SL Green Realty Valuation Multiples

Welltower owns a diversified healthcare portfolio of 2,900 in-place properties spread across the senior housing, medical office, and skilled nursing/postacute care sectors. The portfolio includes over 900 properties in Canada and the United Kingdom as the company looks for additional investment opportunities in countries with mature healthcare systems that operate similarly to that of the United States.

Prologis was formed by the 2011 merger of AMB Property and Prologis Trust. The company develops, acquires, and operates around 1.3 billion square feet of high-quality industrial and logistics facilities across the globe. The company also has a strategic capital business segment that has around $60 billion of third-party assets under management. The company is organized into four global divisions (Americas, Europe, Asia, and other Americas) and operates as a real estate investment trust.

Equinix is one of the leading providers of cloud- and carrier-neutral data centers, offering colocation and interconnection services to hyperscalers and businesses. Equinix operates 270 properties in 77 metropolitan areas across 36 countries, serving over 10,000 customers. About 70% of Equinix’s revenue comes from renting physical space, which allows hyperscalers and other clients to store servers, data storage, and networking equipment. The other 30% of revenue is generated primarily through interconnection services (20%) and other managed services (10%).

American Tower owns and operates about 150,000 wireless towers throughout the US, Asia, Latin America, Europe, and Africa. It also owns and/or operates 30 data centers in 11 US markets after acquiring CoreSite. On its towers, the company has a very concentrated customer base, with most revenue in each market generated by the top few mobile carriers. The company operates more than 40,000 towers in the US, which accounted for about half of total revenue in 2024. Outside the US, American Tower operates about 47,000 towers in Latin America (dominated by Brazil), 32,000 towers in Europe, and 27,000 towers in Africa. American Tower operates as a REIT.

Digital Realty is one of the leading providers of cloud- and carrier-neutral data centers, offering colocation and interconnection services to hyperscalers and large businesses. Digital Realty operates 300 properties in 57 metropolitan areas across 31 countries, serving 5,000 customers. Renting physical space accounts for about 90% of Digital Realty’s revenue. The firm enables hyperscalers and other clients to store servers, data, and networking equipment. The other 10% of revenue is generated primarily through interconnection services (8%) and other fee income (2%).

Simon Property Group is the largest retail real estate investment trust in the United States. Its portfolio includes an interest in 254 properties: 114 traditional malls, 108 premium outlets, 14 Mills centers (a combination of a traditional mall, outlet center, and big-box retailers), six lifestyle centers, and 12 other retail properties. Simon's portfolio averaged $736 in sales per square foot over the trailing 12 months. The company also owns a 22% interest in Klepierre, a European retail company with investments in shopping centers in 14 countries, and joint-venture interests in 33 premium outlets across 14 countries.

Realty Income owns roughly 15,600 properties, most of which are freestanding, single-tenant, triple-net-leased retail properties. Its properties are located in 49 states and Puerto Rico and are leased to 250 tenants from 47 industries. Recent acquisitions have added industrial, gaming, office, manufacturing, and distribution properties, which make up roughly 20% of revenue.

Public Storage is the largest owner of self-storage facilities in the US, with more than 3,300 self-storage facilities in 40 states and approximately 245 million square feet of rentable space. Through equity interests, it also has exposure to the European self-storage market through Shurgard Self Storage. The company also has a merchandise business, a third-party property management business, and an insurance business that offers products to cover losses for the goods in self-storage facilities.

Ventas owns a diversified healthcare portfolio of almost 1,400 in-place properties spread across the senior housing, medical office, hospital, life science, and skilled nursing/post-acute care. The portfolio includes almost 100 properties in Canada and the United Kingdom as the company looks for additional investment opportunities in countries with mature healthcare systems that operate similarly to the United States. The firm also owns mortgages and other loans, contributing about 1% of net operating income.

CBRE Group provides a wide range of real estate services to owners, occupants, and investors worldwide, including leasing, property and project management, and capital markets advisory. CBRE’s investment management arm manages over $155 billion for clients across diverse public and private real estate strategies.

