Neptune Digital Assets Valuation Multiples

Strategy Inc is a bitcoin treasury company and a provider of business intelligence services. It is designed to provide investors varying degrees of economic exposure to Bitcoin by offering a range of securities, including equity and fixed-income instruments. The company also provides industry AI-powered enterprise analytics software. It has one reportable operating segment: the Software Business, which is engaged in the design, development, marketing, and sales of the company's enterprise analytics software platform through cloud subscriptions and licensing arrangements and related services (i.e., product support, consulting, and education). Geographically, the company operates in EMEA, U.S. and Other Regions, of which maximum revenue is derived from U.S..

Founded in 2012, Coinbase is the leading cryptocurrency exchange platform in the United States. The company intends to be the safe and regulation-compliant point of entry for retail investors and institutions into the cryptocurrency economy. Users can establish an account directly with the firm, instead of using an intermediary, and many choose to allow Coinbase to act as a custodian for their cryptocurrency, giving the company breadth beyond that of a traditional financial exchange. While the company still generates the majority of its revenue from transaction fees charged to its retail customers, Coinbase uses internal investment and acquisitions to expand into adjacent businesses, such as prime brokerage and data analytics.

Founded in 2009, Block provides payment services to merchants, along with related services. The company also launched Cash App, a person-to-person payment network. In 2024, Square's payment volume was almost USD 250 million.

Circle Internet Group Inc is a financial technology firm engaged in digital currencies and public blockchains for payments, commerce, and financial applications. The company is the issuer of USD Coin (USDC).

BitMine Immersion Technologies Inc is a Bitcoin and Ethereum Network Company with a focus on the accumulation of Crypto for long term investment, whether acquired by its Bitcoin mining operations or from the proceeds of capital raising transactions. Company business lines include Bitcoin Mining, Synthetic Bitcoin mining through involvement in Bitcoin mining, hashrate as a financial product, offering advisory and mining services to companies interested in earning Bitcoin denominated revenues, and general Bitcoin advisory to public companies. BitMine’s operations are located in low-cost energy regions in Trinidad; Pecos, Texas; and Silverton, Texas.

Galaxy Digital Inc is engaged in digital assets and data center infrastructure, delivering solutions that accelerate progress in finance and artificial intelligence. Its digital assets platform offers institutional access to trading, advisory, asset management, staking, self-custody, and tokenization technology. The company invest in and operate cutting-edge data center infrastructure to power AI and high-performance computing, meeting the growing demand for scalable energy and compute solutions in the U.S. It has three operating business segments, Digital Assets and Data Centers, along with a Treasury & Corporate segment.

TaTaTu Enterprises is a video-on-demand platform rewarding users with tokens for watching movies, sports, music, and gaming content.

Bullish is an institutionally focused global digital asset platform focused on providing market infrastructure and information services. Its objective is to provide mission critical products and services that are designed to help institutions grow their businesses, empower individual investors, and drive the adoption of stablecoins, digital assets, and blockchain technology. It expanded its product offering to provide trusted insights, authoritative news, data, indices and transparent analysis to the digital assets industry while facilitating partnerships, investment opportunities, and community engagement through its flagship Consensus conference.

OSL Group Ltd is an investment holding company. Along with its subsidiaries, the company operates an insured and SFC-licensed digital assets and blockchain platform business in the Asia-Pacific region, which mainly includes an OTC trading business to trade digital assets with corporate and individual customers, and the provision of automated digital assets trading services through its proprietary platforms. It provides a comprehensive range of services, including brokerage, custody, exchange, and SaaS. The group's platform caters to institutional, professional, and retail investors, facilitating them to manage their digital assets. Geographically, it operates in Hong Kong, Australia, Japan, Singapore, and Mainland China.

SharpLink Inc is one of those publicly traded companies to adopt ETH as its primary treasury reserve asset - a move that aligns the company with the future of digital capital and gives investors direct exposure to Ethereum, a smart-contract platform and a digital asset. The company is also a trusted marketing partner to sportsbooks and online casino gaming operators world-wide. Through its iGaming affiliate marketing network, SharpLink owns and operates a portfolio of direct-to-player, state-specific, affiliate marketing websites designed to attract, acquire and drive local sports betting and online casino gaming traffic to its valued partners which are licensed to operate in each respective state.

