Galaxy Digital Valuation Multiples

Oracle provides enterprise applications and infrastructure offerings through a variety of flexible IT deployment models, including on-premises, cloud-based, and hybrid. Founded in 1977, Oracle pioneered the first commercial SQL-based relational database management system, which is commonly used by the world’s largest companies for high-volume online transaction processing workloads. Besides databases, Oracle also sells enterprise resource planning platforms and cloud infrastructure that play an increasingly important role in large language model training and inferencing.

Arista Networks is a networking equipment provider that primarily sells Ethernet switches and software to data centers. Its marquee product is its extensible operating system that runs a single image across every single one of its devices. The firm operates as one reportable segment. It has steadily gained market share since its founding in 2004, with a focus on high-speed applications. Arista counts Microsoft and Meta Platforms as its largest customers and derives roughly three-fourths of its sales from North America.

Equinix is one of the leading providers of cloud- and carrier-neutral data centers, offering colocation and interconnection services to hyperscalers and businesses. Equinix operates 270 properties in 77 metropolitan areas across 36 countries, serving over 10,000 customers. About 70% of Equinix’s revenue comes from renting physical space, which allows hyperscalers and other clients to store servers, data storage, and networking equipment. The other 30% of revenue is generated primarily through interconnection services (20%) and other managed services (10%).

Vertiv has roots tracing back to 1946 when its founder, Ralph Liebert, developed an air-cooling system for mainframe data rooms. As computers started making their way into commercial applications in 1965, Liebert developed one of the first computer room air conditioning, or CRAC, units, enabling the precise control of temperature and humidity. The firm has slowly expanded its data center portfolio through internal product development and the acquisition of thermal and power management products like condensers, busways, and switches. Vertiv has global operations today; its products can be found in data centers in most regions throughout the world.

NTT owns NTT DoCoMo, the largest wireless operator in Japan, with 53 million mobile handset subscribers. It also owns NTT East and NTT West, the two regional incumbent fixed-line operators in Japan, with about 23.6 million broadband lines (around 72% of which are wholesaled). The firm also provides IT and communications systems integration via NTT Communications and NTT Data.

American Tower owns and operates about 150,000 wireless towers throughout the US, Asia, Latin America, Europe, and Africa. It also owns and/or operates 30 data centers in 11 US markets after acquiring CoreSite. On its towers, the company has a very concentrated customer base, with most revenue in each market generated by the top few mobile carriers. The company operates more than 40,000 towers in the US, which accounted for about half of total revenue in 2024. Outside the US, American Tower operates about 47,000 towers in Latin America (dominated by Brazil), 32,000 towers in Europe, and 27,000 towers in Africa. American Tower operates as a REIT.

Digital Realty is one of the leading providers of cloud- and carrier-neutral data centers, offering colocation and interconnection services to hyperscalers and large businesses. Digital Realty operates 300 properties in 57 metropolitan areas across 31 countries, serving 5,000 customers. Renting physical space accounts for about 90% of Digital Realty’s revenue. The firm enables hyperscalers and other clients to store servers, data, and networking equipment. The other 10% of revenue is generated primarily through interconnection services (8%) and other fee income (2%).

Strategy Inc is a bitcoin treasury company and a provider of business intelligence services. It is designed to provide investors varying degrees of economic exposure to Bitcoin by offering a range of securities, including equity and fixed-income instruments. The company also provides industry AI-powered enterprise analytics software. It has one reportable operating segment: the Software Business, which is engaged in the design, development, marketing, and sales of the company's enterprise analytics software platform through cloud subscriptions and licensing arrangements and related services (i.e., product support, consulting, and education). Geographically, the company operates in EMEA, U.S. and Other Regions, of which maximum revenue is derived from U.S..

Founded in 2009, Block provides payment services to merchants, along with related services. The company also launched Cash App, a person-to-person payment network. In 2024, Square's payment volume was almost USD 250 million.