Crown Castle owns or manages roughly 40,000 wireless towers in the United States. It leases space on its towers to wireless service providers, which install equipment to support their wireless networks. The company has a very concentrated customer base, with about 75% of its revenue from the Big Three US mobile carriers: Verizon, T-Mobile, and AT&T. Crown Castle has plans to divest its fiber business, which is expected to be finalized in the first half of 2026. After that, it will be a stand-alone tower operator. Crown Castle operates as a real estate investment trust.

Iron Mountain Inc is an information management services provider organized and operated as a real estate investment trust. The company offers solutions to its clients to address their information management, digital transformation, information security, data center, and asset lifecycle management (ALM) needs. Its customers come from various industries, including commercial, legal, financial, healthcare, technology, etc. The company has two reportable segments: Global Records and Information Management (Global RIM) and Global Data Center. Maximum revenue is generated from the Global RIM segment, which offers data and records management, secure shredding, consumer storage, and other related services. Geographically, the company generates maximum revenue from the United States.

VICI Properties Inc is a real estate investment trust based in the United States. It engaged in the business of owning and acquiring gaming, hospitality, wellness, entertainment and leisure destinations, subject to long-term triple net leases. It own nearly 93 experiential assets across a geographically portfolio consisting of nearly 54 gaming properties and nearly 39 other experiential properties across the United States and Canada, including Caesars Palace Las Vegas, MGM Grand and the Venetian Resort Las Vegas.

Extra Space Storage is a fully integrated real estate investment trust that owns, operates, and manages almost 4,000 self-storage properties in 42 states, with over 300 million net rentable square feet of storage space. Of these properties, approximately one half is wholly owned, while some facilities are owned through joint ventures and others are owned by third parties and managed by Extra Space Storage in exchange for a management fee.

Sumitomo Realty & Development is a Japan-based company engaged in the real estate business. The company operates through four segments. The Completed Construction segment covers construction and renovation contracts for detached houses and condominiums. The Real Estate Distribution segment involves brokerage and sales agency services. The Real Estate Rental segment includes leasing and management of office buildings, condominiums, hotels, event halls, and commercial facilities. The Real Estate Sales segment focuses on condominiums and detached houses, and the Others segment covers businesses such as fitness clubs and restaurants. It generates the majority of its revenue from the Real estate rental segment.

AvalonBay Communities owns a portfolio of 295 apartment communities with almost 90,000 units and is developing 20 additional properties with approximately 7,300 units. The company focuses on owning large, high-quality properties in major metropolitan areas of New England, New York/New Jersey, Washington, D.C., California, and the Pacific Northwest.

Equity Residential owns a portfolio of 318 apartment communities with over 86,000 units and is developing three additional properties with 935 units. The company focuses on owning large, high-quality properties in the urban and suburban submarkets of Southern California, San Francisco, Washington, D.C., New York, Seattle, and Boston.

SBA Communications owns a portfolio of about 45,000 wireless towers throughout North America, South America, and Africa. It leases space on its towers to wireless service providers, who install equipment to support their wireless networks. The company has a very concentrated customer base, with most revenue in each market being generated by the top few mobile carriers. It owns more than 17,000 towers in the US, which account for about 75% of leasing revenue. Internationally, SBA’s largest presence is in Brazil, where it owns roughly 10,000 towers. SBA operates as a real estate investment trust.

Vantage is the tower arm of Vodafone, spun off in 2021. Vantage fully owns 45,000 towers in Germany, Spain, Greece, and other European countries. Vantage also owns stakes in Inwit (22,000 towers, Vantage owns 33% stake), the Italian tower operator resulting from the merger of Vodafone and Telecom Italia’s towers in the region, and Cornerstone (14,000 towers, 50% stake) a tower joint venture in the U.K. with Telefonica.

