WLM Valuation Multiples

Tesla is a vertically integrated battery electric vehicle automaker and developer of real-world artificial intelligence software, which includes autonomous driving and humanoid robots. The company has multiple vehicles in its fleet, which include a midsize sedan and crossover SUV in the entry-level luxury category, a luxury light truck, and a semitruck. Tesla also runs a robotaxi service in four US metropolitan areas. Global deliveries in 2025 were nearly 1.64 million vehicles. Additionally, the company sells batteries for stationary storage for residential and commercial properties, including utilities, solar panels, and solar roofs for energy generation. Tesla also owns a fast-charging network and a US auto insurance business.

CATL, headquartered in Ningde, Fujian Province, is a global leading battery manufacturer founded in 2011. The company specializes in the development and production of lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicle and energy storage systems. CATL is the largest EV battery manufacturer in the world and leads the industry in innovative battery technology development for higher-energy density and safety, longer battery service life, and super-fast charging. CATL is also involved in the manufacturing of cathode and other related battery materials. Through subsidiary Brunp, it works with customers to create a closed-loop battery life cycle from production, application, to recycling.

Founded in 1995, BYD is a leading Chinese manufacturer in the design, development, and production of new energy vehicles, or NEVs. In March 2022, the firm discontinued production of internal combustion engine, or ICE, vehicles. Its products primarily target the growing midpriced mass-market segment in China’s passenger vehicle market. The company sold about 4.6 million passenger NEVs in 2025, accounting for 30% of the Chinese passenger NEV market. Besides automobile production, the company is also engaged in handset components and assembly services, as well as the rechargeable battery and photovoltaics business.

The Volvo Group is one of the largest global original equipment manufacturers of trucks, buses, construction equipment, and engines and power systems, operating under the Volvo, Renault Truck, Mack Trucks, Volvo Penta, and Nova Bus brands. Among the four largest Western global brands—Volvo, Daimler, Paccar, and Traton—Volvo ranks third in terms of annual deliveries. Its truck, construction equipment, bus, and engines and power system segments contributed 71%, 18%, 5%, and 5%, respectively, to industrial operations' revenue in 2025. An in-house financial services division supports these businesses. In its key regions of Europe, North America, Brazil, and Australia, the truck business holds large market shares of 29%, 17%, 23%, and 21%, respectively.

LG Energy Solution is the third-largest battery maker for electric vehicles with about 11% global share in 2024, according to SNE Research. The EV battery segment is the largest revenue contributor, which accounted for more than 60% of total revenue in 2024. LGES also manufactures batteries for mobility, mobile phones, laptops, electrical devices, and energy storage systems. The company was spun off from LG Chem’s battery division in December 2020 and listed on the Korea Exchange in January 2022. It has global manufacturing facilities in Korea, China, Poland, and the United States. Key customers include General Motors, Tesla, Volkswagen, Hyundai, and Stellantis.

Ford Motor Co. manufactures automobiles under its Ford and Lincoln brands. In March 2022, the company announced that it will run its combustion engine business, Ford Blue, and its BEV business, Ford Model e, as separate businesses but still all under Ford Motor. The company has over 13% market share in the United States, about 10% share in the UK, and just over 1% share in China including Taiwan and unconsolidated affiliates. Sales in the US made up about 65% of 2025 total company revenue. Ford has about 169,000 employees, including about 56,300 UAW employees, and is based in Dearborn, Michigan.

Rivian is a battery electric vehicle automaker that sells its vehicles in the US and Canada. The company also develops electronic control units and related software for autos in a joint venture with Volkswagen. Rivian has multiple vehicles in its fleet, which include a luxury truck and full-size SUV and a delivery van. The company plans to begin selling a midsize SUV in 2026. Total deliveries were over 42,000 in 2025. Rivian is also developing autonomous driving software to be used in its vehicles.

Hyundai Motor India Ltd is an auto manufacturer. It manufactures and sells four-wheeler passenger vehicles and includes a portfolio of various different models across multiple passenger vehicle segments by body type, such as sedans, hatchbacks, sports-utility vehicles (SUVs), and battery electric vehicles (EVs). It also manufactures parts, such as transmissions and engines. The group has one operating segment, namely the manufacture and sale of motor vehicles, engine, transmission and other parts, related after-sales activities, related engineering and broking services. The group generates maximum revenue from India, followed by the Middle East and Europe, Latin America, Africa, and other regions.

Tata Motors Ltd is an automobile manufacturer, offering a diverse portfolio of smarter, integrated and safer mobility solutions. It designs, manufactures and sells a wide range of automotive vehicles. The company also manufactures engines for industrial applications. Its operating segments consist of: a) Automotive: The Automotive segment consists of four reportable sub-segments: Tata Commercial Vehicles, Tata Passenger Vehicles, Jaguar Land Rover and Vehicle Financing. Other operating segments do not meet the quantitative thresholds for disclosure and have been aggregated. b) Others: Others consist of IT services and Insurance Broking services. The majority of revenue is generated from the Tata Commercial Vehicles sub-segment of the Automotive segment.

Li Auto is a leading Chinese NEV manufacturer that designs, develops, manufactures, and sells premium smart NEVs. The company started volume production of its first model Li One in November 2019. The model is a six-seater, large, premium plug-in electric SUV equipped with a range extension system and advanced smart vehicle solutions. It sold over 500,000 NEVs in 2024, accounting for about 4% of China's passenger new energy vehicle market. Beyond Li One, the company expands its product line, including both BEVs and PHEVs, to target a broader consumer base.

