Takashima Valuation Multiples

CRH is a global manufacturer of a range of building products used in construction projects, operating via a vertically integrated business model. The past decade has seen CRH transform into a leading building materials business, with increasing exposure to upstream building activities such as aggregates and cement. CRH’s geographic footprint is mostly across developed markets. North America is CRH’s largest market and accounts for 75% of EBITDA. The company is the largest producer of aggregates and asphalt in the US.

Holcim is a global manufacturer of a wide range of building materials. The merger between Lafarge and Holcim in 2015 created a leader in the building materials sector. Recent portfolio management diversified the group's exposure to heavy building materials. In 2025, Holcim spun out its North America business. Holcim, in its current form, generates 63% of its revenue from building materials such as cement and aggregates. Approximately 54% of group revenue is generated in Europe.

Vulcan Materials is the United States' largest producer of construction aggregates (crushed stone, sand, and gravel). Its largest markets include Texas, California, Virginia, Tennessee, Georgia, Florida, North Carolina, and Alabama. In 2024, Vulcan sold 219.9 million tons of aggregates, 13.6 million tons of asphalt mix, and 3.6 million cubic yards of ready-mix. As of Dec. 31, 2024, the company had 16.5 billion tons of aggregate reserves.

Heidelberg Materials is one of the world’s largest building materials companies, with operations in 60 countries. Its core activities include the production of cement and aggregates, which are used to construct houses, infrastructure, and commercial facilities. The sale of cement and aggregates accounts for the majority of group revenue and profits. Europe is the company’s largest market contributing nearly half of group sales. Heidelberg Materials is listed in Germany and has 55,000 employees.

Martin Marietta Materials is one of the United States' largest producer of construction aggregates (crushed stone, sand, and gravel). In 2024, Martin Marietta sold 191 million tons of aggregates. Martin Marietta's most important markets include Texas, North Carolina, Colorado, California, and Georgia, accounting for most of its sales. The company also uses its aggregates in its asphalt and ready-mixed concrete businesses. Martin’s magnesia specialties business produces magnesia-based chemical products and dolomitic lime.

UltraTech Cement Ltd produces and sells cement and cement-related products. The company generates the vast majority of its revenue in India. The company's product portfolio includes Ordinary Portland cement, Portland blast-furnace slag cement, and Portland Pozzolana cement. Ordinary Portland cement is used for a wide range of applications including concrete products, masonry, and plastering. The firm's customers are in the building and construction industries. Geographically, it operates in India as well as in other countries, of which India derives key revenue.

Amrize is a building solutions company focused exclusively on the North American market. Amrize earns revenue from the sale of cement, aggregates, ready-mix concrete, asphalt, roofing systems, and other building solutions. The company is organized into two reportable segments: building materials and building envelope. The building materials business consists of Amrize’s cement, aggregates, ready-mix concrete, and asphalt operations. The building envelope segment offers advanced roofing and wall systems, including single-ply membranes, insulation, shingles, sheathing, waterproofing, and protective coatings, along with adhesives, tapes, and sealants.

Grasim Industries Ltd is a cement and viscose staple fibre (VSF) manufacturing firm based in India. The activities of the group fall under the operating segments of Cellulosic Fibres, Chemicals, Building materials, Financial Services, and Others. It derives key revenue from the Building materials segment which covers products like grey cement, paints, white cement, and allied products. Geographically, the company derives a majority of its revenue from the domestic market and the rest from other countries through exports.

Cemex SAB de CV is a ready-mix concrete company that mainly engaged in activities that are oriented to the construction industry, mainly through the production, marketing, sale, and distribution of cement, ready-mix concrete, aggregates, urbanization solutions, and other construction materials and also provide related services and reliable construction-related services to customers and communities and maintain business relationships in more than 60 countries throughout the world. The company operates in different parts of the world, with operations in Mexico, the United States, the EMEA region and the SCA&C region.