Vonovia SE is a residential real estate company based out of Germany. Vonovia owns and manages a multitude of residential units in many German cities and regions. The company makes long-term investments in the maintenance, modernization, and senior-friendly conversion of its properties. In addition to conducting property management, it handles financing, service, and coordination tasks. The company manages its operations through four business segments; Rental, Value-add, Recurring Sales, and Development. Maximum revenue is generated from the Rental segment, which combines all of the business activities that are aimed at the value-enhancing management of its residential real estate. It includes the company's property management activities in Germany, Austria, and Sweden.

KE Holdings, or Beike, is a large residential real estate sales and rental brokerage company in China. Founded in 2001, the company operates through self-owned Lianjia stores in Beijing and Shanghai and connected third-party agencies, including franchise brand Deyou in other cities, with commissions charged on existing-home and new-home transactions. Leveraging an online-offline hybrid model, Beike also attract clients through its namesake online marketplace. The company tapped into home renovation services by acquiring Shengdu Home Decoration in 2022. As of the end of 2024, Beike’s co-founders collectively control the company, while Tencent and its affiliates share 8% of voting power.

Azrieli Group Ltd manages and operates companies that own properties across Israel, subsidiaries in the energy, water, and environment industries, a card company, and a bank. The company's income-producing properties include shopping malls, office towers, industrial buildings, and residential properties. In addition to owning properties in Israel, the portfolio consists of a minor number of international properties. Under the energy business, holdings include marketing and distribution of refined oil and water desalination, wastewater purification, and sludge treatment facilities.

Swire Properties is a Hong Kong-based property investor and Hong Kong's largest office landlord. Its Hong Kong portfolio provides more than 13 million square feet of gross floor area, with its portfolio of grade A office contributing over 9 million square feet. The firm also holds investment properties and development projects in China, the United States, and Southeast Asia. Rental income accounts for over 60% of its total revenue, with property development and hotel operations contributing the balance. The company was listed in 2012. Parent company Swire Pacific holds an 83% stake.

Essex Property Trust owns a portfolio of 258 apartment communities with over 62,000 units. The company focuses on owning large, high-quality properties on the West Coast in the urban and suburban submarkets of Southern California, Northern California, and Seattle.

Invitation Homes owns a portfolio of over 85,000 single-family rental homes. The company focuses on owning homes in the starter and move-up segments of the housing market with an average sale price around $350,000 and generally less than 1,800 square feet. The portfolio is spread across 17 target markets that feature high employment and household formation growth with over 70% of the portfolio in the Western US and Florida; 15 of the 17 markets featuring average rents lower than homeownership costs.

W.P. Carey Inc is a real estate investment trust principally involved in the ownership of properties located in the U.S., Western Europe, and Northern Europe. W.P. Carey organizes its operations into Real Estate and Investment Management segments. The vast majority of the company's income is derived from its Real Estate division in the form of lease revenue from long-term agreements with companies. W.P. Carey's real estate portfolio is comprised of single-tenant office, industrial, warehouse, and retail facilities located around the world. majority of the company's revenue comes from properties in the USA. Its Investment Management unit generates revenue from providing real estate advisory and portfolio management services to other REITs.

One of the oldest real estate investment trusts in the United States, Kimco Realty owns interests in 564 shopping centers throughout major markets in the US, representing roughly 100 million square feet.

Sun Communities is a residential REIT that focuses on owning manufactured housing and residential vehicle communities. The company currently owns a portfolio of 501 properties, which includes 337 manufactured housing communities and 164 residential vehicle communities. Sun targets owning properties that are desirable as second homes or vacation properties with nearly 50% of the portfolio located in either Florida or Michigan near major bodies of water.

Hsi Renda Imobiliaria - Fundo DE Investimento Imobiliario aims to obtain income and capital gains through investment in real estate or real rights over real estate.