Centerspace is a real estate investment trust (REIT) that focuses on the ownership, management, acquisitions, redevelopment, and development of apartment communities. The company operates through a single reportable segment which includes the ownership, management, development, redevelopment, and acquisition of apartment communities and conduct their corporate operations from offices in Minot, North Dakota and Minneapolis, Minnesota.

Rhino Bitcoin Inc is a Nevada corporation and Bitcoin financial services company focused on making everyday banking and financial management accessible. It integrates traditional banking functions within a secure, user-friendly platform centered on Bitcoin and maintains an active Bitcoin treasury strategy. The Company offers account funding and withdrawal in USD and Bitcoin, Bitcoin trading, custody services, remittances, discounted gift card purchasing, retirement accounts, Bitcoin collateralized loans, bill payments, and direct deposit. Its primary revenue comes from trading activities earning a spread on client exchanges between Bitcoin and U.S. dollars, and it operates in the United States, Malaysia, and Hong Kong.

Stewards Inc is a diversified private credit, real asset, and digital finance platform advancing responsible growth through disciplined underwriting, technology-driven analytics, and transparent governance. The company provides scalable financing and structured credit solutions to small and mid-sized businesses across the United States and is building a portfolio of income-producing real estate and digital-treasury assets that enhance balance sheet stability.

BitGo Holdings Inc provides various offerings to its clients including multi-signature blockchain wallet solutions allowing for secure storage, trade settlement, staking solutions, and lending of digital assets. The Company also provides professional services to develop smart contracts. Its clients range from crypto-native companies that use its self-custody wallet technology to traditional financial services firms that leverage its licensed custody, staking and trading capabilities within their own products and services.

PT Indokripto Koin Semesta Tbk is a holding company that invests in Subsidiaries engaged in the Futures Exchange and Crypto Asset Exchange. In addition, the Company also provides management consulting services to Subsidiaries such as business planning, business and investment strategies, company operational management and corporate financial consulting.

CoinShares International Ltd is the European digital asset manager that delivers a broad range of financial services across investment management, trading, securities, and consumer products to a wide array of clients that includes corporations, financial institutions, and individuals. The Group comprises three core operating segments; Asset Management, Capital Markets, and Principal Investments. The company derives a majority of its revenue from the Asset management segment.

Chaince Digital Holdings Inc is digital fintech company providing access to the growing AI-powered infrastructure, blockchain, and digital assets. Its three core business lines include: blockchain and digital asset solutions, AI and HPC infrastructure, developing liquid cooling solutions for AI data centers and comprehensive financial services through Chaince Securities,LLC a FINRA-registered broker-dealer, and RIA.

Coincheck Group NV is a digital asset trading service company. It operates multi-cryptocurrency marketplaces and crypto asset exchanges in Japan and marketplace and exchange platforms on which diverse cryptocurrencies, including Bitcoin and Ethereum, are held and exchanged, and offers other retail-focused crypto services. It is also increasing user's access to digital products and solutions beyond cryptocurrencies, such as non-fungible tokens (NFTs). The company’s revenue is entirely derived from operations within Japan.

DeFi Technologies Inc is a Canadian technology company bridging the gap between traditional capital markets and decentralized finance. The Company generates revenues through the issuance of exchange-traded products that synthetically track the value of a single DeFi protocol, investments in various companies and leading protocols across the decentralized finance ecosystem to build a diversified portfolio of decentralized finance assets, providing premium membership for research reports to investors and offering node management of decentralized protocols to support governance, security and transaction validation.

Wewards Inc is a United States based company engaged in owning of a web-based platform accessible by mobile apps (the Platform) that will enable consumers to purchase goods from merchants and earn rebates payable in the form of Bitcoin. The Platform provides Bitcoin rewards ecosystem. The company also holds an IP which consists of technology and related rights associated with the game Megopoly that is a Massively Multiplayer Online Game.

Exodus Movement Inc is a self-custodial platform that connects people with the world of decentralized finance and the power of the blockchain. Available for desktop and mobile, it allows users to secure, manage and exchange cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, Ethereum. Geographical presence in Europe, United States, the Middle East, and Africa (EMEA); Asia-Pacific (APAC); and Canada and Latin America (Other Americas).

Capital B Formerly The Blockchain Group specializes in integrated services delivery, dedicated to supporting Blockchain companies and entrepreneurs in the exploitation of this technology. The group offers information, consulting, ICO (Initial Coin Offering) marketing and technology services through three business units: the Blockchain Land, the Blockchain XDev, and ICO Global Partners.

