Daidoh Valuation Multiples

LVMH is a global producer and distributor of luxury goods. It operates six segments: fashion and leather goods, its largest and most profitable; watches and jewelry; wines and spirits; perfumes and cosmetics; selective retailing (including Sephora and airport duty-free retailer DFS); and other. Higher-profile brands include Louis Vuitton, Bulgari, Fendi, Givenchy, Tag Heuer, Hennessy, Moet & Chandon, Glenmorangie, Sephora, and Benefit. LVMH operates more than 5,000 stores around the globe.

Inditex is a multibrand fashion conglomerate founded in 1985. Flagship brand Zara (including Zara Home) generates just over 70% of revenue and profits. Other brands include Pull&Bear, Massimo Dutti, Bershka, Stradivarius, and Oysho. The company operates through 5,500-plus stores globally, around 1,800 of them belonging to the Zara brand. Sixty-six percent of revenue is generated in its European home market.

Hermes is a 180-year-old family controlled luxury goods company best known for its Birkin and Kelly bags. Its biggest segments are leather goods and saddlery, accounting for over 40% of revenue; clothes and accessories (29% of sales); silk and textiles (7%); and other products such as perfumes, watches, jewellery, and home furnishings. Hermes has about 300 stores globally.

Fast Retailing is Japan's largest apparel company. It operates casualwear retail chain Uniqlo, known for its high-quality functional apparel at reasonable prices. Fast Retailing is in charge of product design and sales and outsources almost all of its production to factories in places including China, Vietnam, Bangladesh, Indonesia, and India. It is ranked the second-largest apparel company by sales globally in 2024 per Euromonitor, thanks to the expansion of Uniqlo International. As of February 2025, it ran 3,616 stores globally. Other brands in its portfolio include GU and acquired brands like Theory, Comptoir des Cotonniers, and Princesse tam.tam. The Yanai family owned a 40.86% stake in the firm as of July 2025.

Christian Dior SE is a holding company with full ownership of Christian Dior Couture and a controlling interest in LVMH. Christian Dior Couture sells apparel, leather goods, jewelry, and accessories under various Dior brands. The majority of sales are through its retail stores. Through LVMH, the company operates the following business groups: wines and spirits, fashion and leather goods, watches and jewelry, perfumes and cosmetics, and selective retailing. LVMH has dozens of brands throughout its businesses, including Dom Perignon, Hennessy, Louis Vuitton, Fendi, TAG Heuer, and Sephora. The company's revenue is distributed throughout Europe, Asia, and the United States.

EssilorLuxottica is a combination of the leading manufacturer of premium frames and sunglasses and the leading manufacturer of optical lenses. Both companies are significantly larger than the next biggest competitor and command over 15% of the fragmented global eyewear market. The company has a broad geographical presence, with around 37% of sales in Europe, 45% in North America, and the rest in Asia and Latin America.

Vingroup JSC is a Vietnam-based company engaged in construction and provides retail outlets, commercial offices for lease, residential units for lease and sale. It also carries out investment activities, to provide the management service and to conduct other businesses. The company operates through the segments of Sale of inventory properties, Leasing investment properties and related services, Hospitality, entertainment and other services, Health care and related services, Education services, Retail services, Manufacturing activities, and Others. The company generates the majority of its revenue from Sale of inventory properties including developing and trading apartments and villas at real estate projects of the group.

Nike is the largest athletic footwear and apparel brand in the world. Footwear generates about two-thirds of its sales. Key performance footwear categories include basketball, running, and football (soccer). Its brands include Nike, Jordan (premium athletic footwear and clothing), NikeSkims (women's athleisure), and Converse (casual footwear). Nike sells products worldwide through company-owned stores, franchised stores (including about 5,500 in China), and third-party retailers. The firm also operates e-commerce platforms in more than 40 countries. Nearly all its production is outsourced to contract manufacturers in more than 30 countries. Nike was founded in 1964 and is based in Beaverton, Oregon.

Samsung C&T Corp is a diversified company. It is engaged in construction, trading, fashion, resort, food & beverages, and biopharmaceutical operations. The Construction division handles domestic and overseas construction projects, the Trading division engages in trading activities, and the Fashion division imports and sells apparel. The Resort division operates Everland, Caribbean Bay, and golf courses, while the Food and Beverages division manages specialty catering and food distribution through Samsung Welstory. The Bio division carries out biopharmaceutical contract manufacturing and biosimilar-related business.