Mid-America Apartment Communities Inc is a multifamily-focused, self-administered and self-managed real estate investment trust. The company owns, operates, acquires and selectively develops apartment communities located in the Southeast, Southwest and Mid-Atlantic regions of the U.S. Its business objectives are to generate a sustainable, stable and increasing cash flow that will fund its dividends and distributions through all parts of the real estate investment cycle. It operates in two segments, Same Store and Non-Same Store and Other. The majority of the revenue is derived from Same Store segment.

Lamar Advertising Co is an outdoor advertising company that operates as a real estate investment trust. It is engaged in the outdoor advertising business, operating outdoor advertising displays and logo signs mainly near highway exits, delivering brand-name information on available gas, food, lodging, and camping services. Included in the company's logo sign business are tourism signing contracts. It also provides transit advertising services in airport terminals, on bus shelters, benches, and buses. The company manages its operations through three operating segments: Billboard, which generates maximum revenue, Logo, and Transit Advertising. Geographically, it operates in the United States and Canada.

Host Hotels & Resorts owns 80 predominantly urban and resort upper-upscale and luxury hotel properties representing nearly 43,000 rooms, mainly in the United States. Host recently sold off the company's interests in a joint venture owning a portfolio of hotels throughout Europe and also sold other joint ventures that owned properties in Asia and the United States. The majority of Host’s portfolio operates under the Marriott and Starwood brands.

Jones Lang LaSalle provides a wide range of real estate-related services to owners, occupiers, and investors worldwide, including leasing, property and project management, and capital markets advisory. JLL’s investment management arm, LaSalle Investment Management, manages over $86 billion for clients across diverse public and private real estate strategies.

Regency Centers is one of the largest shopping center-focused retail REITs. The company's portfolio includes an interest in 481 properties, which includes over 58 million square feet of retail space following the completion of the Urstadt Biddle acquisition in August 2023. The portfolio is geographically diversified with 22 regional offices and no single market representing more than 12% of total company net operating income. Regency's retail portfolio is primarily composed of grocery-anchored centers, with 80% of properties featuring a grocery anchor and grocery stores representing 20% of annual base rent.

Scentre Group owns the largest premium shopping center portfolio in Australia and New Zealand, operating 42 Westfield malls. This includes seven of the top 10 malls in Australia by sales turnover and four of the top five in New Zealand. Westfield centers are typically one-stop shopping destinations, each with a comprehensive range of retail, service, lifestyle, and entertainment offerings. About half the retail floorspace is leased to anchor tenants, and half to specialty tenants. The vast majority of Scentre’s income is derived from rents. The group also earns small management fees for managing properties and development projects on behalf of capital partners.

Healthpeak owns a diversified healthcare portfolio of approximately 700 in-place properties spread across mainly medical office and life science assets, plus a handful of senior housing, hospital, and skilled nursing/post-acute care assets, as well.

Gaming and Leisure Properties Inc, or GLP, is a self-administered and self-managed Pennsylvania real estate investment trust (REIT). It is engaged in acquiring, financing, and owning real estate property to be leased to gaming operators in triple-net lease arrangements. The company also extends loans that produce fixed or variable returns, which may convert into leased rent upon project completion or stabilization. Its portfolio consists of gaming and related facilities and amenities such as Ameristar Black Hawk, Bally's Casino, Argosy Casino Alton, Bally's Chicago, Hollywood Casino Aurora, and others located across different states in the United States.

CoStar Group is a leading provider of commercial real estate data and marketplace listing platforms. Its data offering contains in-depth analytical information on over 5 million commercial real estate properties related to various subsectors spanning office, retail, hotels, multifamily, healthcare, industrial, self-storage, and data centers. It operates many well-respected brands such as CoStar Suite, LoopNet, Apartments.com, BizBuySell, and Lands of America, with more than 80% of its revenue classified as subscription-based. The company recently expanded its presence into Canada, the United Kingdom, Spain, and France.

