Stack BTC Valuation Multiples

Strategy Inc is a bitcoin treasury company and a provider of business intelligence services. It is designed to provide investors varying degrees of economic exposure to Bitcoin by offering a range of securities, including equity and fixed-income instruments. The company also provides industry AI-powered enterprise analytics software. It has one reportable operating segment: the Software Business, which is engaged in the design, development, marketing, and sales of the company's enterprise analytics software platform through cloud subscriptions and licensing arrangements and related services (i.e., product support, consulting, and education). Geographically, the company operates in EMEA, U.S. and Other Regions, of which maximum revenue is derived from U.S..

Founded in 2009, Block provides payment services to merchants, along with related services. The company also launched Cash App, a person-to-person payment network. In 2025, Square's payment volume was almost USD 260 million.

Founded in 2012, Coinbase is the leading cryptocurrency exchange platform in the United States. The company intends to be the safe and regulation-compliant point of entry for retail investors and institutions into the cryptocurrency economy. Users can establish an account directly with the firm, instead of using an intermediary, and many choose to allow Coinbase to act as a custodian for their cryptocurrency, giving the company breadth beyond that of a traditional financial exchange. While the company still generates the majority of its revenue from transaction fees charged to its retail customers, Coinbase uses internal investment and acquisitions to expand into adjacent businesses, such as prime brokerage and data analytics.

Circle Internet Group Inc is a financial technology firm engaged in digital currencies and public blockchains for payments, commerce, and financial applications. The company's platform is a full-stack, internet financial platform business, organized around three pillars: Arc Blockchain and Developer Infrastructure, Circle Digital Assets and Services, and Circle Applications.

BitMine Immersion Technologies is a publicly traded digital-asset and blockchain-infrastructure company headquartered in Las Vegas. The business accumulated a large Ethereum treasury and developed staking operations intended to earn network rewards on those holdings. It also operates the Made in America Validator Network, known as MAVAN, as an institutional Ethereum staking platform. BitMine acquired Pier Two in March 2026 to add validator technology, personnel and operating capabilities to that platform. The company also has a history in cryptocurrency mining and infrastructure services. It earns revenue from staking, digital-asset infrastructure, mining and related treasury activities rather than from investment-management fees charged to third-party funds. Its shares trade publicly in the United States, exposing investors to the value and operating yield of its digital-asset holdings and infrastructure.

Bullish is an institutionally focused global digital asset platform focused on providing market infrastructure and information services. Its objective is to provide mission critical products and services that are designed to help institutions grow their businesses, empower individual investors, and drive the adoption of stablecoins, digital assets, and blockchain technology. It expanded its product offering to provide trusted insights, authoritative news, data, indices and transparent analysis to the digital assets industry while facilitating partnerships, investment opportunities, and community engagement through its flagship Consensus conference.

Galaxy Digital Inc is engaged in digital assets and data center infrastructure, delivering solutions that accelerate progress in finance and artificial intelligence. Its digital assets platform offers institutional access to trading, advisory, asset management, staking, self-custody, and tokenization technology. The company invest in and operate cutting-edge data center infrastructure to power AI and high-performance computing, meeting the growing demand for scalable energy and compute solutions in the U.S. It has three operating business segments, Digital Assets and Data Centers, along with a Treasury & Corporate segment.

Hyperliquid Strategies Inc is focused on building a substantial reserve of HYPE tokens from the Hyperliquid Layer-1 blockchain. HYPE is the native token of the Hyperliquid layer one blockchain and is used in Hyperliquid’s custom consensus algorithm, HyperBFT. The company holds approximately 583 million worth of HYPE tokens.

SharpLink Inc is one of those publicly traded companies to adopt ETH as its primary treasury reserve asset - a move that aligns the company with the future of digital capital and gives investors direct exposure to Ethereum, a smart-contract platform and a digital asset. The company is also a trusted marketing partner to sportsbooks and online casino gaming operators world-wide. Through its iGaming affiliate marketing network, SharpLink owns and operates a portfolio of direct-to-player, state-specific, affiliate marketing websites designed to attract, acquire and drive local sports betting and online casino gaming traffic to its valued partners which are licensed to operate in each respective state.

Securitize Holdings Inc provides a platform for tokenized real-world assets specializing in tokenizing real-world assets (RWAs) like funds, equities, and fixed income on blockchain networks. The company operates across two primary verticals: i) Tokenization: It consists of on-chain infrastructure and tokenization & distribution, ii) Asset Servicing: It covers post-issuance transfer agent and fund management services. The majority of the company's revenue is derived from the Tokenization vertical.