James Hardie is a manufacturer of fiber cement-based building products, selling primarily to the residential construction industry. North America is the primary geography, generating about 80% of group earnings. Here, it is the largest manufacturer of fiber cement, which is mainly used for exterior siding on houses. Following the Azek acquisition in 2025, it also produces wooden composite decking materials, siding trims, and accessories for outdoor areas including stair and deck railing. Businesses in Australia, New Zealand, and Europe, make up the rest of earnings.

Anhui Conch Cement mainly engages in the production and sale of cement, clinker, and concrete in China. The company was established in 1997 and headquartered in Anhui province. With annual cement production capacity of over 400 million metric tons in 2024, the firm is the second-largest cement manufacturer in China. Sales of self-produced products contribute to about 80% of its revenue, with the remainder mainly from the trading business and service income.

Jiangsu Eastern Shenghong Co Ltd is engaged in the energy and chemical enterprise. The company's main products include refined oil products, other petrochemical and chemical new materials, polyester filament, other chemical fiber products, and others.

Ambuja Cements Ltd manufactures and sells cement, concrete, and cement-related products to the building and construction industries. The company's portfolio of products includes Portland Pozolona cement and ordinary Portland cement. The vast majority of the firm's revenue is generated in India. Ambuja Cements has operations throughout India and uses a network of ports, bulk cement terminals, captive ships, and railroads to transport its products to both warehouses and directly to customers. The company also has a technical services team that partners with customers to teach concrete mixing and curing techniques.

Posco Future M is in the business of coal chemistry and carbon materials. Its key business includes refractory manufacture and sale, furnace construction and maintenance, lime business, environmental business, comprehensive chemicals, carbon materials, and secondary battery anode materials, among others. The group operates in two segments: Basic Materials Division, which includes Refractory Business, Lime Mars Business, and Energy Materials Division, which includes the manufacture and sale of cathode and cathode materials. It generates the majority of its revenue from the Energy Materials Division.

Toray Industries Inc is a Japan-based company engaged in the textile business, functional chemicals business, carbon fiber composite materials, and other businesses. The Carbon Fiber Composite Materials segment covers carbon fiber, composites, and molded products. The Environment and Engineering segment includes membranes for water treatment, general engineering, industrial machinery, housing, and construction materials. The Functional Chemicals segment handles resins, foams, films, fine chemicals, and electronic materials. The Life Science segment focuses on pharmaceuticals and medical devices. The Textile segment provides fibers, fabrics, non-woven and apparel products, while Others offers analysis, survey, and research services. It generates majority of revenue from the Textile segment.

BlueScope is an Australia-based steelmaker with five business units. The Australian steel products segment mainly specializes in branded coated and painted flat steel products, sold domestically. North Star is the group’s US minimill, specializing in the production of hot rolled coil for US construction and automotive sectors. Building products Asia operates across Southeast Asia, China, and India, and the US building and coated products North America is involved in metal coating and painting, and the supply to nonresidential construction projects using BlueScope’s materials. New Zealand steel and the Pacific Islands business produces flat and long steel products for New Zealand and building components for the Pacific Islands.

Shree Cement Ltd manufactures and sells cement and cement-related products to the building and construction industries. It derives revenue from cement, clinker, and power sales, of which cement products contribute majorly to the revenue. The cement products are offered under the brands Shree Jung Rodhak and Bangur. Geographically, the company's majority of the revenue is generated within India.

Buzzi SpA manufactures, distribute and sell cement, ready-mix concrete and aggregates. The company has geographical segments: Italy; Central Europe; Eastern Europe; and United States of America. It derives maximum revenue from United States of America.

BUA Cement PLC is engaged in the manufacturing and sale of cement to the general public. The company generates revenue from the sale of bagged cement and sale of bulk cement. Geographically the company generates the majority of its revenue in Nigeria.