Swiss Prime Site AG is a real estate company based in Switzerland. Its segments include: Real Estate, Asset Management, Retail, Corporate and Shared Services. The Real Estate segment consists of the firm's core real estate activities (the purchase, sale, lease, and development of properties) and financing of these activities. Asset Management includes the fund business, asset management, and investment advisory. The Retail segment consists of the operation of department stores, and Corporate and Shared Services include central group functions as well as internal services that are provided centrally. The majority of the revenue is generated from the Real Estate segment.

Modon Holding PSC, and its subsidiaries, operate across multiple business activities, including the development, management, sales, leasing and other associated services for real estate. The company is also engaged in the development, management and operations of hotels and exhibition venues, with a portfolio of assets under management across retail, residential, commercial, and sports & leisure. The company's reportable segments are: i) Real Estate Development, ii) Asset and Investment Management, iii) Hospitality, and iv) Events, Catering and Tourism. The majority of revenue is derived from the Real Estate Development segment, which involves master planning, development, sales, and management of real estate projects in the UAE and international markets.

Segro PLC is a European real estate investment trust involved in the ownership and management of industrial and warehouse properties. The company's real estate portfolio is split fairly evenly between smaller, light industrial warehouses, which serve as urban distribution centers, and larger logistics, or big box, warehouses. The majority of its properties are located in either the Greater London area or the adjacent Thames Valley. The company derives the vast majority of its income in the form of rental income from its tenants operating out of its warehouses. Food and general manufacturing, transport and logistics, and retail companies comprise the majority of Segro's customers. The company's other key markets include the European cities of Warsaw, Dusseldorf, and Paris.

Equity Lifestyle Properties is a residential REIT that focuses on owning manufactured housing, residential vehicle communities, and marinas. The company currently has a portfolio of 455 properties across the US with a higher concentration in the Sunbelt; 38% of the company’s properties are in Florida, 12% in Arizona, and 8% in California. Equity Lifestyle targets owning properties in attractive retirement destinations. More than 70% of the company’s properties are either age-restricted or have an average resident age over 55.

UDR Inc is a real estate investment trust that owns, operates, acquires, renovates, develops, redevelops, disposes of, and manages multifamily apartment communities in targeted markets located in the United States. The company has two reportable segments; Same-Store Communities segment represents those communities acquired, developed, and stabilized; and Non-Mature Communities/Other segment represents those communities that do not meet the criteria to be included in Same-Store Communities, including, but not limited to, recently acquired, developed and redeveloped communities, and the non-apartment components of mixed-use properties. It generates key revenue from Same-Store Communities.

American Homes 4 Rent is a real estate investment trust focused on acquiring, operating, and leasing single-family homes as rental properties throughout the United States. The company's real estate portfolio is largely comprised of single-family properties in urban markets in the Southern and Midwestern regions of the U.S. American Homes 4 Rent's land holdings also represent a sizable percentage of its total assets in terms of value. The company derives the vast majority of its income in the form of rental revenue from single-family properties through short-term or annual leases. The firm's geographical markets include Dallas, Texas; Indianapolis, Indiana; Atlanta, Georgia; and Charlotte, North Carolina in terms of the number of properties in each.

Camden Property Trust is a real estate investment trust engaged in the ownership, management, development, reposition, redevelopment, acquisition, and construction of multifamily apartment communities. It owned interests in, operated, or developing nearly 175 multifamily properties comprised of nearly 59,921 apartment homes across the United States.

Plaza SA operates as holding a company that owns and operate the shopping centers under the Mall Plaza brand. The firm develops, builds, manages, leases, and subleases local and spaces in shopping centers of the mall type. Its shopping centers provide a range of products and services incorporating entertainment, food, education, culture, health, offices, and financial centers.

Deutsche Wohnen SE is a holding company that manages a collection of residential real estate properties in Germany. The company operates in four segments: Rental; Value-add; Recurring Sales; Development.

BXP Inc. owns over 180 properties consisting of approximately 53 million rentable square feet of space. The portfolio is dominated by office buildings and is spread across major cities such as New York, Boston, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Seattle, and the Washington, D.C., region. The real estate investment trust also owns limited retail, hotel, and residential properties.