Lion E-Mobility Valuation Multiples

Tesla is a vertically integrated battery electric vehicle automaker and developer of real-world artificial intelligence software, which includes autonomous driving and humanoid robots. The company has multiple vehicles in its fleet, which include a midsize sedan and crossover SUV in the entry-level luxury category, a luxury light truck, and a semitruck. Tesla also runs a robotaxi service in four US metropolitan areas. Global deliveries in 2025 were nearly 1.64 million vehicles. Additionally, the company sells batteries for stationary storage for residential and commercial properties, including utilities, solar panels, and solar roofs for energy generation. Tesla also owns a fast-charging network and a US auto insurance business.

CATL, headquartered in Ningde, Fujian Province, is a global leading battery manufacturer founded in 2011. The company specializes in the development and production of lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicle and energy storage systems. CATL is the largest EV battery manufacturer in the world and leads the industry in innovative battery technology development for higher-energy density and safety, longer battery service life, and super-fast charging. CATL is also involved in the manufacturing of cathode and other related battery materials. Through subsidiary Brunp, it works with customers to create a closed-loop battery life cycle from production, application, to recycling.

Founded in 1995, BYD is a leading Chinese manufacturer in the design, development, and production of new energy vehicles, or NEVs. In March 2022, the firm discontinued production of internal combustion engine, or ICE, vehicles. Its products primarily target the growing midpriced mass-market segment in China’s passenger vehicle market. The company sold about 4.6 million passenger NEVs in 2025, accounting for 30% of the Chinese passenger NEV market. Besides automobile production, the company is also engaged in handset components and assembly services, as well as the rechargeable battery and photovoltaics business.

The Volvo Group is one of the largest global original equipment manufacturers of trucks, buses, construction equipment, and engines and power systems, operating under the Volvo, Renault Truck, Mack Trucks, Volvo Penta, and Nova Bus brands. Among the four largest Western global brands—Volvo, Daimler, Paccar, and Traton—Volvo ranks third in terms of annual deliveries. Its truck, construction equipment, bus, and engines and power system segments contributed 71%, 18%, 5%, and 5%, respectively, to industrial operations' revenue in 2025. An in-house financial services division supports these businesses. In its key regions of Europe, North America, Brazil, and Australia, the truck business holds large market shares of 29%, 17%, 23%, and 21%, respectively.

LG Energy Solution is the third-largest battery maker for electric vehicles with about 11% global share in 2024, according to SNE Research. The EV battery segment is the largest revenue contributor, which accounted for more than 60% of total revenue in 2024. LGES also manufactures batteries for mobility, mobile phones, laptops, electrical devices, and energy storage systems. The company was spun off from LG Chem’s battery division in December 2020 and listed on the Korea Exchange in January 2022. It has global manufacturing facilities in Korea, China, Poland, and the United States. Key customers include General Motors, Tesla, Volkswagen, Hyundai, and Stellantis.

Ford Motor Co. manufactures automobiles under its Ford and Lincoln brands. In March 2022, the company announced that it will run its combustion engine business, Ford Blue, and its BEV business, Ford Model e, as separate businesses but still all under Ford Motor. The company has over 13% market share in the United States, about 10% share in the UK, and just over 1% share in China including Taiwan and unconsolidated affiliates. Sales in the US made up about 65% of 2025 total company revenue. Ford has about 169,000 employees, including about 56,300 UAW employees, and is based in Dearborn, Michigan.

Vistra Corp. is one of the largest power producers and retail energy providers in the US. It owns 44 gigawatts of generation capacity, including natural gas (27 GW), nuclear (6.5 GW), coal (8.7 GW), and solar and battery storage (1.3 GW). The Cogentrix acquisition will add 5.5 GW of gas generation. Vistra's retail electricity business serves 5 million customers in 20 states, including almost a third of all Texas electricity consumers. Vistra emerged from the Energy Future Holdings bankruptcy as a stand-alone entity in 2016.