Goodman Group owns, manages, and develops industrial properties in 13 countries, historically in Australia but increasingly worldwide. Around half of its operating earnings come from development, a third from management, and the rest from property investment. Most developments are undertaken on behalf of third parties or fund investors. Goodman earns fees in return for development management services. Completed projects are either sold or reside in one of Goodman’s funds or partnerships. Goodman typically retains ownership stakes in the investment vehicles and continues to manage the sites after completion, collecting investment management base fees, performance fees, property services fees, and a share of rental income.

With operations in 126 markets across 36 states, D.R. Horton is the leading homebuilder in the United States. It mainly builds single-family detached homes (87% of home sales revenue) and offers products to entry-level, move-up, luxury buyers, and active adults. The company offers homebuyers mortgage financing and title agency services through its financial services segment. D.R. Horton's headquarters are in Arlington, Texas, and it manages six regional segments across the United States.

Sun Hung Kai Properties Ltd s is a diversified real estate developer in Hong Kong with a core focus on the residential, office, and retail real estate segment. Most of its business is based in Hong Kong where it is a leading private housing developer and holds a portfolio of high-quality retail and office assets for rental income. The company also invests in other listed entities, including telecommunication company, SmarTone and data center provider, SUNeVision. The Kwok family is the controlling shareholder, with a stake of more than 40%.

Titan Co Ltd is engaged in the manufacturing and sale of watches, jewellery, eyewear, and other accessories and products. Its operating segments are watches and wearables, jewellery, eyewear, and others. The firm generates a majority of its revenue from jewellery. The company sells its products under various brands such as Fastrack, Skinn, Sonata, Zoop, Nebula, Zoya, Skinn, Tanishq, and others.

Kering is the world’s third-largest luxury goods conglomerate by revenue after LVMH and Richemont. Its flagship brand is Gucci, which accounts for over 40% of revenue and over 60% of operating profit. Its other leading brands include Bottega Veneta and Saint Laurent. Other smaller luxury brands (in ready-to-wear, leather goods, and jewellery) generate 19% of sales. Alexander McQueen, Balenciaga, and Boucheron are part of Kering’s portfolio.

Adidas designs, develops, produces, and markets athletic and leisure apparel, footwear, accessories, and sports equipment. Under its eponymous brand, it produces apparel for competitive athletics, casual activewear, and casual fashion. Adidas sells its products in more than 160 countries through about 1,900 owned retail stores, 15,000 Adidas-branded franchise stores (including about 7,500 in China), 150,000 wholesale doors, and an owned e-commerce site that is available in 67 countries. The company was founded in 1949 in Germany.

Emaar Properties PJSC is engaged in property investment, development, and development management, shopping malls and retail, hospitality, property management, utility services, and investments in providers of financial services. Its segments are, namely, real estate (develop, sell, and manage condominiums, villas, commercial units and plots of land), leasing, retail and related activities (develop, lease and manage malls, retail, commercial, and residential spaces), and hospitality (develop, own, and/or manage hotels, serviced apartments and leisure activities). It earns revenue from sources other than property sales, leasing, retail and related activities, and hospitality, and this revenue is included in other operating income. The majority of revenue comes from real estate.

Based in New York City, Tapestry is the parent company of accessories and fashion brand Coach, which accounted for 80% of its revenue and well over 90% of its operating profit in fiscal 2025. Handbags accounted for 58% of the brand’s fiscal 2025 revenue. Coach products are sold through more than 900 company-owned stores, e-commerce, and third-party stores in North America, Asia, and Europe. Tapestry also owns Kate Spade (17% of fiscal 2025 revenue), which operates about 170 stores and generated 52% of its sales from handbags in fiscal 2025. Kate Spade is known for its colorful patterns and graphics. Tapestry sold its smallest brand, luxury footwear maker Stuart Weitzman, to Caleres in August 2025.

Mitsubishi Estate is one of the three big Japanese real estate companies. Around two thirds of its operating profit comes from leasing office space in Japan, where half of its portfolio is concentrated in the prime Marunouchi/Otemachi district between Tokyo station and the Imperial Palace. Mitsubishi Estate’s predecessor originally bought this land from the government in 1890, and the company sees itself as steward of the showcase area’s long-term development, rarely if ever selling any properties there.

China State Construction Engineering Corp Ltd is a construction and real estate conglomerate. The company conducts its operations through five segments: Housing Construction segment, Infrastructure Construction and Investment segment, Real Estate Development and Investment segment, Design & Survey segment, and Others segment. It derives the majority of its revenue from the Housing Construction segment. The company's services include product technology research and development, survey and design, real estate development, engineering contracting, equipment manufacturing, asset operation, and property management.