Tongkun Group Co Ltd is a China-based company engaged in polyester and polyester filament yarn manufacturing. It offers various polyester filament yarns, such as a pre-oriented filament, draw textured yarns, polyester chips, and others under the GOLDENCOCK and Tong Kun brand names.

Shenzhou is the largest vertically integrated knitwear manufacturer in the world. The group mainly produces sportswear (75% of 2022 revenue), casual wear (21% of revenue), and lingerie (3% of revenue) for international clients such as Nike, Adidas, Puma, and Uniqlo. Mainland China is its largest market, accounting for 26% of sales in 2022. This is followed by Europe, US, and Japan. Shenzhou currently operates manufacturing plants in China, Cambodia, and Vietnam.

Rockwool AS manufactures and sells building materials, including insulation and roofing systems. The company organizes itself into two segments based on the product: Insulation and Systems. The Insulation segment, sells building, industrial, and technical insulation and external thermal insulation wall systems to the construction industry. The Systems business sells acoustic ceilings and wall systems, external cladding systems, horticultural substrate solutions, engineered fiber solutions, and noise and vibration control to the construction and automotive industries. The majority of revenue is from the Insulation Segment. The majority of sales come from Europe.

Eagle Materials Inc produces and sells construction products and building materials. Construction products include cement, slag, concrete, and aggregates and building materials include cement and gypsum wallboard, and are sold to the construction and building industries. The firm organizes itself into two sectors: Heavy Materials, which includes the Cement and Concrete and Aggregates segments, and Light Materials, which includes the Gypsum Wallboard and Recycled Paperboard segments.

TCC Group Holdings Co Ltd engages in the manufacturing and marketing of cement, cement-related products and ready-mixed concrete. The majority of revenue comes from Taiwan and the rest from Asia and Europe.

China National Building Material Co Ltd is a state-owned building material holding company. Its reportable segments are the Cement segment which includes the production and sale of cement, Concrete segment includes the production and sale of concrete, New Materials segment comprises of production and sale of glass fiber, composite, and lightweight building materials, and Engineering technology Services segment, which includes the provision of engineering services to glass and cement manufacturers and equipment procurement, and others segment, which comprises Merchandise trading business and others. The company operates in PRC, Europe, the Middle East, Southeast Asia, Oceania, Africa, the Americas, and other countries, out of which the majority of the revenue comes from the PRC.

Xinfengming Group Co Ltd is engaged in chemical fiber manufacturing.

Knife River Holding Co is an aggregates-led construction materials and contracting services provider. The segments of the company include West, Mountain, Central, and Energy Services. Each geographic segment offers a vertically integrated suite of products and services, including aggregates, ready-mix concrete, asphalt, and contracting services, while the Energy Services segment, which has locations throughout the company's geographic footprint, produces and supplies liquid asphalt and related services, for use in asphalt road construction, and is a supplier to some of the other segments.

Mitsui Chemicals Inc manufactures and sells a variety of chemicals, plastics, and chemical-based products. The firm organizes itself into four segments. The Basic & Green Materials segment provides ethylene, propylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, catalysts, phenols, PTA, PET resins, polyurethane, and industrial chemicals. The ICT Solutions segment supplies semiconductors, electronic components, process and optical materials, and battery-related materials. The Life & Healthcare Solutions segment covers vision care, nonwovens, oral and personal care materials, and agricultural chemicals. The Mobility Solutions segment offers elastomers, functional compounds, polypropylene compounds, and automotive-related products, while Others include related businesses.

Far Eastern New Century Corp is a Taiwan-based industrial holding company with operations that span Taiwan, China and overseas. The company is organized into a business that includes manufacturing and selling polyester materials and semi-finished and finished textiles such as cotton, synthetic or blended fabrics, towels and bed sheets, and woven and knitted garments; PET (polyethylene terephthalate) bottles and sheets; and natural, synthetic or blended yarns and polyester textured yarns. It also does yarn, silk and cloth printing and dyeing. Its operating segments include: Investments in production business, which derives key revenue; telecommunication services business; property development business; investment; and other business.

