Tiger Financial Services Valuation Multiples

Nubank is a digital banking platform headquartered in Sao Paulo, Brazil, operated by the listed holding company Nu Holdings Ltd (NYSE: NU). It was founded on 6 May 2013 by David Velez and began with a no-fee credit card managed entirely from a mobile app. The group now offers accounts, credit cards, personal loans, insurance and investment products to retail customers in Brazil, Mexico and Colombia. In the first quarter of 2026 it reported 135.2 million customers worldwide, 115 million of them in Brazil, and quarterly revenue above USD 5 billion. It has grown partly through acquisitions, including Plataformatec, Cognitect, Easynvest, Olivia and Hyperplane, and in July 2026 agreed to acquire Banco Porto Real de Investimentos to obtain a Brazilian banking licence. It also invests in fintech start-ups abroad, such as Tyme Group.

PayPal was spun off from eBay in 2015 and provides electronic payment solutions to merchants and consumers, with a focus on online transactions. The company had 434 million active accounts at the end of 2024. The company also owns Venmo, a person-to-person payment platform.

Founded in 2009, Block provides payment services to merchants, along with related services. The company also launched Cash App, a person-to-person payment network. In 2025, Square's payment volume was almost USD 260 million.

LPL Financial is the largest US independent broker-dealer, with more than 32,000 financial advisors affiliated with its platform and roughly 11 million customer accounts at the end of 2025. The firm earns the bulk of its profit from interest income earned on client cash balances and from advisory fees and commissions tied to the $2.4 trillion in assets under management or advisory on its platform at year-end 2025. LPL specializes in the provision of turnkey wealth management services for affiliated independent advisors, but maintains a diverse array of affiliation modalities, running the gamut from more traditional employee models to a pure RIA custody approach. It earns tuck-in revenue from recordkeeping fees and the provision of software tools and services to its advisor base.

Fiserv is a financial technology company headquartered in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, that provides account processing, digital banking, card issuing and merchant acquiring services to banks, credit unions and businesses. Founded in 1984, it built its core banking business through acquisitions such as Information Technology Inc. of Lincoln, Nebraska in 1995, which brought the Premier account-processing platform. Fiserv processes debit and credit card transactions, loyalty programmes, loans, electronic bill payments, ACH and wire transfers, check deposits and ATM transactions on behalf of financial institutions, with a long-standing base among small and midsize US banks. Its 2019 acquisition of First Data for $22 billion added a large merchant-acquiring business, including the Clover point-of-sale platform for small businesses and the Carat payments platform for large enterprises. The company earns recurring processing and transaction fees, software and service fees and hardware sales. In 2025 it reported revenue of $19.8 billion, operating income of $4.38 billion and about 38,000 employees, and roughly 85% of 2024 revenue came from the US and Canada. Takis Georgakopoulos became chief executive in 2025 after Frank Bisignano left to run the US Social Security Administration, and in November 2025 the shares moved from the NYSE to Nasdaq under the ticker FISV.

SoFi is a financial services company that was founded in 2011 and is based in San Francisco. Initially known for its student loan refinancing business, the company has expanded its product offerings to include personal loans, credit cards, mortgages, investment accounts, banking services, and financial planning. The company intends to be a one-stop shop for its clients' finances and operates solely through its mobile app and website. Through its acquisition of Galileo in 2020, the company also offers payment and account services for debit cards and digital banking.

Kaspi.kz JSC is the payment, marketplace, and Fintech ecosystem in Kazakhstan. The firm provides interconnected technologically seamless products and services that help people to pay, shop and manage their finances. Its operating segment includes the Payments Platform that connects its customers, which consist of both consumers and merchants, to facilitate cashless, digital transactions, the Marketplace Platform, which derives maximum revenue, connects merchants and consumers enabling merchants to increase their sales and consumers to buy a broad selection of products and services offered by a variety of merchants, and Fintech Platform that enables customers to manage their personal finances online and access consumer finance and deposit products through the Kaspi.kz Super App.