WonderFi Technologies Inc is a technology company with the mission of creating digital access through its platforms. It operates in three segments: Trading, Payments, and Corporate. The Trading segment, comprising Bitbuy, Coinsquare, and CoinSmart crypto exchange platforms, generates the majority of the company’s revenue.

Antalpha Platform Holding Co provides financing, technology and risk management solutions to the digital asset industry. It is a provider of supply chain financing solutions to institutional and corporate participants in the Bitcoin mining industry, offering loans secured by Bitcoin and Bitcoin mining machines. It has developed a technology platform, Antalpha Prime, which enables customers to apply for and manage their digital asset loans while allowing to closely monitor collateral positions.

ProCap Financial Inc is focused on Bitcoin-focused media products and Bitcoin holdings. The Company typically provides advertising and marketing services through weekly digital media placements, including audio and social media advertisements. The Company offers media products to help independent investors understand financial markets, current events, and technology advancements. These media products include social media accounts, email newsletters, and audio or video content. The Company also added strategies related to the use of AI and automation to support the development and delivery of financial products and services.

Bitcoin Group SE is a venture capital company. The Company focuses on the acquisition, sale and management of investments in companies, and the acquisition of strategic leadership, management and coordination of these companies.

Amber International Holding Ltd is a Web3 financial solutions and infrastructure provider, operating under the brand name Amber Premium. It provides institutional market access, execution infrastructure, and investment solutions to help institutions and high-net-worth individuals optimize their digital asset portfolios. Amber Premium offers a regulated, scalable financial ecosystem powered by proprietary trading technology, AI-driven risk management, and quantitative algorithms across CeFi, DeFi, and OTC markets.

ALT5 Sigma Corp is a fintech company. The company operates in three operating segments: Fintech: provides next generation blockchain-powered technologies for tokenization, trading, clearing, settlement, payment, and safe-keeping of digital assets, Biotechnology: Biotechnology segment is focused on finding treatments for conditions that cause severe pain and bringing to market drugs with non-addictive pain-relieving properties; Corporate and Others: Corporate and Other segment consists of certain corporate general and administrative costs. Company has revenue from Fintech Segment.

Next Technology Holding Inc pursues two corporate strategies. One business plan is to continue providing software development services, and the other is to acquire and hold Bitcoin. It provides AI-enabled software development services to its customers, which include developing, designing, and implementing various SAAS software solutions for businesses of all types, including industrial and other businesses. Its bitcoin acquisition plan generally involves acquiring bitcoin with its liquid assets that exceed working capital requirements, and from time to time, subject to market conditions, issuing debt or equity securities or engaging in other capital raising transactions to use the proceeds to purchase bitcoin.

Solana Co is a publicly listed digital asset treasury established in partnership with Pantera and Summer Capital. The company is dedicated to acquiring Solana (SOL) and aims to maximize SOL per share by strategically leveraging capital market opportunities and on-chain activities. Through this model, Solana Company provides public market investors with efficient and direct exposure to Solana’s long-term growth potential.

Prairie Operating Co is a Houston-based independent energy company engaged in the development and acquisition of oil and natural gas resources in the United States. The Company’s assets and operations are concentrated in the oil and liquids-rich regions of the Denver-Julesburg (DJ) Basin, with a focus on the Niobrara and Codell formations. The Company is committed to the responsible development of its oil and natural gas resources and is focused on maximizing returns through consistent growth, capital discipline, and sustainable cash flow generation.

BTCS Inc is engaged in the business of hosting an online e-commerce marketplace where consumers can purchase merchandise using Digital Assets, including bitcoin. The company focuses on blockchain and Digital Asset ecosystems. The firm operates a beta e-commerce marketplace, which accepts a range of digital currencies, has designed a beta secure digital currency storage solution BTCS Wallet. The Company’s blockchain infrastructure operations include two primary revenue-generating activities: Ethereum block building and validator node operations.

Argo Blockchain PLC is a blockchain technology company focused on the large-scale mining of Bitcoin. It mines bitcoin using purpose-built computers (or mining machines) to solve complex cryptographic algorithms on the blockchain in exchange for rewards and fees denominated in the native token of that blockchain network. The company acquires and deploys mining technology solutions in North American facilities that utilize predominantly renewable and inexpensive electricity.

Sentinel Holdings Ltd provides protective services to municipalities, corporations and personal protective gear to first responders and those protecting country here and abroad.