Founded in 2012, Coinbase is the leading cryptocurrency exchange platform in the United States. The company intends to be the safe and regulation-compliant point of entry for retail investors and institutions into the cryptocurrency economy. Users can establish an account directly with the firm, instead of using an intermediary, and many choose to allow Coinbase to act as a custodian for their cryptocurrency, giving the company breadth beyond that of a traditional financial exchange. While the company still generates the majority of its revenue from transaction fees charged to its retail customers, Coinbase uses internal investment and acquisitions to expand into adjacent businesses, such as prime brokerage and data analytics.

Quanta Computer Inc is an original design manufacturer of notebook computers and electronic hardware for use in communication, networking, consumer electronics, auto electronics, and cloud computing solutions. Its products include enterprise network systems, home entertainment systems, rack-mount servers, data center networking switches, high-density storage solutions, encoding cameras, and smart home devices. The Majority of the firm's revenue is generated in the American region, with the rest coming from countries across the world.

NetApp Inc is a provider of enterprise data management and storage solutions. The company's segments include Hybrid Cloud and Public Cloud. It generates maximum revenue from the Hybrid Cloud segment. The Hybrid Cloud segment offers a portfolio of storage management and infrastructure solutions that help customers recast their traditional data centers with the power of the cloud. This portfolio is designed to operate with public clouds to unlock the potential of hybrid, multi-cloud operations. Hybrid Cloud is composed of software, hardware, and related support, as well as professional and other services. Geographically, the company generates the majority of its revenue from the United States, Canada and Latin America (Americas).

Crown Castle owns or manages roughly 40,000 wireless towers in the United States. It leases space on its towers to wireless service providers, which install equipment to support their wireless networks. The company has a very concentrated customer base, with about 75% of its revenue from the Big Three US mobile carriers: Verizon, T-Mobile, and AT&T. Crown Castle has plans to divest its fiber business, which is expected to be finalized in the first half of 2026. After that, it will be a stand-alone tower operator. Crown Castle operates as a real estate investment trust.

PT DCI Indonesia Tbk is a data center provider in Indonesia. It provides reliable, well networked, and well-managed cloud and carrier-neutral data center infrastructure services in Indonesia. The company operates in two segments: Colocation services and Others. The services offered by the company include Colocation, Cross Connect, Flexspace, Smarthands, CloudConnect, and DCI Internet Exchange.

Super Micro Computer Inc provides high-performance server technology services to cloud computing, data centers, high-performance computing, and the Internet of Things embedded markets. Its solutions include servers, storage systems, modular blade servers, workstations, full-rack scale solutions, networking devices, server sub-systems, and server management. These turn-key solutions are designed, developed, validated, and installed for AI datacenters. The company has one operating segment that develops and provides high-performance server solutions based upon a, modular and open-standard architecture. More than half of the firm's revenue is generated in the United States, with the rest coming from Europe, Asia, and other regions.

Circle Internet Group Inc is a financial technology firm engaged in digital currencies and public blockchains for payments, commerce, and financial applications. The company's platform is a full-stack, internet financial platform business, organized around three pillars: Arc Blockchain and Developer Infrastructure, Circle Digital Assets and Services, and Circle Applications.

China Unicom is the incumbent fixed-line operator in 10 northern Chinese provinces, as well as the third-largest wireless operator nationwide. As of June 2025, it had around 355 million billing wireless customers and over 125 million fixed-line subscribers. China Unicom also has a growing ICT business. We estimate it has the third largest internet data center business in China with 420,000 cabinets and its Cloud Service revenue is also showing strong growth. It has its own 4G network and shares the radio access function with China Telecom for its 5G network.

SBA Communications owns a portfolio of about 45,000 wireless towers throughout North America, South America, and Africa. It leases space on its towers to wireless service providers, who install equipment to support their wireless networks. The company has a very concentrated customer base, with most revenue in each market being generated by the top few mobile carriers. It owns more than 17,000 towers in the US, which account for about 75% of leasing revenue. Internationally, SBA’s largest presence is in Brazil, where it owns roughly 10,000 towers. SBA operates as a real estate investment trust.

Cellnex owns and operates more than 100,000 wireless towers in Europe, the result of continued merger and acquisition activity since its initial public offering in 2015. It has acquired towers from several European mobile network operators, including Telefonica, Iliad, CK Hutchison, Bouygues, and Altice. Cellnex is present in France, Italy, Spain, Poland, and the United Kingdom, among others.

