Enhanced Group Valuation Multiples

Live Nation is the largest live entertainment company in the world, serving as a concert promoter, venue operator, and ticketing platform. In addition, the firm generates revenue from sponsorships and advertising. With offices in 51 countries, Live Nation promotes concerts globally and it owned, operated, or had exclusive booking rights to more than 400 venues worldwide at the end of 2025, which the firm says makes it the second-largest operator of music venues globally. In 2025, Live Nation promoted nearly 55,000 events, drawing roughly 160 million fans. Ticketmaster is a dominant global ticketing service, selling nearly 650 million tickets in 2025.

Liberty Media Corp along with its subsidiaries is engaged in the media and entertainment industries in North America and the United Kingdom. The company owns interests in a high-quality portfolio of assets across the media, entertainment and sports industries. The company derives its maximum revenue from United Kingdom.

Rogers Communications is the largest wireless service provider in Canada with more than 11 million subscribers, equating to one-third of the total Canadian market. Rogers' wireless business accounts for more than half of total revenue and has been growing at a higher rate than other segments. The cable segment, which provides about 38% of total revenue after acquiring Shaw, offers home internet, television, and landline phone service to consumers and businesses. Remaining sales come from Rogers' media unit, which owns and operates various television and radio stations and major Toronto sports franchises, including the Blue Jays, Maple Leafs, Raptors, Toronto FC, and Argonauts.

Informa PLC is an international events, digital services, and academic research group. Through various brands, products, and services, it connects businesses and professionals with the knowledge they need. The group's reportable segments are Informa Markets, Informa Tech, Informa Connect, Informa Festivals, and Taylor & Francis. The Informa Markets segment generates the highest revenue, connecting buyers and sellers across various specialist markets, including boating, pharmaceuticals, food, fashion, and infrastructure. This is achieved by delivering transaction-focused live events, such as exhibitions, specialist digital content, and targeted digital services, including data-driven demand generation products. It generates half its revenue from North America, followed by Asia.

TKO Group Holdings Inc is a sports and sports entertainment company that operates combat sports and sports entertainment companies. It owns and manages valuable sports and entertainment intellectual property. The company distributes content and monetizes its intellectual property through four activities: Media rights, production, and content, Live events and hospitality, Partnerships and marketing and Consumer products licensing, The company has two reportable segments, UFC and WWE. The company generates majority of revenue from the UFC segment. The UFC segment revenue consists of media rights fees associated with the distribution of its programming content, ticket sales, and site fees associated with the business's international live events.

Madison Square Garden Sports Corp owns and operates a portfolio of assets featuring some of the recognized sports teams, including the Knicks of the NBA and the Rangers of the NHL. It generates revenue from several sources: ticket sales and a portion of suite rental fees at The Garden and others. It has one operating and reportable segment and one reporting unit for goodwill impairment testing purposes.

Liberty Live Holdings Inc focuses on live entertainment investments. The company maintains a substantial ownership position in Live Nation Entertainment, the primary international promoter of concerts, events, and ticketing through platforms like Ticketmaster, alongside sponsorship and hospitality services via QuintEvents.

CTS Eventim AG & Co. KGaA is a diversified media company that focuses on the ticketing market. The business is divided into two segments: ticketing and live entertainment. The ticketing segment produces, sells, and distributes tickets for a variety of leisure-based events. The company sells tickets for concerts, sports, and theater events, and provides travel services as well. The live entertainment business segment plans and organizes tour events, largely for music-based concerts. The company generates the vast majority of its revenue in Germany.

Sphere Entertainment Co is a live entertainment and media company. The firm creates, writes, casts, produces, and tours shows and events. The group has two reportable segments: Sphere and MSG Networks. Sphere is a next-generation entertainment medium, and MSG Networks operates two regional sports and entertainment networks, as well as a direct-to-consumer (DTC) and authenticated streaming product.

Manchester United PLC operates as a professional football club with related activities, generating revenue prominently through commercial, broadcasting, and matchday segments. The commercial segment monetizes the various brands via sponsorships, retail, merchandising, apparel, and product licensing. Broadcasting revenue comes from television rights linked to football leagues and competitions, alongside content delivered through its dedicated TV channel all over the globe. Matchday income includes ticket sales, hospitality, merchandise, and services at its stadium. Manchester United is based in England. The company’s operations and fan base extends to many countries, supporting a diversified revenue model based on brand engagement and football-related content.

