cooperatives, and commercial, industrial, public sector, and residential customers in markets across multiple geographic regions. Its operating segments and reporting units are Mid-Atlantic, Midwest, New York, ERCOT, and Other Power Regions.

China Yangtze Power Co Ltd business activities include hydroelectric power generation, power distribution and sales, overseas power station's operation, management, consultation services, investment, and financing. It has also established its power distribution and sales platforms such as Three Gorges Water Conservancy and Peru LuzdelSur. The company owns the power generation assets of four hydropower plants on the mainstream of the Yangtze River, namely Three Gorges, Gezhouba, Xiluodu, and Xiangjiaba.

Bloom Energy is a San Jose-based energy-technology company founded in 2001. It designs and manufactures solid-oxide fuel-cell systems that generate electricity on site from natural gas, biogas or hydrogen without conventional combustion. Commercial and government customers use Bloom Energy Servers for resilient distributed power at data centres, industrial sites, campuses and other facilities. The company also develops electrolyser systems for hydrogen production and provides installation and long-term service support. Revenue comes from equipment and installation sales, electricity arrangements and recurring service contracts. Bloom was privately held when NZ Super Fund made its 2013 and 2014 investments and later became publicly listed, but the recorded transactions concern its private growth phase.

SLB is the world’s premier oilfield-services company as measured by market share. While the industry is largely fragmented, SLB holds the first or second competitive position in many of the differentiated oligopolies in which it operates. Also known as Schlumberger, the company was founded in 1926 by two brothers bearing the same last name. Today, it’s most known as a global industry leader in innovation, while it focuses its strategy on its three growth engines: core, digital, and new energy businesses. Over three-fourths of its revenue base is tied to international markets, while the company boasts nearly $3 billion in digital-related revenue.

LG Energy Solution is the third-largest battery maker for electric vehicles with about 11% global share in 2024, according to SNE Research. The EV battery segment is the largest revenue contributor, which accounted for more than 60% of total revenue in 2024. LGES also manufactures batteries for mobility, mobile phones, laptops, electrical devices, and energy storage systems. The company was spun off from LG Chem’s battery division in December 2020 and listed on the Korea Exchange in January 2022. It has global manufacturing facilities in Korea, China, Poland, and the United States. Key customers include General Motors, Tesla, Volkswagen, Hyundai, and Stellantis.

Following a 2022 reorganization, Baker Hughes operates in two segments: oilfield services and equipment, and industrial and energy technology. The firm's oilfield services and equipment segment is one of the Big Three oilfield-services players, along with SLB and Halliburton, and mostly supplies to hydrocarbon developers and producers, including national oil companies, major integrated firms, and independents. Markets outside of North America buy roughly three-fourths of the segment's offerings. Baker Hughes' industrial and energy technology segment manufactures and sells turbines, compressors, pumps, valves, and related testing and monitoring services for various energy and industrial applications.

Vistra Corp. is one of the largest power producers and retail energy providers in the USA. It owns 44 gigawatts of generation capacity, including natural gas (27 GW), nuclear (6.5 GW), coal (8.7 GW), and solar and battery storage (1.4 GW). The Cogentrix acquisition will add 5.5 GW of gas generation. Vistra's retail electricity business serves 5 million customers in 20 states, including almost a third of all Texas electricity consumers. Vistra emerged from the Energy Future Holdings bankruptcy as a stand-alone entity in 2016.

Sandvik is a manufacturer of specialized tools and mining equipment used predominantly by global mining, engineering, and automotive customers. The group is composed of three segments: mining and rock solutions, rock processing, and machining. Sandvik was founded in 1862 and listed on the Nordic Exchange in Stockholm in 1901.

Doosan Enerbility Co Ltd is engaged in providing integrated energy and industrial solutions, offering equipment and services across power generation, desalination, and related infrastructure. The company operates three reportable segments: the Doosan Bobcat segment, which manufactures and sells compact construction equipment, portable power products, and material-handling machines; the Doosan Energy segment, which focuses on power generation facilities, desalination plants, casting and forging, and construction services; and the Doosan Fuel Cell segment, which supplies fuel-cell systems for power generation along with long-term maintenance services. It generates the majority of its revenue from the Doosan Bobcat segment.

ACWA Power Co is engaged in developing, investing, operating, and maintaining power generation, water desalination, and green hydrogen production plants, and bulk sale of electricity. The company's segments include Thermal and Water Desalination, Renewables, and Others. It generates maximum revenue from the Thermal and Water Desalination segment. Geographically, the company generates maximum revenue from Saudi Arabia, followed by other markets in the Middle East and Africa.