Dawning Information Industry Co Ltd is a China-based company engages in the manufacturing and selling of computers and servers. The company also provides industrial solutions and cloud computing services. Its products include server products, safety products, high-performance computing products, infrastructure, storage products, and cloud computing products. It offers integrated information services such as cloud computing and large data, software development, system integration and technical services.

IEIT Systems Co Ltd is a provider of IT infrastructure products, solutions, and services. Its business focuses on three fields: servers, storage, and networks. The company is committed to the innovation of digital technology along with the application and integration of digital worlds with the physical world. It is helping enterprises embark on a path of sustainable development by driving intelligent digital transformation.

IonQ Inc sells access to several quantum computers of various qubit capacities and is in the process of researching and developing technologies for quantum computers with increasing computational capabilities. The company currently makes access to its quantum computers available via cloud platforms and also to select customers via its own cloud service. This cloud-based approach enables the broad availability of quantum-computing-as-a-service (QCaaS). The company derives its revenue from its quantum-computing-as-a-service arrangements, consulting services related to co-developing algorithms on company's quantum computing systems and contracts associated with the design, development, and construction of specialized quantum computing systems together with related services.

BitMine Immersion Technologies Inc is a Bitcoin and Ethereum Network Company with a focus on the accumulation of Crypto for long term investment, whether acquired by its Bitcoin mining operations or from the proceeds of capital raising transactions. Company business lines include Bitcoin Mining, Synthetic Bitcoin mining through involvement in Bitcoin mining, hashrate as a financial product, offering advisory and mining services to companies interested in earning Bitcoin denominated revenues, and general Bitcoin advisory to public companies. BitMine’s operations are located in low-cost energy regions in Trinidad; Pecos, Texas; and Silverton, Texas.

Oracle Corp Japan is an information technology company. Its products cover database management, enterprise resource planning, supply chain management, data warehousing, customer relationship management, middleware, business intelligence, and application products. The firm provides cloud solutions, business solutions, industry solutions, mobile solutions, technology solutions and consulting, financing, training, cloud, and others. The company operates through three reportable segments: Cloud & License, Hardware Systems, and Services.

NextDC operates 17 data centers in Australian cities with a focus on colocation and interconnection between enterprises, global cloud, and ICT providers and telecommunication networks. It has another 2 data centers in Asia and 13 data centers in development or planning stage in Australia, Asia and New Zealand. NextDC provides physical space, cooling, power and security services and offers optional technical and project management support. The company’s tenants store their servers within the data center and can connect to each other, to and between global public cloud providers and telecommunication network providers via physical and virtual connections. Colocation services allow enterprises to enhance security of data transmission and reduce latency.

Applied Digital Corp is a U.S. based designer, developer, owner, and operator of large-scale, purpose-built data centers engineered to support high-performance computing (HPC) workloads, including artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, and other accelerated-compute applications. It design, build, and operate high-performance, sustainably engineered data centers which it refer to as AI factories and deliver that capacity to investment-grade hyper scalers and other compute customers under long-term lease and hosting arrangements. The company has two segments Data Center Hosting Business, and HPC Hosting Business. The company generates majority of revenue from Data Center Hosting Business segment. Its solutions are Digital Infrastructure, and AI Factories.

Lumen Technologies is one of the largest telecommunications carriers serving global enterprises. The merger with Level 3 in 2017, the 2022 divestiture of much of its local phone business in rural areas, and the 2026 sale of its remaining consumer fiber network to AT&T have shifted the company’s operations away from the legacy consumer business and toward enterprises services, which account for about 90% of revenue. Lumen offers businesses a full suite of communications services, providing colocation and data center services, data transportation, phone service, and internet access.

Inwit is an Italian wireless tower company born from the spinoff of Telecom Italia’s tower assets in 2015. In 2020, Inwit merged its tower assets with those of Vodafone Italia, creating a tower leader in the Italian market with a high-quality portfolio derived from the networks created by Telecom Italia and Vodafone over the past two decades. Inwit owns 25,000 towers, having the highest tenancy ratio and EBITDA margin among the European tower firms. Cellnex is Inwit’s main competitor in Italy, owning a similar number of towers.