Hennes & Mauritz is a global multibrand fashion conglomerate that was founded in 1947. Its flagship H&M brand accounts for most of the revenue, but the newer brands (COS, &Other Stories, Monki, Weekday, and Arket) are growing a bit faster. H&M commands low-single-digit market share in a fragmented global apparel market. Around 66% of revenue is generated in Europe and Africa, 12% in Asia and Oceania, and 22% in North and South America. The company operates around 4,200 stores globally, of which the bulk are H&M brand stores.

China Resources Land, or CR Land, is a leading real estate developer with nationwide coverage in China. Aside from the core development business, CR Land differentiates itself from peers with a significant investment property portfolio with luxury focused MixC malls, and it holds a 74% stake in listed property management company China Resources Mixc Lifestyle Services. CR Land is a subsidiary of China Resources Holdings, or CR Holdings, a sizable state-owned conglomerate with a diverse presence in the utilities, consumer goods, medical, and property sectors. CR Holdings holds about a 60% stake in CR Land.

Founded by designer Ralph Lauren (current executive chairman and chief creative officer) in 1967 in New York City, Ralph Lauren Corp. designs, markets, and distributes lifestyle merchandise in North America, Europe, and Asia. Best known for its iconic polo shirts, its products also include other types of apparel, footwear, eyewear, jewelry, handbags, home goods, and fragrances. The company's brands include Ralph Lauren Collection, Polo Ralph Lauren, and Lauren Ralph Lauren. Distribution channels for Ralph Lauren include wholesale (department stores and specialty stores), retail (company-owned retail stores and e-commerce), and licensing.

Mitsui Fudosan Co Ltd is a real estate development and management company. The company operates through five segments. The Condominiums segment sells housing to individuals and rental properties to investors. The Rental segment leases office buildings and commercial facilities. The Facility Operations segment covers hotels, resorts, sports, and entertainment. The Management segment handles property management, brokerage, and asset management. The Others segment engages in new construction contracting. It generates the majority of its revenue from the Rental segment.

PulteGroup Inc is a homebuilder in the United States. The company mainly builds single-family detached homes and offers products to entry-level, move-up, and active-adult buyers. It also offers homebuyers mortgage financing, title, and insurance agency services through its financial services segment.

Anta Sports is a leading Chinese sportswear company. The company designs, manufactures, and markets sportswear, footwear, and accessories, spanning from value-driven offerings to premium segments. Beyond their core Anta brand, the business operate a multi-brand portfolio including Fila (China), Descente (China), Kolon (China), and holds a major stake in Amer Sports, parent company to globally recognized brands like Salomon, Arc'teryx, and Wilson. This diverse portfolio allows Anta to cater to a broad spectrum of consumers, from professional athletes to athleisure enthusiasts.

Vantage is the tower arm of Vodafone, spun off in 2021. Vantage fully owns 45,000 towers in Germany, Spain, Greece, and other European countries. Vantage also owns stakes in Inwit (22,000 towers, Vantage owns 33% stake), the Italian tower operator resulting from the merger of Vodafone and Telecom Italia’s towers in the region, and Cornerstone (14,000 towers, 50% stake) a tower joint venture in the U.K. with Telefonica.

Next PLC operates as a retailer, specializing in the sale of clothing, footwear, accessories, and home products. A portion of the company's product offerings comprises items bearing the Next brand. Additionally, the majority of the company's remaining sales occur through retail stores located outside the United Kingdom, which it franchises. The company's segments encompass NEXT Online, NEXT Finance, NEXT Retail, and Other Business Activities. A substantial portion of the company's revenue is derived from customers within the United Kingdom; however, its presence extends to regions such as the Rest of Europe, the Middle East, Asia, and the Rest of the World.

Lennar is one of the largest public homebuilders in the United States. The company’s homebuilding operations target first-time, move-up, active adult, and luxury homebuyers mainly under the Lennar brand name. Lennar’s financial-services segment provides mortgage financing and related services to its homebuyers. Miami-based Lennar is also involved in multifamily and single-family for-rent construction and has invested in numerous housing-related technology startups.

CK Asset Holdings was the property business arm of the Cheung Kong Group before the spinoff in 2015. It was subsequently renamed CK Asset Holdings from CK Property in 2017. Li Ka-shing and his family remain the largest shareholders of CK Asset over the years, with about a 48% equity stake. The company mainly engages in property development, property investment, and hotel management in Hong Kong and mainland China, while diversifying into social housing, pub operations, and infrastructure management overseas in recent years.