Tenaris is one of the largest global producers of oil country tubular goods, which are used primarily in the construction of oil and gas wells. Its production facilities are located primarily in the US, Argentina, Mexico, and Italy. Tenaris’ premium OCTG products are among the most trusted by oil companies for use in the most challenging applications, including deep-water offshore wells and horizontal shale wells.

Vestas is a leading manufacturer of wind turbines with the highest installed capacity under service in the world. The firm operates two business segments: power solutions and services. The power solutions segment designs, manufactures, and installs onshore and offshore wind turbines. The services segment performs operating and maintenance service work on wind turbines.

Axia Energia is engaged in the generation, transmission, and commercialization of electricity in Brazil. The company operates a portfolio of wind, thermal, hydro, and nuclear power plants located throughout the country.

Huaneng Lancang River Hydropower Inc is engaged in the development and operation of the Lancang River and the surrounding areas of hydropower resources. The company is also engaged in the exploration of solar photovoltaic, wind power, shale gas, and other new energy construction.

Halliburton is North America's largest oilfield-services company as measured by market share. Despite industry fragmentation, it holds a leading position in the hydraulic fracturing and completions market, which makes up nearly half of its revenue. It also holds strong positions in other service offerings like drilling and completions fluids, which leverages its expertise in material science, as well as the directional drilling market. While we consider SLB the global leader in reservoir evaluation, we think Halliburton leads in any activity from the reservoir to the wellbore. Halliburton's innovations have helped multiple producers lower their development costs per barrel of oil equivalent, with techniques that have been honed over a century of operations.

Gulf Development PCL is a Thailand-based company mainly involved in the electricity-generating business. The group's principal operations are to generate and sell electricity and steam, store and convert natural gas from liquid to gas, provide satellite services, and operate other businesses in domestic and international markets. It is also involved in the business of renewable energy, such as solar rooftops and biomass energy. The group's reportable segments are: Power business (which generates maximum revenue), Consulting business, Infrastructure business, and Satellite and digital business. Geographically, it derives maximum revenue from Thailand.

Danish company Orsted was named Dong Energy until the sale of all its oil and gas fields to Ineos in 2017, soon after the May 2016 initial public offering. Orsted is now focused on renewable assets, especially offshore wind farms. It operated 9.9 gigawatts of offshore wind farms at the end of 2024. The United Kingdom is the biggest country of operation, ahead of Germany and Denmark. The group intends to develop its footprint outside Europe with projects in Taiwan and in the US. Orsted also operates 4.8 GW of onshore wind and solar assets concentrated in the United States. The company is involved in more traditional utilities business like conventional power plants and gas supply, but these activities are noncore.

Founded in 1947 through a nationalization act, Verbund is the leading power producer in Austria. The Austrian state owns 51% of its capital. Hydro accounts for more than 90% of the total power output. Hydro power is generated from reservoirs and pumped storage plants in the Austrian Alps, and run-of-river plants in Austria and southern Germany. Total hydro capacity amounts to 8.4 GW. Verbund also owns the Austrian electricity grid through its fully owned subsidiary AP. In 2021, the firm acquired 51% of Gas Connect Austria, a gas transmission and distribution system operator. The group also owns one CCGT and is involved in trading and development of wind and solar capacity.

Huadian New Energy Group Corp Ltd is engaged in Development, investment and operation of new energy projects, mainly wind power generation and solar power generation.

Fortum Oyj is a Finnish energy company that operates power plants that use renewable energy sources (hydro, nuclear, and solar power) to sell electricity, heat, cooling, and power products and services. The company mainly operates in Nordic and Baltic countries, Russia, Poland, and India. Its main divisions of the company are generation (large-scale power production), city solutions (sustainable energy solutions), Russia (all Russian operations), technology and new ventures (research and development and in-house incubator for startups), mergers and acquisitions, and solar and wind development. The company's operating segments are Generation, Consumer Solutions, and Other Operations.

China Resources New Energy Holdings Co Ltd is engaged in investing in, developing, operating and managing wind and solar power plants.

Adani Green Energy Ltd is a renewable energy company. It builds, owns, and operates power plants powered by renewable sources of energy like solar and wind. The company has two reportable segments: renewable power generation and other related ancillary activities; and the sale of solar power equipments.

EDP Group is a Portuguese multinational energy company headquartered in Lisbon and founded in 1976. The group generates, distributes, and sells electricity and related energy services across Europe, the Americas, and Asia-Pacific markets. Its operating businesses include renewable power generation through EDP Renewables, electricity networks, retail supply, energy management, distributed generation, and customer solutions. Households, companies, public authorities, and wholesale electricity markets are its principal customers and counterparties. Revenue comes from regulated network returns, electricity generation and sales, service contracts, and energy-market activity. EDP is publicly listed in Lisbon and serves as the corporate parent for numerous legal subsidiaries and investment vehicles. EDP Ventures is the group’s venture-capital arm, but transaction records should distinguish the parent, operating subsidiaries, and named venture vehicles whenever event-level evidence permits.