OSL Group Ltd is an investment holding company. Along with its subsidiaries, the company operates an insured and SFC-licensed digital assets and blockchain platform business in the Asia-Pacific region, which mainly includes an OTC trading business to trade digital assets with corporate and individual customers, and the provision of automated digital assets trading services through its proprietary platforms. It provides a comprehensive range of services, including brokerage, custody, exchange, and SaaS. The group's platform caters to institutional, professional, and retail investors, facilitating them to manage their digital assets. Geographically, it operates in Hong Kong, Australia, Japan, Singapore, and Mainland China.

Chaince Digital Holdings Inc is digital fintech company providing access to the growing AI-powered infrastructure, blockchain, and digital assets. Its three core business lines include: blockchain and digital asset solutions, AI and HPC infrastructure, developing liquid cooling solutions for AI data centers and comprehensive financial services through Chaince Securities,LLC a FINRA-registered broker-dealer, and RIA.

Stewards Inc is a diversified private credit, real asset, and digital finance platform advancing responsible growth through disciplined underwriting, technology-driven analytics, and transparent governance. The company provides scalable financing and structured credit solutions to small and mid-sized businesses across the United States and is building a portfolio of income-producing real estate and digital-treasury assets that enhance balance sheet stability.

Rhino Bitcoin Inc is a Nevada corporation and Bitcoin financial services company focused on making everyday banking and financial management accessible. It integrates traditional banking functions within a secure, user-friendly platform centered on Bitcoin and maintains an active Bitcoin treasury strategy. The Company offers account funding and withdrawal in USD and Bitcoin, Bitcoin trading, custody services, remittances, discounted gift card purchasing, retirement accounts, Bitcoin collateralized loans, bill payments, and direct deposit. Its primary revenue comes from trading activities earning a spread on client exchanges between Bitcoin and U.S. dollars, and it operates in the United States, Malaysia, and Hong Kong.

HashKey Holdings Ltd is an investment holding company, principally engaged in digital asset exchange custody, asset management, and related blockchain infrastructure services. The Group's business includes licensed digital asset trading platforms, brokerage services, custody solutions, asset management products, and technology services provided to institutional and professional clients. The company's business segments are: Transaction facilitation services, On-chain services, and Asset management services. It derived the majority of revenue from the Transaction facilitation services segment, covering digital asset exchange services, brokerage services, and custody services. Geographically, it derived the maximum revenue from Hong Kong.

BitGo Holdings Inc provides various offerings to its clients including multi-signature blockchain wallet solutions allowing for secure storage, trade settlement, staking solutions, and lending of digital assets. The Company also provides professional services to develop smart contracts. Its clients range from crypto-native companies that use its self-custody wallet technology to traditional financial services firms that leverage its licensed custody, staking and trading capabilities within their own products and services.

Capital B is specializing in technology and marketing consulting in the blockchain sector. The company offers a wide range of services in these areas through time and materials contracts, fixed-price contracts, third-party application maintenance, and consulting services. Its segments include Advisory, IT consulting, Marketing, Blockchain, and Ancillary activities. Geographically, it operates in France and Outside France, deriving the majority of the revenue from operations in France.

Coincheck Group NV is a digital asset trading service company. It operates multi-cryptocurrency marketplaces and crypto asset exchanges in Japan and marketplace and exchange platforms on which diverse cryptocurrencies, including Bitcoin and Ethereum, are held and exchanged, and offers other retail-focused crypto services. It is also increasing user's access to digital products and solutions beyond cryptocurrencies, such as non-fungible tokens (NFTs). The company’s revenue is entirely derived from operations within Japan.

PT Indokripto Koin Semesta Tbk is a holding company that invests in Subsidiaries engaged in the Futures Exchange and Crypto Asset Exchange. In addition, the Company also provides management consulting services to Subsidiaries such as business planning, business and investment strategies, company operational management and corporate financial consulting.

ProCap Financial Inc is focused on Bitcoin-focused media products and Bitcoin holdings. The Company typically provides advertising and marketing services through weekly digital media placements, including audio and social media advertisements. The Company offers media products to help independent investors understand financial markets, current events, and technology advancements. These media products include social media accounts, email newsletters, and audio or video content. The Company also added strategies related to the use of AI and automation to support the development and delivery of financial products and services.

Wewards Inc is a United States based company engaged in owning of a web-based platform accessible by mobile apps (the Platform) that will enable consumers to purchase goods from merchants and earn rebates payable in the form of Bitcoin. The Platform provides Bitcoin rewards ecosystem. The company also holds an IP which consists of technology and related rights associated with the game Megopoly that is a Massively Multiplayer Online Game.