Rivian is a battery electric vehicle automaker that sells its vehicles in the US and Canada. The company also develops electronic control units and related software for autos in a joint venture with Volkswagen. Rivian has multiple vehicles in its fleet, which include a luxury truck and full-size SUV and a delivery van. The company plans to begin selling a midsize SUV in 2026. Total deliveries were over 42,000 in 2025. Rivian is also developing autonomous driving software to be used in its vehicles.

Hyundai Motor India Ltd is an auto manufacturer. It manufactures and sells four-wheeler passenger vehicles and includes a portfolio of various different models across multiple passenger vehicle segments by body type, such as sedans, hatchbacks, sports-utility vehicles (SUVs), and battery electric vehicles (EVs). It also manufactures parts, such as transmissions and engines. The group has one operating segment, namely the manufacture and sale of motor vehicles, engine, transmission and other parts, related after-sales activities, related engineering and broking services. The group generates maximum revenue from India, followed by the Middle East and Europe, Latin America, Africa, and other regions.

Tata Motors Ltd is an automobile manufacturer, offering a diverse portfolio of smarter, integrated and safer mobility solutions. It designs, manufactures and sells a wide range of automotive vehicles. The company also manufactures engines for industrial applications. Its operating segments consist of: a) Automotive: The Automotive segment consists of four reportable sub-segments: Tata Commercial Vehicles, Tata Passenger Vehicles, Jaguar Land Rover and Vehicle Financing. Other operating segments do not meet the quantitative thresholds for disclosure and have been aggregated. b) Others: Others consist of IT services and Insurance Broking services. The majority of revenue is generated from the Tata Commercial Vehicles sub-segment of the Automotive segment.

LG Chem Ltd manufactures and sells a variety of chemicals, electronics, and energy storage products. The company operates through five segments, including Petrochemical, LG Energy Solution, Advanced Materials, Life Science, and Others. The Petrochemical segment produces ABS, PC, PE, PP, acrylics, alcohols, synthetic rubber, special resins, and olefins. LG Energy Solution supplies small batteries, automotive batteries, and energy-storage batteries. The Advanced Materials segment provides engineering and display materials, cathode materials, separators, and RO filters. The Life Science segment offers growth hormones, vaccines, diabetes treatments, and pesticides, while Common & Others covers corporate management, sales, and R&D activities.

Li Auto is a leading Chinese NEV manufacturer that designs, develops, manufactures, and sells premium smart NEVs. The company started volume production of its first model Li One in November 2019. The model is a six-seater, large, premium plug-in electric SUV equipped with a range extension system and advanced smart vehicle solutions. It sold over 500,000 NEVs in 2024, accounting for about 4% of China's passenger new energy vehicle market. Beyond Li One, the company expands its product line, including both BEVs and PHEVs, to target a broader consumer base.

Tata Motors Passenger Vehicles Ltd Formerly Tata Motors Ltd is an automobile manufacturing company. It designs, manufactures, and sells a wide range of automotive vehicles. The company also manufactures engines for industrial applications, aggregates such as axles and transmissions for commercial vehicles, and factory automation equipment, and provides information technology services. Its operating segments include Automotive and Others. The Automotive segment, which derives key revenue, consists of four reportable sub-segments: Tata Commercial Vehicles, Tata Passenger Vehicles, Jaguar Land Rover, and Vehicle Financing. Geographically, it generates maximum revenue from India, and the rest from the United States of America, United Kingdom, Rest of Europe, China, and the Rest of the World.

Founded in 2015, XPeng is a leading Chinese electric vehicle company that designs, develops, manufactures, and markets EVs in China. Its products primarily target the growing base of technology-savvy middle-class consumers in the midrange to high-end segment in China's passenger vehicle market. The company sold about 430,000 EVs in 2025, accounting for about 3% of China's passenger new energy vehicle market. It is also a leader in autonomous driving technology.

Enlight Renewable Energy Ltd develops, finances, constructs, owns, and operates utility-scale renewable energy projects. The company’s operating segments are the MENA segment, Europe segment, U.S.A segment, and Others. It generates the majority of its revenue from the Europe segment, which produces its revenue from the sale of the electricity that is produced through wind energy and solar energy in Europe.