Uniper SE is a Germany-based energy generation and energy trading company. The firm operates through three segments: Flexible Generation, Greener commodities, and Green Generation. The Green Generation segment comprises emission-free power generation plants that the Uniper Group operates in Europe. The Flexible Generation segment comprises the power and heat generation plants that the Uniper Group operates in Europe to flexibly meet grid operators' requirements. The Greener Commodities segment bundles the energy trading and optimization activities and forms the commercial interface between the Uniper Group and the globally traded markets for energy and the major customers. The majority of revenue is derived from the Greener Commodities segment.

PT Barito Renewables Energy Tbk, along with its subsidiaries, operates as a geothermal and wind energy power producer in Indonesia. Its project portfolio comprises Wayang Windu, Salak, Sidrap I, and Darajat. The company generates maximum revenue from the generation and sale of electricity in Indonesia.

Hyosung Heavy Industries Co Ltd provides technology solutions in the field of heavy electric power and develops industrial machinery. The company is involved in various construction projects such as housing, redevelopment and reconstruction. The company also offers welding solutions, gear solutions, and system and engineering solutions.

First Solar designs and manufactures solar photovoltaic panels, modules, and systems for use in utility-scale development projects. The company's solar modules use cadmium telluride to convert sunlight into electricity. This is commonly called thin-film technology. First Solar is the world’s largest thin-film solar module manufacturer. It has production lines in Vietnam, Malaysia, the United States, and India.

Kansai Electric Power is a Japanese publicly listed utility headquartered in Osaka and founded in 1951. It generates electricity from nuclear, thermal, hydroelectric and renewable assets and supplies power and gas to residential, commercial and industrial customers. The group also operates transmission and distribution infrastructure through regulated businesses and provides telecommunications, real-estate and other services. Revenue is earned from energy sales, network charges and contracted services rather than investment-management fees. Kansai develops and invests in energy and infrastructure assets in Japan and overseas, using its operating expertise in regulated networks. In 2019 it participated with Equitix and CNIC in the acquisition of Electricity North West, the British distribution-network operator. Iberdrola's 2024 acquisition of the target subsequently provided a full strategic exit for the prior shareholder group.

SDIC Power Holdings Co Ltd is engaged in investment and construction, management of energy projects based on electric power generation, development and operation of renewable energy projects, high technology and eco-friendly industries, development and operation of the products associated with electric power, as well as consultancy. The company mainly operates its businesses in the domestic and overseas markets.

Hengli Hydraulic is a leading Chinese hydraulic component supplier. It designs, manufactures, and sells hydraulic cylinder, pump, valve, and motor products. Hengli’s products are widely used in heavy machinery. It is the largest supplier of excavator hydraulic cylinders in the world with about 30% global market share.

Yantai Jereh Oilfield Services Group Co Ltd is a China-based company engaged in the manufacturing of oilfield equipment and the provision of oilfield services. It is engaged in drilling equipment and oil & gas field engineering equipment manufacturing, equipment maintenance and accessories sales, oil field engineering technology services, as well as oil & gas field construction services. The company conducts its business within domestic and overseas markets.

HD Korea Shipbuilding & Offshore Engineering is a shipbuilding company engaged in shipbuilding, marine plant development, green energy solutions, engine manufacturing, and other related engineering businesses. Its Green Energy operations focus on renewable projects such as solar power, while the Marine Plant segment handles the manufacture and installation of offshore structures, floating oil production units, and power generation facilities. The Shipbuilding segment produces crude oil carriers, container ships, product carriers, LNG carriers, and naval vessels. The Engine segment manufactures marine engines, diesel power generation units, pumps, and fluid machinery, and the Others segment covers gas eco-friendly systems and related technologies.

Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd is an integrated power plant equipment manufacturer and engineering company in India. Its products and services serve power, transportation, energy, oil and gas, defense, and other industrial markets. The company has three business segments: Power (which contributes the majority of total revenue), Industry sector and International Operations. Bharat's product portfolio consists of heavy industrial equipment and components, including turbines, valves, pumps, boilers, and insulators. In addition, the company offers aftersales service to customers for maintenance and repairs and can help synchronize power plants. The majority of total revenue is derived from India, but the company has a footprint in many different regions.