Sol Strategies Inc is engaged in investing in blockchain technologies and crypto currencies. Company executes its Investment Objective through three lines of effort: Treasury management: Maintaining a core portfolio of cryptocurrencies for long-term growth, enhanced with risk management strategies to minimize volatility, and generating yield through lending, staking, and liquidity provisioning; Private equity focused on early stage companies in the DeFi and blockchain sectors; and Active investments to generate yield through strategic activities, including Bitcoin mining and stalking and validating Solana.

Metalpha Technology Holding Ltd is a digital asset focused wealth management company. The company predominantly generates revenue from the execution of cryptocurrency-related transactions, which includes the issuance of derivative products to over-the-counter (OTC) clients and its proprietary trading activities. It has partnered with a crypto exchange to provide crypto derivative market-making services for its clients, facilitating the trading of crypto derivative products. In addition, the company also engages in providing traditional financial derivative products, and asset management services. It operates in a single segment which is the trading of proprietary digital assets and derivative contracts, and generates majority of its revenue from Hong Kong.

More Impact AG is passionately committed to a greener and more sustainable future. As a pioneer in sustainable investments, the company focuses on projects that advance the transition to renewable energies while also having a positive social impact. One of its first groundbreaking projects is the Z-Boxx, a concept that enables pollutant-free smoking and is intended to make a significant contribution to smoking cessation. The Z-Boxx aims to overcome the harmful and unhealthy image of cigarettes and offer an environmentally friendly alternative. It not only supports smoking cessation but also serves as a hookah to-go or for medicinal inhalation. The Z-Boxx offers a healthier alternative to traditional cigarettes and sets new standards in smoking.

Phunware Inc is a software company. It is a cloud platform for mobile that provides companies with the products, solutions, and data and services necessary to engage, manage and monetize its mobile application audiences. It derives maximum revenue from United States. The company has two reportable segments: Software subscriptions and services; and Advertising. It derives maximum revenue from Software subscriptions and services.

Eyenovia Inc is a clinical-stage ophthalmic company developing a pipeline of therapeutics based on its proprietary array print (MAP) platform technology. It aims to achieve clinical microdosing of next-generation formulations of novel and existing ophthalmic pharmaceutical agents using its high-precision targeted ocular delivery system, branded the Optejet, which has the potential to replace conventional eye dropper delivery and improve safety, tolerability, patient compliance, and topical delivery success for ophthalmic eye treatments. Using its proprietary delivery technology, Eyenovia is developing the next generation of smart ophthalmic therapies that target new indications or New combinations.

Intellistake Technologies Corp is a technology company that is focused on decentralized artificial intelligence and engaging in operations across the blockchain ecosystem, including proof-of-stake mining, blockchain nodes, digital tokens and validators.

Alpha One Inc is focusing on telecommunication engineering services.

Net digital AG is a group of companies that partners with numerous medium-sized and large companies in the telecommunications, media, and entertainment sectors, as well as public transport companies. The group develops technology platforms for Global and customized digital payment solutions with a focus on digital content distribution. Its services include Global Payment Services, Mobile Payment Services, Content Distribution Services, Artificial Intelligence Solutions, Communication Services, and TV Enabling Services.

K33 AB is a holding company with broad exposure to the digital assets industry. The Company offers market execution, actionable insights, and superior support to private and institutional partners across EMEA.

Fold Holdings Inc is a bitcoin financial services company dedicated to expanding access to bitcoin through a comprehensive suite of consumer financial products. Its financial services platform that allows customers to earn, accumulate, and utilize bitcoin in their everyday life.

Crypto Blockchain Industries SA is a company offering a comprehensive investment approach covering the majority aspects of blockchain.

Crunchfish AB is a technical pioneer in digital payment with a patent-pending Digital Cash solution that uses a two-step payment process, first clearing offline followed by online settlement. This makes digital payment robust and independent of the network. Crunchfish digital cash wallet is exceptionally flexible and can be used with all types of payment solutions. It delivers the properties of cash, such as immediate clearing, offline payments and preservation of the payer's integrity, without requiring any changes to the central or commercial banking infrastructures. The company has also developed Blippit, an app terminal that connects to cash register systems for both online and offline payments and has a patent-pending solution to reduce food waste.

LQWD Technologies Corp is developing software, which enables the setup of nodes and payment channels on the Bitcoin Lightning Network. The Lightning Network is a layer two technology that dramatically improves Bitcoin's scalability, transaction fees, and settlement times.