Bakkt Inc is focused on building the backbone of next-generation financial infrastructure. The company provides financial technology solutions that support institutional participation in digital assets. Its offerings include infrastructure related to bitcoin, tokenization, stablecoin payments, and AI-enabled financial services. The company specializes in providing solutions designed to meet institutional requirements for security, scale, and regulatory compliance.

StableCoinX Inc is a newly-formed validator and infrastructure business expected to operate infrastructure and staking services, running validators and related technical services for the Ethena protocol. The company is expected to adopt a multi-year treasury strategy to build a reserve of ENA, the Ethena protocol’s native token.

The Smarter Web Company PLC is a UK-based technology company operating a Bitcoin treasury alongside its web services business. The Company holds Bitcoin as its primary treasury reserve asset to build long-term shareholder value and operates one of the public Bitcoin treasuries in the UK. Through its agencies, Squarebird and Smarter Web Operations, it provides web design, development, hosting, and digital marketing services to organisations of all sizes in the UK and internationally. The Company intends to acquire additional web and digital marketing businesses to expand its balance sheet and service offerings.

Oranjebtc SA Education And Investment is an education and investment company. The group operates in two complementary verticals: education, research, and dissemination of knowledge, through the offering of open courses, production and distribution of high-quality educational content; and proprietary investment and treasury management, focusing on the acquisition and custody of Bitcoin as a strategic asset, with the mission of accelerating the transition of Brazil and Latin America to access Bitcoin.

Amber International Holding Ltd is a Web3 financial solutions and infrastructure provider, operating under the brand name Amber Premium. It provides institutional market access, execution infrastructure, and investment solutions to help institutions and high-net-worth individuals optimize their digital asset portfolios. Amber Premium offers a regulated, scalable financial ecosystem powered by proprietary trading technology, AI-driven risk management, and quantitative algorithms across CeFi, DeFi, and OTC markets.

Exodus Movement Inc is a self-custodial platform that connects people with the world of decentralized finance and the power of the blockchain. Available for desktop and mobile, it allows users to secure, manage and exchange cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, Ethereum. Geographical presence in Europe, United States, the Middle East, and Africa (EMEA); Asia-Pacific (APAC); and Canada and Latin America (Other Americas).

DeFi Technologies Inc is a Canadian technology company bridging the gap between traditional capital markets and decentralized finance. The Company generates revenues through the issuance of exchange-traded products that synthetically track the value of a single DeFi protocol, investments in various companies and leading protocols across the decentralized finance ecosystem to build a diversified portfolio of decentralized finance assets, providing premium membership for research reports to investors and offering node management of decentralized protocols to support governance, security and transaction validation.

Bitcoin Group SE is a venture capital company. The Company focuses on the acquisition, sale and management of investments in companies, and the acquisition of strategic leadership, management and coordination of these companies.

Solana Co is a publicly listed digital asset treasury established in partnership with Pantera and Summer Capital. The company is dedicated to acquiring Solana (SOL) and aims to maximize SOL per share by strategically leveraging capital market opportunities and on-chain activities. Through this model, Solana Company provides public market investors with efficient and direct exposure to Solana’s long-term growth potential.

Sui Group Holdings is a United States public company operating a digital-asset treasury strategy centered on the Sui blockchain. The business previously operated as Mill City Ventures III and retained the same corporate identity when it adopted its current name in August 2025. Its activities include holding SUI, participating in native network protocols and developing financial uses for its treasury assets. The company also has a legacy specialty-finance business originating short-term loans. Its shares provide corporate equity exposure, which is legally distinct from owning SUI tokens directly. The company describes its objective in terms of increasing digital assets per share, with governance and financial disclosure through its public-company reporting obligations. Its current dedicated website is suig.io.

Stablecoin Development Corp is an on-chain holding company focused on long-duration participation in protocol-aligned digital asset ecosystems. The Company's initial digital asset focus is the Sky protocol ecosystem, with SKY as its core holding. Through staking and other on-chain activities, the Company seeks to generate protocol-level economic returns while maintaining rigorous governance and risk management oversight.

C Capital Holdings AG is an APAC-focused asset management firm engaged in private equity, private debt, and control asset investments. Its private equity activities include investments in venture-stage to growth-stage companies across sectors such as consumer, consumer technology, deep technology, and emerging technology companies.

Net digital AG is a group of companies that partners with numerous medium-sized and large companies in the telecommunications, media, and entertainment sectors, as well as public transport companies. The group develops technology platforms for Global and customized digital payment solutions with a focus on digital content distribution. Its services include Global Payment Services, Mobile Payment Services, Content Distribution Services, Artificial Intelligence Solutions, Communication Services, and TV Enabling Services.