Sigenergy Technology Co Ltd focuses on developing cutting-edge all-scenario energy solutions, with products ranging from energy storage systems to solar inverters and EV chargers. Its Products are SigenStor, Sigen LoadHub, SigenMicro Inverter, SigenStor EV DC, Sigen EV AC Charger, mySigen App, and Sigen Cloud. The business encompasses the research, development, application, production, and sales of renewable energy solutions, including photovoltaic inverters.

Nio is a leading electric vehicle maker, targeting the premium segment. Founded in November 2014, Nio designs, develops, jointly manufactures, and sells premium smart electric vehicles. The company differentiates itself through continuous technological breakthroughs and innovations such as battery swapping and autonomous driving technologies. Nio launched its first model, its ES8 seven-seater electric SUV, in December 2017, and began deliveries in June 2018. Its current model portfolio includes midsize to large sedans and SUVs. It sold around 222,000 EVs in 2024, accounting for about 2% of the China passenger new energy vehicle market.

Ather Energy is an Indian electric two-wheeler manufacturer founded in 2013 and headquartered in Bengaluru. It designs, manufactures and sells connected electric scooters, battery packs, charging equipment and related digital services. The product portfolio includes performance and family-oriented scooters supported by the Ather Grid public charging network and mobile software for navigation, diagnostics and ownership services. Revenue comes mainly from vehicle, battery and accessory sales, with additional service and subscription income. Ather built proprietary vehicle software, electronics and charging technology and operates manufacturing facilities in India. The company completed an Indian public listing in 2025, but NIIF later made a negotiated preferential equity investment rather than an open-market purchase. Hero MotoCorp remains a major strategic shareholder, and NIIF has invested through both its Strategic Opportunities Fund and India-Japan Fund.

VinFast Auto Ltd manufactures cars, and motor vehicles, renders leasing activities, trades smartphones, and related businesses. The company is engaged in designing and manufacturing premium EVs, e-scooters, and e-buses. The company's initial EV product line is an all-new range of fully electric A- through E-segment SUVs. The Company has three reportable segments, namely Car, E-scooter and Ebus. The Car segment includes the design, development, manufacturing and sales of cars and related battery lease and battery charging services for cars. The E-scooter segment includes the design, development, manufacturing and sales of e-scooters and related battery lease and battery charging service for e-scooters. The Ebus segment includes the design, development, manufacturing and sales of Ebus.

Koninklijke Vopak NV is a tank storage provider for the oil and chemical industry. The company provides storage facilities and handling services for bulk liquid products and gases, including oil, chemicals, gases, liquefied natural gas, and biofuels. It operates a network of terminals located at strategic locations along key trade routes around the world. The company organizes itself into the following six reporting segments, which are principally based on its geographical markets: Asia & Middle East, China & North Asia, Netherlands, Singapore, USA & Canada, and All other Business Units (consisting of business units Brazil, North Latin America, South Africa, and Belgium). The majority of its revenue is generated from the Netherlands.

Ecopro Co Ltd is engaged in the battery materials business, mainly serving the lithium-ion battery industry. The company operates through two reportable segments: Battery Materials business and Other business. The Battery Materials business segment focuses on cathode materials, the core components used in lithium-ion batteries, and also covers precursors, lithium, and recycling activities related to the cathode materials business.

Ecopro BM Co Ltd is engaged in the development and production of secondary battery materials like precursors and cathode materials. Its products are used in electric vehicles, electric energy storage systems, uninterruptible power supply, smart grids, and ones for aerospace, medical and military purposes.

BETA Technologies Inc is an aerospace company. The group has developed an electric aircraft platform and propulsion systems that are positioned to transform the aviation industry forward into a new phase of growth. It designs, manufactures, and sells high-performance electric aircraft, modern electric propulsion systems, charging systems, and components. The group also invested in the underlying infrastructure of this breakthrough technology, which is critical to bringing electric aviation to life. The group has developed a differentiated presence in North America and is well-positioned to expand globally. Its products and services are Aircraft, Charge, Motor, Battery, Flight Controls, and Training. It has one operating segment: Development and Manufacturing of Electric Aircraft.