Jio Financial Services Ltd is a core investment company, non-deposit taking, systemically important (CIC-ND-SI). Along with its subsidiaries, joint ventures, and associates, it is engaged in the business of Investing and Financing, mainly Leasing, Insurance broking, Payment Bank, Payment Aggregator, and Payment Gateway services.

Rakuten Bank Ltd is engaged in the banking business through an electronic medium.

Wise is a currency conversion platform that matches, where possible, offsetting currency transactions across borders to reduce costs. The group focuses primarily on private clients and small and midsize enterprises, but it is building out its platform business aimed at providing its services as a backend solution to banks. By operating local accounts in each jurisdiction Wise sends money to or receives money from, this fintech offers faster and cheaper currency transfer services than incumbents (banks). Wise has started to broaden its product offering, issuing its clients debit cards and allowing customers to invest funds in various asset management products.

One97 Communications Ltd is a digital ecosystem for consumers and merchants. The company is in the business of providing a) payment and financial services which mainly include payment facilitator services, facilitation of consumer and merchant loan distribution to consumers and merchants, wealth management, etc. b) marketing services which consist of aggregator for digital products, ticketing business, providing voice and messaging platforms to the telecom operators and enterprise customers and other businesses. The group generates the majority of its revenue from customers domiciled in India.

Chime Financial Inc is a financial technology company that believes in core banking services.

PayPay Corp is a Japan-based financial technology provider operating a digital finance platform that integrates payments, banking, credit, and investment services for individuals and businesses. Its platform connects users and merchants, facilitating a cashless ecosystem and providing an all-in-one solution for daily financial activities. The company operates in two reportable segments: i) Payment segment and ii) Financial service segment. The majority of the company's revenue is derived from the Financial service segment, which includes internet banking services, securities intermediary services and PayPay Point investment-related services, and loan management services. Geographically, it operates predominantly in Japan.

Enpara Bank AS provides all types of banking transactions and modern banking services to its customers through electronic banking channels and other channels in accordance with developments in technology and banking, both domestically and internationally.

KakaoBank Corp offers banking and other financial services. It offers a range of banking services such as deposits, lending, debit/credit cards, and international money transfers. It also provides various card products and digital financial services tailored for individuals, groups, and small business owners.

Temenos is a Swiss company that provides banking software to financial institutions around the world. Its main product is core banking software that helps banks manage accounts, customer information, transaction processing, loans, security, and financial reporting. Besides core banking software, Temenos offers products for digital banking, payments, wealth management, compliance, and analytics to help banks improve customer experience and meet regulatory requirements.

BGC Group Inc is a brokerage and financial technology company that serves financial markets, energy, and commodities markets. Its service and product offerings include brokerage for a wide range of financial products, including fixed income, equities, commodities, derivatives, and real estate, software solutions for trading platforms, clearing, trade execution, and other back-office services. Its clients mostly include banks, financial institutions, and corporate clients. BGC operates in one reportable segment, which is providing brokerage services. Geographically, the company generates a majority of its revenue from Europe, Middle East and Africa (EMEA), followed by the Americas and the Asia-Pacific region.

ACI Worldwide Inc develops, markets and installs a portfolio of software products focused on facilitating electronic payments. The firm also leverages its distribution network in the Americas; Europe, the Middle East, and Africa, or EMEA; and Asia-Pacific regions to sell software developed by third parties. ACI software products process payment transactions for retail banking clients, billers such as utilities and healthcare providers, and community banks and credit unions. ACI's customers are financial institutions all over the world, but majority of the revenue is generated in the United States and EMEA regions.

Marex Group PLC offers a diversified financial services platform providing essential liquidity, market access, and infrastructure services to clients across energy, commodities, and financial markets. It provides critical services to the clients by connecting them to exchanges and providing various execution and hedging services across its assets and products. The group operates in a large and fragmented market with infrastructure requirements and regulatory and technological complexity. It has five segments Clearing, Agency and Execution, Market Making, Hedging and Investment Solutions, and The Corporate. The group generates revenue from Agency and Execution that matches buyers and sellers by facilitating price discovery across the energy and financial securities markets.