Madison Square Garden Entertainment Corp provides live entertainment, delivering unforgettable experiences while forging deep connections with diverse and passionate audiences. The company’s portfolio includes a collection of world-renowned venues - New York’s Madison Square Garden, The Theater at Madison Square Garden, Radio City Music Hall, and Beacon Theatre; and The Chicago Theatre - that showcase a broad array of sporting events, concerts, family shows, and special events for millions of guests annually. In addition, the company features the original production, the Christmas Spectacular Starring the Radio City Rockettes, which has been a holiday tradition for 89 years.

Atlanta Braves Holdings Inc is a holding company. It operates through its wholly-owned subsidiary, which is the owner and operator of the Atlanta Braves Major League Baseball Club and the mixed-use real estate development, The Battery Atlanta, and is the operator of the Atlanta Braves Major League Baseball Club’s stadium, Truist Park. The company predominantly derives revenue related to the Braves baseball franchise and Truist Park from ticket sales, concessions, local broadcasting rights, advertising sponsorships, suites and premium seat fees, retail and licensing revenue, shared MLB revenue streams, including national broadcasting rights and licensing, and other sources. The company's reportable segments include: Baseball which generates key revenue, and Mixed-Use Development.

Songcheng Performance Development Co Ltd operates in the performing arts industry. The company is engaged in the operation of Live performances, tourism and leisure, and Internet performance in China.

Pursuit Attractions and Hospitality Inc is an attractions and hospitality company that owns and operates a collection of inspiring and unforgettable experiences at iconic destinations across the United States, Canada, Iceland and Costa Rica. Its elevated hospitality offerings include point-of-interest attractions and distinctive lodges, as well as integrated restaurants, retail options, and transportation that allow visitors to discover and connect with breathtaking national parks and renowned travel locations.

GL Events is a France-based company engaged in providing facilities for meetings: congresses and conventions, cultural, sporting, institutional, and corporate events, trade shows, and exhibitions for professionals and the general public. It has three business divisions, namely GL events Live: Provides turnkey solutions for all events, whatever the format, from the consulting phase through to production. GL events Exhibitions: Design, Production, and Management of Professional Trade Shows and Consumer Exhibitions to Promote Key Sectors. GL events Venues: Manages a network of over 60 event venues around the world (convention and exhibition centers, arenas, etc).

PVR INOX Ltd is a diversified media company engaged in the film entertainment industry. The company has two primary business segments, which includes Movie exhibition, and Others. The Movie exhibition business segment which derives key revenue, operates a chain of movie theaters, generating revenue through ticket sales, food and beverage sales, and in-cinema advertising. The Other business segment operates complementary ventures such as movie production, distribution and gaming, etc. The company generates the vast majority of its revenue in India.

Corporacion Interamericana de Entretenimiento SAB de CV is a Mexico-based company engaged in the business of providing entertainment services in Latin America and worldwide. It offers a wide Range of entertainment options to a variety of audiences and budgets in large- and medium-sized cities. Its services include concerts, theatrical productions, sporting events, family events and cultural events, among others. In addition, it operates an amusement park in Colombia.

Emerald Holding Inc is a business-to-business (B2B) event organizer principally in the United States. The company is engaged in three complementary business lines; Connections division consists of a collection of B2B trade show franchises and other live events that provide exhibitors opportunities to engage with buyers and expand their brand’s awareness in their industry; the Content division consists of B2B print publications and digital media products that complement existing trade show properties, and the Commerce division which offers software-as-a-service technology that enables year-round B2B buying and selling through Elastic Suite and Bulletin platforms for use by its customers. The Majority of the revenue for the company is generated from its Connections segment.

Juventus Football Club SpA operates as a professional football club in Italy. It generates revenue from the sale of tickets, sponsorship activities, sale of advertising space, licensing of television and media rights. The company's main segment is participation in national and international competitions and the organization of matches. The greater part of the Company’s business activity is carried out in Italy.

Maoyan Entertainment is a China-based company that mainly operates an Internet-empowered entertainment service platform. The company operates in three segments. The Online Entertainment Ticketing Services segment offers online ticketing services for comprehensive entertainment formats, such as movies and entertainment events. The Entertainment Content Services segment operates an integrated platform to provide entertainment content services, ranging from distribution, and promotion to production, for various entertainment formats including movies, TV series, variety shows, and entertainment events. The Advertising Services and Others segment serves advertisers in both the entertainment industry and other industries including automobile, electronics, and consumer products.

Ollamani SAB is a holding company that operates through its subsidiaries in various businesses, including the Football Business, which is the Company that owns Club America, a professional soccer team with championships in Mexico and considered one of the popular teams. Estadio Azteca is the company that owns and operates the Estadio Azteca. Games and Sweepstakes Business under the PlayCity brand, the company operates eighteen casinos in Mexico with food and beverage service, as well as a website in the one that offers sports betting and casino betting. The Company's operations are classified into three segments: Football Segment, Gaming Segment, and Publishers and Distributors Segment.