Aldar Properties PJSC is a general real estate company. The company along with its subsidiaries is engaged in various businesses predominantly the development, sales, investment, construction, leasing, management, and associated services for real estate. Its operating segment includes Property development and sales; Project management services; International; Investment properties; Hospitality and leisure; Education, Estates and Others. The company generates maximum revenue from the Property development and sales segment.

Founded in 1949 in Kobe, Japan, Asics is a leading sports footwear brand specializing in performance running shoes. Asics is well-known for its stability running shoe Gel-Kayano, which has been popular among runners for over 30 years thanks to its cushioning technology. It also owns Onitsuka Tiger, which is currently positioned as a premium sportswear lifestyle brand. In 2025, Asics had annual sales of over JPY 810 billion and command over 10% of the global performance running market share.

China Overseas Land & Investment, or COLI, is a large real estate developer in China. Property development accounts for most of the core earnings, with operating scale among the top five of all peers regarding contracted sales. In addition to property development, COLI has actively grown its commercial property portfolio, with a dual focus on offices and shopping malls for recurring income. COLI is a subsidiary of China State Construction Engineering, China's largest construction firm. It also holds about a 40% stake in China Overseas Grand Oceans, a real estate developer focusing on lower-tier cities in China.

Trent Ltd through its subsidiaries, operates a chain of retail stores. The company offers various brands across women's wear, men's wear, kids' wear, footwear, lingerie, cosmetics, perfumes, handbags, and accessories. It also offers foods, beverages, health and beauty products, vegetables, fruits, dairy products, and others. The company offers these products by operating a portfolio of retail concepts like Westside, Zudio, Samoh, Utsa, Misbu, and others. The company is in the business of retailing/trading predominantly in India.

Associated British Foods is a diversified international food, ingredients, and retail group with 138,000 employees and operations in 56 countries across Europe, Africa, the Americas, Asia, and Australia. The group sells branded groceries, grows and processes sugar, supplies farmers with crop input and animal feed, and runs the multinational Primark clothing retail chain. It also supplies ingredients like bakers' yeast, enzymes, lipids, and cereal specialties. In fiscal 2025, approximately 36% of sales came from the UK, and Primark accounted for around 60% of operating profit.On Nov 4, 2025, ABF announced it has been conducting a strategic review to potentially separate the Primark and Food businesses. A final decision is expected within 12-18 months.

NVR Inc is engaged in the construction and sale of residential properties, including single-family detached homes, townhomes, and condominium buildings, all of which are built on a pre-sold basis. Additionally, the company provides related services through its mortgage banking and title services businesses. Its business segments are Homebuilding and Mortgage Banking. Its geographical segments include the Mid Atlantic, the North East, the Mid East, and the South East regions of America. The majority of the company's revenue is derived from the Homebuilding Mid Atlantic segment, which includes homebuilding operations that construct and sell single-family detached homes, townhomes and condominiums in Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, Delaware and Washington, D.C. regions.

Unibail-Rodamco-Westfield owns a portfolio of quality malls, about two thirds in continental Europe. Since acquiring Westfield in 2018 URW also has about 10% in the UK and about a quarter in the USA, but it plans to drastically reduce exposure to the latter. More than 90% of rent comes from shopping centers, the remainder from offices, mostly Paris, as well as some offices attached to mixed-use assets around the world, and a similar amount from a conventions and exhibitions business in France.

Emaar Development PJSC is a property developer and provider of lifestyle-focused real estate, with operations in the Middle East, North Africa, and Asia. Its principal activities are property investment, development and development management, shopping malls and retail, entertainment, hospitality, property management and utility services and investments in providers of financial services. The majority of the company'ss revenue is derived from the sale of residential units. Geographically, the company is currently operating only in the UAE.

Daiwa House Industry Co Ltd is engaged in the business of housing, commercial facilities, and urban development. The company operates through seven segments. The Apartment segment develops, sells, and manages condominiums, while the Business Facilities segment handles logistics, manufacturing, medical, and nursing care facilities. The Commercial Facility segment focuses on the development, construction, and management of retail spaces. The Detached Houses segment contracts and sells individual homes. The Environment Energy segment develops renewable power plants and electricity retail. The Rental Housing segment covers development, operation, and brokerage of rental housing, while Others include the resort hotel business.

DLF Ltd is a general real estate company. The company's development business majorly focuses on developing and selling residential real estate. This includes plotted developments, houses, villas, and apartments of varying sizes and integrated townships, with a focus on high-end, luxury residential developments. DLF's business also consists of commercial and shopping complexes. The company considers merger and acquisition investment as a potential component of its operational growth strategy.