GDS Holdings started as an IT service provider in 2001 then moved to the data center business with its first self-developed data center opening in 2010. The company now develops and operates data centers in China and also builds, operates and transfers data centers for other clients. It offers colocation and managed services and mainly targets hyperscale cloud service customers who take large areas of its data centers or even whole data centers under long-term contracts. Its data centers are located predominantly in and around the Tier 1 cities in China and it has also started an expanding into Southeast Asia via the now 38% owned DayOne. GDS listed on the Nasdaq in 2016 and completed a secondary listing in Hong Kong in 2020.

D-Wave Quantum Inc is in the development and delivery of quantum computing systems, software, and services, and it is the commercial supplier of quantum computers and the only company building both annealing quantum computers and gate-model quantum computers. It delivers customer value with practical quantum applications for problems as diverse as logistics, artificial intelligence, materials sciences, drug discovery, scheduling, cybersecurity, fault detection, and financial modeling. Its annealing quantum computers are accessible through the company's LeapTM cloud service.

Wangsu Science & Technology Co Ltd is a China-based company engaged in the provision of telecommunication value-added services. It is mainly engaged in the provision of a content delivery network (CDN) services, Internet data center (IDC) services, and cloud service integrated solutions. The company operates its business in domestic and overseas markets.

TaTaTu Enterprises is a video-on-demand platform rewarding users with tokens for watching movies, sports, music, and gaming content.

Core Scientific Inc is engaged in designing, building and operating digital infrastructure for high-performance computing. The business operates in three operating segments; Digital Asset Self-Mining, consisting of performing digital asset mining for the own account, Digital Asset Hosted Mining, consisting of providing hosting services to third parties for digital asset mining, and HPC Hosting, consisting of providing hosting services to third parties for graphics processing unit (GPU) based HPC hosting operations. The majority of revenue is derived from the Digital Asset Self-Mining Segment.

Bullish is an institutionally focused global digital asset platform focused on providing market infrastructure and information services. Its objective is to provide mission critical products and services that are designed to help institutions grow their businesses, empower individual investors, and drive the adoption of stablecoins, digital assets, and blockchain technology. It expanded its product offering to provide trusted insights, authoritative news, data, indices and transparent analysis to the digital assets industry while facilitating partnerships, investment opportunities, and community engagement through its flagship Consensus conference.

Rigetti Computing Inc is engaged in the business of full-stack quantum computing. The company offers full-stack quantum computing platform as a cloud service to a wide range of end-users, directly through its Rigetti QCS platform, and also through cloud service providers. Its proprietary quantum-classical infrastructure provides ultra-low latency integration with public and private clouds for high-performance practical quantum computing. The company has developed the industry's first multi-chip quantum processor for scalable quantum computing systems. Geographically, the company derives the majority of its revenue from the United States.

Insight Enterprises Inc is a Fortune IT provider engaged in helping businesses of all sizes, large enterprises, government agencies, schools, and healthcare organizations. The company has three geographic operating segments: North America, EMEA, and APAC. It generates maximum revenue from the North America segment. The company provides digital workplace, cloud/data center transformation, IT modernization, Cyber Security and supply chain optimization solutions and services.

Fujian Star-Net Communication Co Ltd is a China-based company operates in the terminals and video application systems. It serves in the fields of network communication, switches, cloud computing, payment terminals, desktop clouds, wireless and broadband access, and video information applications. The company serves approximately 100 countries worldwide. Its product portfolio includes smart network, smart cloud, and smart finance.

Beijing Sinnet Technology Co Ltd is a professional data center and cloud computing service provider in China. The company's main business is Internet data center services (IDC and its value-added services), cloud computing services, Internet broadband access services (ISP) and other Internet integrated services.

Ionic Digital Inc intends to be a leading bitcoin mining company, as part of the digital assets ecosystem.