Klarna is the largest pure-play in the buy now, pay later space. The company operates a two-sided network with a payment method at its core, but it is ultimately a lender. Merchants sign up with Klarna to increase turnover in their stores. Primarily, Klarna can provide merchants with higher conversion rates and average order values relative to other payment methods. Some merchants enter a symbiotic relationship with Klarna, advertising its brand on the product page to drive conversion and to benefit from Klarna’s brand value in the merchant’s sales funnel. Customers use Klarna for its ease of use, quick access to credit, zero-interest financing, and lower reminder fees.

Dave Inc is a financial services company. It is engaged in offering banking app that offers its customers banking, financial insights, overdraft protection, building credit and finding side gigs.

DLocal Ltd is focused on making the complex simple, redefining the online payment experience in emerging markets. Through its technology platform, One dLocal, the company enables world-wide enterprise merchants to get paid (pay-in) and to make payments (pay-out) online in a safe and efficient manner. The company earns revenue from fees charged to merchants in connection with payment processing services for cross-border and local payment transactions. The company's geographical segments include Latin America and Non-Latin America with a majority of its revenue being generated from Brazil in Latin America region.

NOBA Bank Group AB (publ) is a European specialist bank operating through three brands: Nordax Bank, Bank Norwegian, and Svensk Hypotekspension. It offers retail financial products in four main segments: Private Loans, Credit Cards, Secured Loans (including specialist and equity release mortgages), and Other services such as deposits. Geographically, the company operates in eight countries, with a presence in the Nordic region (Sweden, Norway, Finland, Denmark), as well as Germany, Spain, the Netherlands, and Ireland. The company serves over two million customers across these regions, with lending activities covering private loans in the Nordics, credit cards in the Nordics and Germany, and deposit products available in all these markets.

Paymentus Holdings Inc provides electronic bill presentment and payment services, enterprise customer communication and self-service revenue management to billers through a Software-as-a-Service (SaaS), secure, omni-channel technology platform. The platform integrates with a biller's financial and operational systems to provide secure and flexible processing of payments, including credit cards, debit cards, eChecks, and digital wallets, across multiple channels such as online, mobile, IVR, call centers, chatbots, and voice-based assistants. The company generates the majority of its revenue from payment transaction fees processed through its platform. Geographically, it derives the maximum revenue from the United States.

Formed by a combination of JCPenney’s credit card processing unit and The Limited’s credit card bank business, Bread Financial is a provider of private-label and co-branded credit cards, loyalty programs, and marketing services. The company’s most financially significant unit is its credit card business that partners with retailers to jointly market Bread’s credit cards to their customers. The company also retains a minority interest in spun-off LoyaltyOne, which operates the largest airline miles loyalty program in Canada and offers marketing services to grocery chains in Europe and Asia.

Q2 Holdings Inc provides digital solutions to financial institutions, financial technology companies, and alternative finance companies, seeking to incorporate banking into their customer engagement and servicing strategies. The company helps its clients with supervisory, consumer protection, privacy, third-party risk management requirements, and cyber threats and fraud, among other applications, by offering a portfolio of digital solutions, which comprises its digital banking offerings, digital lending and relationship pricing solutions, risk and fraud solutions, as well as Q2 Innovation Studio and Helix. Q2 derives the majority of its revenue from subscription fees for the use of its hosted solutions.

Banco Invex SA Institucion De Banca Multiple-Invex Grupo Financiero is a Mexican financial institution which delivers specialized solutions. The company's business divisions are Private Banking, Business Banking, Cards, Trust, Infrastructure, and Leasing. The services provided by the company includes provision of banking and credit financial services, transactional and fiduciary services, granting of finance to corporate clients, large and medium-sized businesses through commercial loans, working capital credit lines, and other. It also offers various products such as the issuance of letters of credit, transactions with derivatives, financial counseling, and financial factoring operation.