Moncler consists of its namesake brand and Stone Island (bought in 2021). The Moncler brand is one of the leading players in luxury outerwear. It is globally present with 35% of sales generated in Europe, the Middle East, and Africa, 15% in the Americas, and 50% in Asia and rest of the world. Most of Moncler brand sales are direct to consumer, with 86% generated through the own-retail channel. Around 75%-80% of revenue is generated in the core outerwear segment, with the remainder in the accessory, knitwear, and footwear categories. Stone Island contributed 13% of revenue in 2024.

Henderson Land Development is a leading property developer in Hong Kong with a focus on urban redevelopment and farmland conversion. The company was founded in 1976, listed in 1981. Henderson Land controls four listed entities directly, including a 69% stake in Henderson Investment, a 41.5% stake in Hong Kong and China Gas, a 33.4% stake in Hong Kong Ferry, and a 50.1% stake in Miramar Hotel & Investment.

Singapore-based Keppel is an alternative asset manager and operator with SGD 95 billion of funds under management as of the end of December 2025. The group’s key segments are infrastructure, real estate, and connectivity (including telecommunication services and operation of data centers). Most of its earnings are derived from its infrastructure segment, where it invests and operates in a portfolio of infrastructure assets. The group also has a fund management platform comprising listed and unlisted investment trusts that generates recurring fee income.

Swire Properties is a Hong Kong-based property investor and Hong Kong's largest office landlord. Its Hong Kong portfolio provides more than 13 million square feet of gross floor area, with its portfolio of grade A office contributing over 9 million square feet. The firm also holds investment properties and development projects in China, the United States, and Southeast Asia. Rental income accounts for over 60% of its total revenue, with property development and hotel operations contributing the balance. The company was listed in 2012. Parent company Swire Pacific holds an 83% stake.

Founded in 1973, California-based Deckers designs and sells casual and performance footwear, apparel, and accessories. In fiscal 2025, Ugg and Hoka accounted for 51% and 45% of total sales, respectively. The firm also markets a niche sandal brand called Teva. Deckers produces most of its sales through wholesale partnerships but also operates e-commerce in more than 50 countries and has more than 200 company-operated stores. It generated 64% of its fiscal 2025 sales in the United States.

Toll Brothers Inc is the luxury homebuilder in the USA, operating in over 60 markets across 24 states. The Fort Washington, Pennsylvania-headquartered homebuilder caters to affluent first-time, move-up, active-adult, and second-homebuyers. Toll Brothers has shifted in recent years to a greater mix of speculative, or "quick move-in" homes. The homebuilder has also expanded its price points, with a greater emphasis on "affordable luxury. Traditional homebuilding accounts for the majority of Toll Brothers' earnings, but the firm also offers ancillary mortgage, title, insurance, and other services.

Omega Healthcare Investors Inc is a real estate investment trust that invests in healthcare-related real estate properties located in the United States (U.S.), the United Kingdom (U.K.), and Canada. The company's objective is to provide attractive returns to investors while serving as the preferred capital partner to its third-party healthcare operating companies and affiliates, as well as other third-party healthcare operators, allowing them to focus on delivering a high level of care to their resident patients. Omega's investment portfolio mainly consists of skilled nursing facilities, assisted living facilities (ALFs), including care homes in the U.K., independent living facilities, rehabilitation and acute care facilities, and continuing care retirement communities.

Modon Holding PSC, and its subsidiaries, operate across multiple business activities, including the development, management, sales, leasing and other associated services for real estate. The company is also engaged in the development, management and operations of hotels and exhibition venues, with a portfolio of assets under management across retail, residential, commercial, and sports & leisure. The company's reportable segments are: i) Real Estate Development, ii) Asset and Investment Management, iii) Hospitality, and iv) Events, Catering and Tourism. The majority of revenue is derived from the Real Estate Development segment, which involves master planning, development, sales, and management of real estate projects in the UAE and international markets.

Swiss Prime Site AG is a real estate company based in Switzerland. Its segments include: Real Estate, Asset Management, Retail, Corporate and Shared Services. The Real Estate segment consists of the firm's core real estate activities (the purchase, sale, lease, and development of properties) and financing of these activities. Asset Management includes the fund business, asset management, and investment advisory. The Retail segment consists of the operation of department stores, and Corporate and Shared Services include central group functions as well as internal services that are provided centrally. The majority of the revenue is generated from the Real Estate segment.