Zhejiang Leapmotor Technology Co Ltd is principally engaged in the production, research and development and sales of new energy vehicles in the PRC. The company operates in two geographical segments: Mainland China, and Others.

Joby Aviation Inc is a transportation company developing an all-electric, vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) air taxi for commercial passenger service. Its Joby eVTOL aircraft is designed to transport a pilot and up to four passengers or an expected payload of up to 1,000 pounds at speeds of up to 200 mph. The aircraft is optimized for urban routes, with a target range of up to 100 miles on a single charge. The company is also developing an app-based platform to build and operate an aerial ridesharing service powered by a network of eVTOL aircraft that it will manufacture and operate. It has one operating and reportable segment, namely flight services. Currently, the company generates all of its revenue from flight services provided to the Department of Defense in the United States.

Maker of automotive driveline and motor components such as differential gears, starter motors and traction motors for electric vehicles. Customers are global vehicle makers. Headquartered in Gurugram.

EnerSys provides stored energy solutions for industrial applications. It also manufactures and distributes energy systems solutions and motive power batteries, specialty batteries, battery chargers, power equipment, battery accessories, and outdoor equipment enclosure solutions to customers. Energy Systems that combine enclosures, power conversion, power distribution, and energy storage are used in the telecommunication and broadband, utility industries, uninterruptible power supplies, and numerous applications requiring stored energy solutions. Its segments include Energy Systems, Motive Power, New Ventures, and Specialty.

Enagas SA is a Spanish utility company involved in the transport, storage, and regasification of natural gas. Its segment include operations into Infrastructure activity, Technical system management, and Non-regulated activities businesses.

Sunwoda Electronic Co Ltd is engaged in research and development, design, production, and sales of lithium-ion battery modules. The company's Li-ion battery product covers Li-ion batteries for mobile phones, digital cameras, laptops, netbooks, electronic paper books, power-driven tools, industrial mobile lighting, and medical equipment.

Beijing HyperStrong Technology Co Ltd is engaged in research and development, production and sales of electrochemical energy storage systems. It is a ESS integrator and service provider. Its product include HyperBlock III, HyperBlock II, HyperCube Pro, HyperBox, etc.

Canmax Technologies Co Ltd is engaged in Research and development, production and sales of new energy lithium battery materials products, anti-static ultra-clean technology products and medical equipment products.

Engineering group making steel tubes, chains, metal-formed auto parts, bicycles and electric vehicle products. It also holds group stakes in finance and mobility units. Headquartered in Chennai.

Aegis Logistics Ltd. is an oil, gas, and petrochemical logistics company based out of India. It operates a network of bulk liquid handling terminals, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) terminals, filling plants, pipelines, and gas stations to deliver products and services. Clients consist mainly of Indian industrial companies and retail customers that utilize gas stations. The majority of revenue is derived from gas terminal operations. Gas logistics encompasses complete supply chain management and delivers both pressurized and refrigerated cargoes to several ports on the coastline of India, including its own LPG terminals. Terminals include tank farm installations and are connected by pipelines at various sites. The pipelines handle exportation and importation of various products.

BAIC BluePark New Energy Technology Co Ltd is engaged in the research and development, production, sales, and service of new energy pure electric vehicles and core components. The company operates under the Xiangjie, Jihu, and BEIJING brands, offering a range of models that include the Xiangjie S9, Alpha S Pioneer PRO, Alpha T5, Koala series, and others.

Gibson Energy Inc is an oil infrastructure company engaged in the storage, optimization, processing, and gathering of liquids and refined products, as well as waterborne vessel loading. The company's reportable segments are: Infrastructure and Marketing. The majority of its revenue is generated from the Marketing segment, which is involved in the purchasing, selling, storing, and optimizing of hydrocarbon products (such as crude oil, natural gas liquids, road asphalt, etc.) and marketing its refined products. The Marketing segment sources the majority of its hydrocarbon products from Western Canada as well as the Permian Basin and markets those products throughout Canada and the United States. Geographically, the company generates maximum revenue from Canada.

Ninebot Ltd is engaged in the research and development, design, manufacturing, distribution and sales of short-distance transportation products. The products offered by the company include electric balance bikes and electric scooters for short distance commuting.