Fiera Milano SpA is a trade fair company. Its operating segments include Italian Exhibitions Business, Foreign Exhibitions Business, and Congresses. The Italian Exhibitions and Foreign Exhibitions segment covers all activities for organizing and hosting exhibitions and other events in Italy and abroad through the use, promotion, and offer of furnished exhibition spaces, project support, and ancillary services. It also engages in stand-fitting, technical, and exhibition site services. The Congresses segment covers the management of conferences and events. It generates the majority of the revenue from Italian exhibitions.

Funshine Culture Group Co Ltd is engaged in different types of business in various art events and cultural activities both domestically and internationally, including planning, art creation and design, stage arts design, urban landscape construction and the lighting and audio project designing theatre and art venues. The company operates in four segments namely events and stage lighting; landscape lighting and interpretation; multimedia creative production; live performance and cultural tourism synthesis services.

Falcons Beyond Global Inc. is a Company that provides a full range of theme park design, master planning, and experiential technologies for customers in the entertainment and attraction industry through its Falcon’s Creative Group reportable segment and develops and co-owns resort and theme park attractions through its Destinations Operations. The Company has four operating segments, Falcon’s Creative Group, PDP, Falcon’s Beyond Brands, and Destinations Operations, all of which are reportable segments. It earns the majority of the revenue from Falcon’s Creative Group segment.

Eventbrite Inc is a self-service ticketing and experience technology platform that serves event creators. The company's two-sided marketplace connects creators and consumers every month to share their passions, artistry, and causes through live experiences. Creators use its self-service ticketing and marketing tools to plan, promote, and sell tickets to their events, and event seekers use its website and mobile application to discover and purchase tickets to experiences. Geographically, it generates maximum revenue from the United States. The company generates revenues principally from service fees and payment processing fees from the sale of paid tickets on its platform.

Fenerbahce Futbol Anonim Sirketi manages the Fenerbahce Sports Club in Turkey. The facilities provided by the sports club includes The Stadium, The Social Venue, The Training Complex, The Sports Hall, and The Swimming Pool among others.

Borussia Dortmund GmbH & Co KGaA operates a football club. The company conducts its business through the following segments: Borussia Dortmund GmbH & Co. KGaA operates a football club that includes a professional football squad and leverages revenue potential from player transfers, catering, TV marketing, sponsorship, and ticketing. The BVB Merchandising segment consists of a separate merchandising business. The BVB Event and Catering GmbH segment conducts tours, provides and arranges event staffing services, plans and organizes, caters, and manages events of all types. The Besttravel Dortmund GmbH segment arranges travel by air, rail, and ship. The company earns the majority of its revenues from the Borussia Dortmund GmbH & Co. KGaA segment.

Beijing Jingxi Culture&Tourism Co Ltd is a full-industry chain film and television entertainment media group. It is primarily engaged in the tourism and cultural resources, and film and television entertainment production businesses in China.

Avex Inc is a diversified media company, which holds a number of entertainment subsidiaries. The company has four primary business segments: music, video, management and live content, and other. The music segment designs, produces, and sells music and music-related content. The video segment plans, produces, sells, and distributes video content and feature films. The management and live business segment manages artists, sells merchandise, operates fan clubs, and is involved in the production of concerts and live events. The other business segment operates schools, restaurants, and real estate. The company generates the vast majority of its revenue in Japan.

Eagle Football Group is a holding company. It is engaged in sporting events, entertainment, and media sector in France. This company has a club that owns a private and modern stadium connected to it. The company earns its revenue through various resources which include ticketing, sponsoring and advertising, media and marketing rights, brand-related revenue, events, and player trading. It sells various products such as watches, goodies, car accessories, and others.

Galatasaray Sportif Sinai Veticari Yatirimlar AS is a Turkey-based company engages in the promotion of Galatasaray professional football team. Its activities include sponsorship, production of licensed goods, advertising, public relations and media.

Parken Sport & Entertainment AS is a Denmark based company engaged in the leisure and entertainment industry. The company manages PARKEN soccer stadium and operates the professional soccer club F.C. Kobenhaven. It also hosts rock concerts, car racing, and large conference. Geographically, operations are primarily functioned in the region of Denmark.

Celtic PLC through its subsidiary is engaged in the operation of a professional football club. Business activity of the company includes Football and Stadium Operations, Merchandising, and Multimedia and Other Commercial Activities. The group operates only in the United Kingdom and the majority of revenue for the company is generated from Football and Stadium Operations.