Norsk Hydro ASA is an aluminium and renewable energy company. The company owns and operates businesses and holds investments in sustainable industries. Its operations span multiple market segments, including aluminum, energy, metal recycling, renewable energy, and batteries, providing expertise across these areas. The company's reportable segments are Hydro Bauxite & Alumina, Hydro Energy, Hydro Aluminium Metal and Hydro Extrusions and Hydro Metal Markets activities. The majority of the company's revenue is derived from the Hydro Extrusions segment, which delivers products within extruded profiles, building systems and precision tubing, and operates several recycling facilities, both integrated with its extrusion plants and separate plants.

INNIO Group is a global energy solutions provider that designs, manufactures, and services high-performance reciprocating gas engines, power equipment, and digital platforms. Headquartered in Jenbach, Austria, the company operates globally with major facilities in the U.S. and Canada, providing scalable power systems for data centers, microgrids, and the oil and gas industry.

LG Chem Ltd manufactures and sells a variety of chemicals, electronics, and energy storage products. The company operates through five segments, including Petrochemical, LG Energy Solution, Advanced Materials, Life Science, and Others. The Petrochemical segment produces ABS, PC, PE, PP, acrylics, alcohols, synthetic rubber, special resins, and olefins. LG Energy Solution supplies small batteries, automotive batteries, and energy-storage batteries. The Advanced Materials segment provides engineering and display materials, cathode materials, separators, and RO filters. The Life Science segment offers growth hormones, vaccines, diabetes treatments, and pesticides, while Common & Others covers corporate management, sales, and R&D activities.

Public Power Corp SA is a public electric utility company with the Hellenic Republic as its main shareholder. The company is involved in generating, transmitting, and distributing electric energy. The company, along with its subsidiaries, operates a variety of power plants, including natural gas, coal, hydroelectric, wind, and solar plants. PPC majorly generates electricity from its thermal energy facilities. The company is divided into segments including Production/Supply, which includes production from lignite, oil, natural gas, and renewable energy sources, as well as lignite mining in support of production and supply activities in Greece and Romania. Other segments include the Distribution network and others.

China Three Gorges Renewables is one of China’s largest renewable energy producers. The firm operates wind farms, photovoltaic power plants, hydroelectric power plants, and energy storage projects. CTGR has a total generation capacity of about 48.0 gigawatts as of the end of 2024. In particular, the firm is also one of the largest offshore wind farm operators in China, with 7.0 GW of installed capacity at the end of 2024, representing about 17% of China’s total capacity. Parent company, China Three Gorges, a state-owned enterprise, owns approximately 52.6% of CTGR’s issued shares as of the end of 2024.

Hitachi Energy India Ltd serves utility, industry, and infrastructure customers with solutions and services across the value chain. The company is engaged in the business relating to products, projects, and services for Power technology. It manufactures and supplies systems, equipment, devices, and accessories products such as disconnectors, cable accessories, electric motors, semiconductors, transformers, and others. The company also provides project and service engineering, installation, commissioning, and support services. Geographically, the company generates a majority of its revenue from India and the rest from other countries.

EDP Renovaveis, a 71%-owned subsidiary of integrated Portuguese utility EDP, was created in 2007. It builds, develops, and operates renewable plants, mostly wind and solar. With 20.4 gigawatts of installed capacity at end-2025, EDP Renovaveis is the third-largest European renewables player. The group's plants are mainly located in the U.S, Spain, Portugal, Poland, and Brazil.

GD Power Development Co Ltd is a China-based company engaged in electricity and heat production and sales; coal sales, power grid operation, development and application of new energy projects, high-tech, and environmental protection industries; information consulting; power technology development consulting and technical services, office buildings and venues Leasing (under the following branches) inspection and maintenance of power generation, transmission, and substation equipment; communication business; water treatment and sales.

China Energy Engineering Corporation Ltd is a comprehensive solutions provider for the power industry in China and internationally. It is mainly engaged in Survey, design, and consulting services; Construction and contracting; Industrial manufacturing; Investment and operation; and other businesses. The company generates the majority of its revenue from construction and contracting services, which mainly comprise the project contracting, engineering and construction, and project operation and maintenance business for domestic and overseas tradition energy, new energy, and comprehensive smart energy, water conservancy, ecological environmental protection, comprehensive transportation, municipal, buildings, and structures.

Longyuan is China’s largest wind farm operator, with consolidated installed wind capacity of 30.4 gigawatts as of end-2024. It has wind farms spread across China, and has also expanded into other countries such as Canada and South Africa. Longyuan owns other renewable assets such as solar, geothermal, and tidal energy. The consolidated installed capacity mix is about 73.9% wind, 26.0% solar, and the remainder in other renewables. China Energy Investment, which was created through the merger of China Guodian Corporation and China Shenhua Group, is the major shareholder with a controlling stake of about 58.6%.