Inner Mongolia ERDOS Resources Co Ltd operates in the textile and garment industry. The company is mainly engaged in the cashmere clothing production. In addition, the company is also engaged in coal mining, power generation, silicon ferroalloy, chlor-alkali chemicals, fertilizers, polysilicon and other products processing and sales. Its product range consists of a cashmere sweater and other cashmere products, ferrosilicon, Si-Mn alloy, coal, calcium carbide, and polyvinyl chloride resin.

Sanwa Holdings Corp is a Japan-based company engaged in producing and selling construction materials for buildings and commercial facilities. The company also provides maintenance and renovation services. Its products include condominium doors, window shutters, exterior products, garage doors, operators, and hinge doors for residential buildings; and heavy-duty shutters, steel doors, partitions, stainless steel products, overhead doors, automatic doors, truck/trailer doors, and industrial doors for non-residential buildings. The company operates in Japan, North America, and Europe.

Nitto Boseki Co Ltd is engaged in the textile business. It operates in six segments: Textiles Business engages in the manufacture and sales of textiles products (core-spun yarn, stretch products, interlining and other finished products, etc.); Glass Fiber Yam Business engages in the manufacture and sales of glass raw fiber products (yarn, roving, chopped strands, etc.); Glass Fiber Cloth Business engages in the manufacture and sales of glass fiber functional products (glass cloth, etc.); Glass Fiber for Industrial Materials Business engages in the manufacture and sales of glass fiber products for use in industrial materials and the manufacture and sales of glass wool products (for use in thermal insulation materials); Life Science Business; and Other segment.

LafargeHolcim Maroc SA is a Morocco-based company. It is engaged in the manufacturing and sale of cement and hydraulic binders to the construction industry. Its product portfolio consists of cement, concretes, aggregates, plasters, and lime.

Titan SA is engaged in building and infrastructure materials industry. The company offers construction materials, solutions, and the services needed for safe and sustainable homes, buildings, and infrastructure that enable people to enjoy life.

K.P.R. Mill Ltd is an apparel manufacturer, securing revenues predominantly from India. It is mainly engaged in the business of manufacturing textiles, consisting of yarn, fabrics, readymade garments, and wind power. Its core products are readymade knitted apparel, fabrics, melange, carded, and combed yarn. The Company is engaged in only one business, i.e. manufacturing and sale of textiles.

Cementos Argos SA is a cement producing company. In terms of the concrete business it is Colombia's key producer and the producer in the United States. The company's corporate purpose is the exploitation of the cement industry, the production of concrete mixes and any other materials or items made of cement, lime or clay, the acquisition and exploitation of minerals or deposits of exploitable minerals in the cement industry and similar rights to explore and mine the aforementioned minerals, whether by concession, privilege, lease or other title.

Corporacion Moctezuma SAB de CV is a Mexico-based company which is engaged in the production and sale of cement and ready-mix concrete. The product portfolio of the includes of compound Portland cements, white cement and mortar and others.

Asia Cement Corp manufactures and sells cement, concrete, and cement-related products to the construction and building industries, and engages in leasing activities. The company is also required to undertake reforestation activities in designated areas. Asia Cement's product portfolio includes Portland cement types I and II, cement clinker, ready-mix concrete, furnace powder, and plaster among others. Its reportable segments are as follows: Cement which derives key revenue, Electric Power, Investment, Engineering, Transportation, Stainless Steel, and Leasing. The majority of the company's revenue comes from Taiwan and China.

GCC SAB de CV is engaged in producing and selling hydraulic cement, concrete, and aggregates in the markets of Mexico (state of Chihuahua) and the United States of America. The company produces, markets, and distributes cement, aggregates, ready-mix concrete, and other construction materials. The company is a Mexican entity that manufactures and sells hydraulic cement, ready-mix concrete, and aggregates. Geographically, its operations are spread across Mexico and the United States, with the majority of the revenue deriving from the United States.