PIA Corp provides event ticketing services in Japan. The company sells tickets for concerts, sporting contests and other events of entertainment value through telephone operators, mobile phone services and a network of ticket stores.

MCH Group Ltd is an international live-marketing company with a services network spanning the entire exhibition and event market. The company's majority of operating income is derived from Switzerland, where it already has a market position. It also has its presence in Europe without Switzerland, North and South America, Asia, Pacific and Africa. The company has three segments Community Platforms, Experience Marketing, and Corporate Functions.

ZO Future Group is an investment holding company principally engaged in the operation of the football club in the United Kingdom. The activity of the company includes offering season and match day tickets, television broadcasting, and local media businesses. Its segments are the operation of a professional football club; new energy automobiles and related business; Investment in properties; and healthcare business. The company's activity functions in the United Kingdom and it generates revenue through corporate hospitality income, merchandising income, sponsorship income, and conference income. The company generates the majority of its revenue from the operation of a professional football club in the UK.

Sporting Clube de Portugal-Futebol is a football club playing in Portugal. The company is engaged in participation in professional football competitions, promotions and organization of sports events and activities related to football.

Amuse Inc is a Japan based integrated entertainment group. It is involved in the businesses of artist management business, media visual business, contents business, place management business, and other businesses. In artist management business, the company is engaged in the production of concerts, stage performances of artists, planning and production of stage performances and events, management of fan clubs and sales of a variety of goods and products, television, radio and commercial appearances, and production and distribution of record masters and management of copyright. In media visual business, the company manages image-based entertainment, such as producing and distributing visual software such as TV shows and movies and producing and selling DVDs.

AFC Ajax NV operates a football club. It also owns and operates a football stadium. The company through its online shop offers items such as football kits and training items. It derives revenue from selling television and merchandising rights and advertising.

Sport Lisboa e Benfica-Futebol is a football club. The club derives income from activities related to the sale of audiovisual rights, sponsorship, advertising space, royalties, and transfer of players. Its products portfolio includes t-shirts, scarves, and sweaters for men, women, and kids.

Besiktas Futbol Yatirimlari Sanayi Ve Ticaret AS owns and operates soccer club in Turkey. The various teams of the company include Football Home, Basketball Home, Handball Home, and Volleyball Home among others.

Hibino Corp is engaged in the sale and installation of audio-visual equipment. It offers products and services in the Audio-Visual field. Its business activities are divided into Hibino visual division is engaged in the planning of large screens and video systems used for concerts and events, equipment rental, and operation. Hibino sound division offers a sound system for the concert, equipment rental, recording of concerts and events, studio recording, track down, and mastering. The segments include: Sales and construction business; Building sound construction business; and Concerts and events service business. It derives maximum revenue from Concerts and events service business.

Trabzonspor Sportif Yatirim Ve Futbol Isletmeciligi Ticaret AS is a Turkey-based company that facilitates the live broadcasting, sponsorship, advertising and marketing agreements of Trabzonspor Football Club.

Seoul Broadcasting System Co Ltd is a Korea based radio and television broadcasting company. Its broadcasting areas include drama, entertainment, culture, news, and sports.

Bastogi SpA through its subsidiaries operates in the real estate, entertainment, art and culture, and other sectors in Italy. The company also hosts presentations, business conventions, conferences, shows, fashion shows, exhibitions, cultural appointments, and photo shoots.

HIM International Music Inc is a Taiwan based media company. The company is engaged in organizing media activities such as live events, autograph sessions, and endorsement activities. It also provides music records and albums. The company also arrange concerts in Taiwan.

accesso Technology Group PLC is a software company engaged in the development and application of ticketing, mobile, and eCommerce technologies, licensing, and operation of virtual queuing solutions, and providing a personalized experience to customers within the attractions and leisure industry. It operates in segments: the Ticketing and Distribution, Guest Experience, and Professional Services. Its solutions are accesso LoQueue, accesso Passport, accesso Siriuswarem, and accesso ShoWare, which provide solutions for ticketing & admissions, gift cards, kiosks, and eCommerce, box office, call center, and social media sales and others. It has a presence in the UK, other Europe, Australia, the USA, and Canada which drives key revenue, in Central and South America.

B'IN Live Co Ltd is a Taiwan-based event management company. It is mainly engaged in providing software and hardware services for shows or events, including production design, and providing hardware equipment such as lighting, audio, video, musical instruments, and structural equipment. Geographically, the company generates a majority of its revenue from Taiwan and the rest from Mainland China, Hong Kong, Europe and America, and other regions.