Volvo Car AB manufactures, designs, and supplies automobiles. The company offers a wide range of cars. Geographically, it has a presence in China, the USA; Sweden; Germany; the United Kingdom; Japan, and South Korea. The company generates maximum revenue from the sale of new cars.

Archer Aviation Inc advances the benefits of sustainable air mobility. The company is engaged in designing and developing a fully electric vertical takeoff and landing eVTOL aircraft for use in UAM networks. It is creating an electric airline that moves people throughout cities in a quick, safe, sustainable, and cost-effective manner. The company is building a platform to deliver aircraft, technologies, and services to customers world-wide across commercial and defense sectors.

Headquartered in Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, CALB a leading new energy company specializing in the development, production, sales, and market application of lithium-ion batteries, battery management systems and related integrated products, and lithium battery materials. The company’s products mainly include electric vehicle batteries and energy storage system products. Established in 2015 via a spinoff from its parent company, which was ultimately controlled by Aviation Industry Corporation of China, CALB has become one of the leading EV battery companies. With 4% market share in 2024 in terms of installed capacity, CALB ranked fourth among global EV battery companies and third in China with 7% market share.

Mitsubishi Motors Corp is a Japanese automobile manufacturer. The company principally produces small passenger vehicles, electric and hybrid vehicles, minivans, and sport utility vehicles, or SUVs. Mitsubishi Motors is organised into two business segments: the automobile business and the automobile financing business. The company derives the vast majority of company revenue from the automotive business.

Versigent PLC designs and manufactures low- and high-voltage electrical architectures. Its products include signal, power, and data distribution systems used in sectors such as automotive, commercial vehicles, agriculture, and energy storage. The company operates engineering and manufacturing facilities across multiple regions and serves customers through an international network.

Aima Technology Group Co Ltd is engaged in the research and development, production, and sales of electric bicycles, electric mopeds, and electric motorcycles.

QuantumScape is a developer of solid-state lithium-metal battery technology intended for electric vehicles and other energy-storage applications. The organization serves B2B customers and counterparties through the operating assets, products, or financial capabilities described in the cited transaction materials. Its principal economics are Product sales, Licensing, while its competitive position depends on sector expertise, asset quality, customer relationships, execution, and disciplined capital allocation. The business was founded in 2010 and is headquartered in San Jose. At the 2020 Series F date the company remained pre-commercial and used strategic capital to scale cell development and manufacturing preparations. The profile reflects the legal or operating business at the transaction date, including its historical identity where a subsequent listing, merger, privatization, disposal, or reorganization changed its name or ownership.

HBL Engineering makes batteries, electronics for defence and railways, and electrical systems. Customers are railways, defence, and industry buyers. Headquartered in Hyderabad.

Rockpoint Gas Storage Inc independent operator of natural gas storage facilities in North America. The business has a single reportable segment, natural gas storage.

L & F Co Ltd is engaged in the manufacturing and distribution of electronic components. The company is organized into two business segments: Battery Material Business and Electronic Material Business. Its key products include cathode active material of secondary battery, Ink for display, heat resistant material, Ag-paste.

Voltronic Power Technology Corp is a Taiwan-based company that manufactures and distributes uninterruptible power supplies (UPSs), photovoltaic products, and electronic materials. Its products includes UPS, PV Inverter, Energy Storage System, Variable Frequency Drive, and EV Charger. Geographically, it operates in Taiwan, China and Vietnam, of which it derives maximum revenue from Taiwan.

SMA Solar Technology AG produces, develops, and sells systems and solutions for the efficient and sustainable generation, storage and use of solar energy. Its products include PV and battery inverters, monitoring systems for PV systems, charging solutions for electric vehicles as well as energy management systems, and digital services for the future energy supply. The company operates through the following segments; Home Solutions, Commercial & Industrial Solutions, and Large Scale & Project Solutions. The Large Scale & Project Solutions segment, which derives key revenue for the company, offers products, systems and solutions for industrial solar, storage and hydrogen projects as well as for the conversion of utility grids to a higher proportion of renewable energy.