Hub24 is a diversified financial services business. The firm’s core platform segment engages in the development and provision of custodial and noncustodial administration services to financial advisors, stockbrokers, accountants, and their clients. The tech solutions segment provides a range of technology and data services, as well as cloud-based software. Hub24 serves individuals, companies, trusts, associations, or self-managed superannuation funds. The firm has around 9% share of the Australian platform market, in contrast to the largest five providers with an average market share of 13.5% each.

kakaopay Corp is a mobile payment and digital wallet service provider. It provides easy payment, easy remittance, and other financial services. It operates in two segments: Financial Services and Non-financial Services.

NCR Atleos Corp is financial technology company providing self-directed banking solutions to a customer base including financial institutions, merchants, manufacturers, retailers and consumers. Self-directed banking is a rapidly growing, secular trend that allows banking customers to transact seamlessly between various channels all for the same transaction. Their comprehensive solutions enable the acceleration of self-directed banking through ATM and interactive teller machine (ITM) technology, including software, services, hardware and its proprietary Allpoint network. Atleos manage its operations in the following segments which includes Self-Service Banking, Network, and Telecommunications abd Technology.

Inter & Co Inc operates as a digital bank. The company's segment includes Banking & Spending; Investments; Insurance Brokerage; and Inter Shop. It generates maximum revenue from the Banking & Spending segment which comprises a wide range of banking products and services, such as checking accounts, cards, deposits, loans and advances, and other services, which are available to the clients by means of Inters mobile application.

Netwealth provides cloud-based investment administration software as a service in Australia via its proprietary platform. Netwealth’s platform provides portfolio administration, investment management tools, and investment and managed account services to financial intermediaries and directly to clients. The company charges SaaS fees based on funds under administration and management on its platform. Netwealth also offers Netwealth-branded investment products on its platform, which are managed by third-party investment managers.

StoneCo Ltd is a provider of financial technology solutions. It serves MSMBs solutions, at fair prices, and provides the customer experience to help them manage their businesses and sell more. Its Stone Business Model combines end-to-end, cloud-based technology platforms; differentiated hyper-local and integrated distribution approaches; and white-glove, on-demand customer service. The brands of the company include: Stone: For small and medium-sized businesses, all management is integrated with the payment terminal, business bank account, and card, all within the same app. Ton: For micro-entrepreneurs and freelancers, modern card machines, sales via Pix or TapTon, and a Super Account. Stone pagar.me for those who sell online. Digital payment technology for all types of businesses.

Marqeta is an Oakland-based payments technology company founded in 2010. Its open application-programming interfaces let businesses create, issue and manage physical, virtual and tokenized payment cards. Customers configure authorization rules, funding flows, spend controls and transaction data without building a card-processing stack from scratch. The platform serves fintech companies, digital banks, marketplaces, lenders and large enterprises operating card programs. Marqeta earns processing and platform revenue tied to card activity and contracted services. It expanded internationally after raising multiple venture rounds and completed its public listing in 2021. LionBird is listed among Marqeta's early investors and continues to identify the company in its portfolio.

Wealthfront Corp is a technology company that built a financial solutions platform for digital natives. Its platform is designed to address the needs of the wealth builders within these generations.

PicS NV is a digital payments company. The company operates a peer-to-peer (P2P) transfer platform that enables individuals to send money via mobile devices. It provides digital wallets, instant payments (Pix), P2P transfers, credit cards, loans, investments, insurance, and SMB payment solutions. The company has four reportable segments: Consumer Banking, Small and Medium-Sized Businesses, Audiences and Ecosystem Integration, and Institutional. The majority of the company's revenue is derived from the Consumer Banking segment, which generates revenue from various transaction activities occurring in the digital wallet, such as Pix, peer-to-peer (P2P) transfers, and bill payments.

Kbank is an internet-only bank; it is pursuing a variety of non-face-to-face lending and deposit services and platform businesses. It leverages technologies like AI, cloud computing, and others to provide greater benefits and enjoyment, while streamlining complex procedures to maximize customer convenience. The group provides products such as Deposits, Loans, cards, and Others.

Alkami Technology Inc is a cloud-based digital banking solutions provider. The company’s solution, the Alkami Digital Banking Platform, allows FIs to onboard and engage new users, accelerate revenues and meaningfully improve operational efficiency, all with the support of a proprietary, true cloud-based, multi-tenant architecture.