DMG Blockchain Solutions Inc is a full-service blockchain and cryptocurrency company. It manages, operates, and develops end-to-end digital solutions to monetize the blockchain ecosystem. It is also involved in server hosting and other similar service arrangements for the transaction verification services business and software solutions. The company engages in the research and development of technology solutions related to the transaction verification business. It derives maximum revenue from digital currency mining, and the rest from software licensing, the sale of mining equipment, set-up and hosting fees, and others.

BTCS Inc is is a U.S.-based, Nasdaq-listed blockchain technology company focused on revenue generation through blockchain infrastructure and decentralized finance (DeFi) activities, mainly on the Ethereum network. BTCS operates as an active participant in the Ethereum ecosystem, generating digital asset-denominated on-chain revenues through its operations.

Prairie Operating Co is a Houston-based independent energy company engaged in the development and acquisition of oil and natural gas resources in the United States. The Company’s assets and operations are concentrated in the oil and liquids-rich regions of the Denver-Julesburg (DJ) Basin, with a focus on the Niobrara and Codell formations. The Company is committed to the responsible development of its oil and natural gas resources and is focused on maximizing returns through consistent growth, capital discipline, and sustainable cash flow generation.

Eyenovia Inc is a clinical-stage ophthalmic company developing a pipeline of therapeutics based on its proprietary array print (MAP) platform technology. It aims to achieve clinical microdosing of next-generation formulations of novel and existing ophthalmic pharmaceutical agents using its high-precision targeted ocular delivery system, branded the Optejet, which has the potential to replace conventional eye dropper delivery and improve safety, tolerability, patient compliance, and topical delivery success for ophthalmic eye treatments. Using its proprietary delivery technology, Eyenovia is developing the next generation of smart ophthalmic therapies that target new indications or New combinations.

Sol Strategies Inc is engaged in investing in blockchain technologies and crypto currencies. Company executes its Investment Objective through three lines of effort: Treasury management: Maintaining a core portfolio of cryptocurrencies for long-term growth, enhanced with risk management strategies to minimize volatility, and generating yield through lending, staking, and liquidity provisioning; Private equity focused on early stage companies in the DeFi and blockchain sectors; and Active investments to generate yield through strategic activities, including Bitcoin mining and stalking and validating Solana.

Finexity AG operates a OTC trading venue for tokenized Private Market-Investments, directly connecting issuers with trading partners such as banks, independent asset managers, and financial intermediaries. Its platform enables efficient access to a broad range of tokenized Private Market-Investments - including Private Equity, Private Credit, Real Estate, Infrastructure, and Collectibles -covering the entire value chain from structuring and tokenization to placement, trading, and settlement.

Metalpha Technology Holding Ltd is a digital asset focused wealth management company. The company predominantly generates revenue from the execution of cryptocurrency-related transactions, which includes the issuance of derivative products to over-the-counter (OTC) clients and its proprietary trading activities. It has partnered with a crypto exchange to provide crypto derivative market-making services for its clients, facilitating the trading of crypto derivative products. In addition, the company also engages in providing traditional financial derivative products, and asset management services. It operates in a single segment which is the trading of proprietary digital assets and derivative contracts, and generates majority of its revenue from Hong Kong.

Neptune Digital Assets Corp is engaged in developing, owning, and operating infrastructure for the digital currency ecosystem. Its core assets are digital currencies, and its main business activities include Bitcoin mining, blockchain staking, and node management to generate digital currency rewards, as well as participation in decentralized finance (DeFi) activities. Additionally, the company engages in cash lending with the objective of earning interest. The company operates in Canada and the United States. The majority of the company's bitcoin mining revenue is derived from Canada.

Antalpha Platform Holding Co provides financing, technology and risk management solutions to the digital asset industry. It is a provider of supply chain financing solutions to institutional and corporate participants in the Bitcoin mining industry, offering loans secured by Bitcoin and Bitcoin mining machines. It has developed a technology platform, Antalpha Prime, which enables customers to apply for and manage their digital asset loans while allowing to closely monitor collateral positions.

Phunware Inc is a software company. It is a cloud platform for mobile that provides companies with the products, solutions, and data and services necessary to engage, manage and monetize its mobile application audiences. It derives maximum revenue from United States. The company has two reportable segments: Software subscriptions and services; and Advertising. It derives maximum revenue from Software subscriptions and services.

Crypto Blockchain Industries SA is focused on cryptocurrencies and blockchain-based applications, involves a development of new applications.

Intellistake Technologies Corp is a technology company that is focused on decentralized artificial intelligence and engaging in operations across the blockchain ecosystem, including proof-of-stake mining, blockchain nodes, digital tokens and validators.

K33 AB is a holding company and the new gold standard for digital asset investments. It offers market execution, actionable insights, and superior support to private and institutional partners across EMEA.