SKC Co Ltd is a Korea-based company engaged in the manufacture and supply of chemicals and industrial films. The company operates through three segments: the Chemistry segment, which produces POD and related chemical products; the Semiconductor Material segment, which manufactures semiconductor test sockets and related materials; and the Secondary Battery Material segment, which produces copper foil and other battery components. It generates the majority of its revenue from the Chemistry segment.

Lafarge Africa PLC through its subsidiaries is engaged in manufacturing and marketing of cement, concrete, and aggregates products, including the provision of building solutions. Its products include Ashakacem, UniCem, Elephant cement, Lafarge Powermax, RoadCem, and Supaset cement among others. It has two segments Cement & Readymix products. The majority of the revenue is generated from the cement segment.

Shijiazhuang Changshan Beiming Technology Co Ltd is a China-based company, engages in the textile business as well as software and information technology services. In the textile business, its products cover yarns, functional fabrics and brand garment, home textiles and industrial textiles. Its Software business deals with the development of software and provision of software services; provision of intelligent installation services as well as import and export of intelligent installation technologies.

Vicat SA manufactures and sells cement, ready-mix concrete, and aggregates to the construction and building industries. The company also provides a range of services, including construction, chemistry, transportation, and concrete pumping and pre-casting. The firm organizes itself into three segments based on product: Cement, Concrete and Aggregates, and Other Products and Services. The Cement segment generates the majority of revenue. It sells its products and services around the world, with a majority of its revenue being generated in France.

Titan America SA is a vertically integrated, multi-regional manufacturer and supplier of heavy building materials and services operating on the Eastern Seaboard. The Company, through its wholly owned subsidiaries, operates in the manufacture, distribution, and sale of cement, fly ash, aggregates, ready-mix concrete, and concrete blocks to resellers and construction contractors in the Eastern region of the United States.

United States Lime & Minerals Inc is engaged in the business of manufacturing lime and limestone products including PLS, quicklime, hydrated lime and lime slurry. It supplies its products predominantly to the construction (including highway, road, and building contractors), industrial (including paper and glass manufacturers), environmental (including municipal sanitation and water treatment facilities and flue gas treatment processes), metals (including steel producers), oil and gas services, roof shingle manufacturers and agriculture (including poultry and cattle feed producers) industries. The company operates through its Lime and Limestone Operations segment.

Stella-Jones Inc produces and sells lumber and wood products. The company operates in two segments: Pressure-treated wood, which includes utility poles, railway ties, residential lumber, and industrial products; and the Logs & Lumber segment comprises the sales of logs harvested in the course of the company’s procurement process that is determined to be unsuitable for use as utility poles, it also includes the sale of excess lumber to local home-building markets. The vast majority of its revenue comes from the Pressure-treated wood segment. Its geographical segments are the United States and Canada, and the majority of its revenue is derived from the United States.

LIXIL Corp is a Japan-based company engaged in housing and building materials businesses. The company operates through two main segments: Water Technology Business and Housing Technology Business. The Water Technology Business manufactures and sells sanitary ware, water faucets, bathroom units, and system kitchens. The Housing Technology Business provides windows, doors, shutters, interior and exterior building materials, curtain walls, housing solutions, and real estate management services. It generates the majority of its revenue from the Water technology business segment.

Grupo Argos SA is a holding company with businesses spanning multiple industries including cement, energy, highway and airport construction, port operations, real estate, and coal. The Cement segment, which generates the majority of revenue, has a majority ownership stake in Cementos Argos, which manufactures and sells cement, concrete, and cement-related products in multiple countries throughout the Americas. The Energy segment has a majority ownership stake in a company named Celsia, which generates and sells gas, thermal energy, and hydroelectric energy throughout Central and South America.