Csquare Inc is an enterprise digital infrastructure platform, owning and operating a geographically diverse portfolio of carrier-neutral data centers located across the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom. The company provides carrier-neutral colocation and interconnection services that provide infrastructure, including space, power, cooling systems, physical security, and interconnection capabilities, enabling customers to deploy and operate IT and network infrastructure. Its facilities support enterprise, network, cloud, and technology customers in the deployment and operation of IT and network infrastructure. The company generates the majority of its revenue from enterprise colocation services, which include fees for the licensing of cabinet space and power.

DigitalBridge Group Inc is a developer of alternative asset manager dedicated to investing in digital infrastructure. The company's platform invests in and operates businesses across the digital ecosystem, including cell towers, data centres, fiber, small cells, and edge infrastructure, to provide clients with funds for digital infrastructure real estate infrastructure.

Bitdeer Technologies Group is principally engaged in provision of digital asset mining services. The Company does not conduct any substantive operations on its own but conducts its primary operations through its subsidiaries. Its majority business segments are: proprietary mining, cloud hash rate sharing and cloud hosting. The company operates five proprietary mining datacenters in the United States and Norway, Bhutan and Singapore.

PT Solusi Tunas Pratama Tbk is engaged in telecommunication infrastructure. The company operates and leases base transceiver station tower buildings or telecommunications towers, and other related telecommunication infrastructure. The segments of the company are Tower lease and Other services. The business activity of the group has functioned in the Indonesia region, and derives majority of its revenue from lease sources. The Group has one segment that is telecommunication tower rental.

Time Dotcom Bhd is a telecommunications service provider that delivers domestic connectivity across the Retail market as well as international connectivity, data center, cloud computing, and managed service solutions catered to the Wholesale and Enterprise market to its customers across the ASEAN region. The company has telecommunications as its sole operating segment. The company derives revenue from Data, followed by Cloud and Other services, Voice and Others. The vast majority of its revenue comes from Malaysia.

Hyperliquid Strategies Inc is focused on building a substantial reserve of HYPE tokens from the Hyperliquid Layer-1 blockchain. HYPE is the native token of the Hyperliquid layer one blockchain and is used in Hyperliquid’s custom consensus algorithm, HyperBFT. The company holds approximately 583 million worth of HYPE tokens.

SharonAI Holdings Inc is a high-performance computing (HPC) company deploying large-scale energy and compute infrastructure, USA energy markets and infrastructure asset management. Its services include: Sovereign AI Australia, GPU-as-a-Service, SHARON AI Cloud, SHARON AI Private Cloud, Virtual Private Clusters, HPC Servers, SHARON AI Supercluster, GPU Fleet, Virtual Servers, Cloud Storage, AI Model Training, High-Performance Computing (HPC), and Video Encoding & Decoding. The company's products are: Sovereign AI Australia, GPU-as-a-Service, SHARON AI Cloud, SHARON AI Private Cloud, Virtual Private Clusters, HPC Servers, SHARON AI Supercluster, GPU Fleet, Virtual Servers, Cloud Storage, AI Model Training, High Performance Computing (HPC), and Video Encoding & Decoding.

Quantum Computing Inc is an integrated photonics and quantum optics technology company that provides accessible and affordable quantum machines to the world today. Its products are designed to operate at room temperature and low power at an affordable cost. The Company’s portfolio of core technologies and products offer capabilities in the areas of high-performance computing, artificial intelligence, and cybersecurity, as well as remote sensing applications.

VNET started as AsiaCloud in 1999 and moved into the data center business, opening its first self-developed data center in 2010. The firm listed (as 21Vianet) on the Nasdaq in April 2011, subsequently changing its name to VNET Group in 2021. It originally focused on providing data center services such as colocation and cloud services to retail clients in China, but added hyperscale customers in 2019 and now counts large Chinese hyperscalers such as Alibaba Cloud, Tencent Cloud, and Huawei Cloud as customers. At the end of September 2025, it had 52,288 retail cabinets, with the majority in Beijing, Shanghai, and the Greater Bay area. It also had 783 MW of wholesale capacity in service, with a further 306 MW under construction and a further 705 MW held for future development.