Fawry is an Egyptian electronic-payments and financial-services platform founded in 2008 and headquartered in Cairo. It connects consumers, merchants, banks, billers and government entities through physical points of sale and digital channels. Services include bill payment, merchant acceptance, collections, mobile transactions and adjacent financial products. Revenue comes from transaction fees, commissions and services sold across its payments network. Fawry is listed on the Egyptian Exchange and operates as a regulated technology-enabled payments company. ADQ acquired a 12.6% minority position in 2022 through the same negotiated Egyptian share-purchase program that covered four other listed companies. Its hybrid network links digital rails with a broad merchant footprint, supporting cash and electronic payment use cases.

AGI Inc is a technology-powered provider of specialized financial services in Brazil. It empowers clients to access their social security benefits, severance fund benefits, and public or private sector payrolls through secured lending solutions and complementary banking, credit and insurance products tailored as per client needs. The company has one operating segment related to the banking business. The Bank provides a standardized set of financial products and services exclusively to individuals, mainly focused on credit, including digital accounts, cards, payroll and personal loans, and insurance offered through partners.

Wema Bank PLC is a commercial bank. The company offers retail banking, SME banking, corporate banking, treasury, trade services and financial advisory to its customers. Its services include granting of loans and advances, corporate finance and money market activities. The bank operates in four geographical regions: South-west, South-South, Abuja, and Lagos zones. Wema derives the majority of its revenues from Lagos.

Forbright Inc is a bank holding company. Along with its subsidiaries, it operates as a state chartered non-member bank, which serves the needs of individuals, small and medium sized businesses, and professional concerns. Its services include deposit and retail banking through a digital deposit platform, as well as financing and lending products such as lender finance loans, fund finance loans, healthcare finance loans, real estate loans, working capital facilities, warehouse lines of credit, and term loans.

PT Super Bank Indonesia Tbk is a bank in Indonesia that provides digital banking services. It offers digital solutions for a range of customer segments, including underbanked and unbanked communities and micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs). The company offers a variety of digital banking solutions through the Superbank, Grab, and OVO applications, including savings accounts, digital loans, and easy-to-use payment solutions.

Sunyard Technology Co Ltd provides end-to-end professional solutions and products for financial institutions mainly in the banking industry. It specializes in financial payment terminals and financial card machines. It is engaged in the research and development, production and sales of financial information security products and payment and information security solutions.

Green Dot Corp is a financial technology company that provides financial services for consumers in the United States without good banking options. It has three segments Consumer Services, Business to Business Services(B2B), and Money Movement Services. The company generates maximum revenue from B2B segment. Its B2B Services segment consists of revenues and expenses derived from (i) its partnerships with prominent consumer and technology companies that make banking products and services available to their consumers, partners and workforce through integration with its banking platform (the "Banking-as-a-Service", or "BaaS channel"), and (ii) a comprehensive payroll platform that it offers to corporate enterprises (the "Employer channel") to facilitate payments for today’s workforce.

Judo Capital is an Australian bank primarily focused on lending to Australian small and midsize businesses. Judo’s main lending products are business loans, equipment finance, lines of credit, and home loans. Personal, business, and self-managed superannuation fund term deposits are a key source of funding.

Worldline is a payment service provider offering merchant acquiring, payment processing, and payment infrastructure solutions to merchants and banks.

Rhino Bitcoin Inc is a Nevada corporation and Bitcoin financial services company focused on making everyday banking and financial management accessible. It integrates traditional banking functions within a secure, user-friendly platform centered on Bitcoin and maintains an active Bitcoin treasury strategy. The Company offers account funding and withdrawal in USD and Bitcoin, Bitcoin trading, custody services, remittances, discounted gift card purchasing, retirement accounts, Bitcoin collateralized loans, bill payments, and direct deposit. Its primary revenue comes from trading activities earning a spread on client exchanges between Bitcoin and U.S. dollars, and it operates in the United States, Malaysia, and Hong Kong.