Tata Motors Passenger Vehicles Ltd Formerly Tata Motors Ltd is an automobile manufacturing company. It designs, manufactures, and sells a wide range of automotive vehicles. The company also manufactures engines for industrial applications, aggregates such as axles and transmissions for commercial vehicles, and factory automation equipment, and provides information technology services. Its operating segments include Automotive and Others. The Automotive segment, which derives key revenue, consists of four reportable sub-segments: Tata Commercial Vehicles, Tata Passenger Vehicles, Jaguar Land Rover, and Vehicle Financing. Geographically, it generates maximum revenue from India, and the rest from the United States of America, United Kingdom, Rest of Europe, China, and the Rest of the World.

Founded in 2015, XPeng is a leading Chinese electric vehicle company that designs, develops, manufactures, and markets EVs in China. Its products primarily target the growing base of technology-savvy middle-class consumers in the midrange to high-end segment in China's passenger vehicle market. The company sold about 430,000 EVs in 2025, accounting for about 3% of China's passenger new energy vehicle market. It is also a leader in autonomous driving technology.

Nio is a leading electric vehicle maker, targeting the premium segment. Founded in November 2014, Nio designs, develops, jointly manufactures, and sells premium smart electric vehicles. The company differentiates itself through continuous technological breakthroughs and innovations such as battery swapping and autonomous driving technologies. Nio launched its first model, its ES8 seven-seater electric SUV, in December 2017, and began deliveries in June 2018. Its current model portfolio includes midsize to large sedans and SUVs. It sold around 222,000 EVs in 2024, accounting for about 2% of the China passenger new energy vehicle market.

Ather Energy is an Indian electric two-wheeler manufacturer founded in 2013 and headquartered in Bengaluru. It designs, manufactures and sells connected electric scooters, battery packs, charging equipment and related digital services. The product portfolio includes performance and family-oriented scooters supported by the Ather Grid public charging network and mobile software for navigation, diagnostics and ownership services. Revenue comes mainly from vehicle, battery and accessory sales, with additional service and subscription income. Ather built proprietary vehicle software, electronics and charging technology and operates manufacturing facilities in India. The company completed an Indian public listing in 2025, but NIIF later made a negotiated preferential equity investment rather than an open-market purchase. Hero MotoCorp remains a major strategic shareholder, and NIIF has invested through both its Strategic Opportunities Fund and India-Japan Fund.

Ecopro BM Co Ltd is engaged in the development and production of secondary battery materials like precursors and cathode materials. Its products are used in electric vehicles, electric energy storage systems, uninterruptible power supply, smart grids, and ones for aerospace, medical and military purposes.

VinFast Auto Ltd manufactures cars, and motor vehicles, renders leasing activities, trades smartphones, and related businesses. The company is engaged in designing and manufacturing premium EVs, e-scooters, and e-buses. The company's initial EV product line is an all-new range of fully electric A- through E-segment SUVs. The Company has three reportable segments, namely Car, E-scooter and Ebus. The Car segment includes the design, development, manufacturing and sales of cars and related battery lease and battery charging services for cars. The E-scooter segment includes the design, development, manufacturing and sales of e-scooters and related battery lease and battery charging service for e-scooters. The Ebus segment includes the design, development, manufacturing and sales of Ebus.

Sigenergy Technology Co Ltd focuses on developing cutting-edge all-scenario energy solutions, with products ranging from energy storage systems to solar inverters and EV chargers. Its Products are SigenStor, Sigen LoadHub, SigenMicro Inverter, SigenStor EV DC, Sigen EV AC Charger, mySigen App, and Sigen Cloud. The business encompasses the research, development, application, production, and sales of renewable energy solutions, including photovoltaic inverters.

Maker of automotive driveline and motor components such as differential gears, starter motors and traction motors for electric vehicles. Customers are global vehicle makers. Headquartered in Gurugram.

Zhejiang Leapmotor Technology Co Ltd is principally engaged in the production, research and development and sales of new energy vehicles in the PRC. The company operates in two geographical segments: Mainland China, and Others.

Joby Aviation Inc is a transportation company developing an all-electric, vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) air taxi for commercial passenger service. Its Joby eVTOL aircraft is designed to transport a pilot and up to four passengers or an expected payload of up to 1,000 pounds at speeds of up to 200 mph. The aircraft is optimized for urban routes, with a target range of up to 100 miles on a single charge. The company is also developing an app-based platform to build and operate an aerial ridesharing service powered by a network of eVTOL aircraft that it will manufacture and operate. It has one operating and reportable segment, namely flight services. Currently, the company generates all of its revenue from flight services provided to the Department of Defense in the United States.

BETA Technologies Inc is an aerospace company. The group has developed an electric aircraft platform and propulsion systems that are positioned to transform the aviation industry forward into a new phase of growth. It designs, manufactures, and sells high-performance electric aircraft, modern electric propulsion systems, charging systems, and components. The group also invested in the underlying infrastructure of this breakthrough technology, which is critical to bringing electric aviation to life. The group has developed a differentiated presence in North America and is well-positioned to expand globally. Its products and services are Aircraft, Charge, Motor, Battery, Flight Controls, and Training. It has one operating segment: Development and Manufacturing of Electric Aircraft.

Engineering group making steel tubes, chains, metal-formed auto parts, bicycles and electric vehicle products. It also holds group stakes in finance and mobility units. Headquartered in Chennai.

BAIC BluePark New Energy Technology Co Ltd is engaged in the research and development, production, sales, and service of new energy pure electric vehicles and core components. The company operates under the Xiangjie, Jihu, and BEIJING brands, offering a range of models that include the Xiangjie S9, Alpha S Pioneer PRO, Alpha T5, Koala series, and others.

Ninebot Ltd is engaged in the research and development, design, manufacturing, distribution and sales of short-distance transportation products. The products offered by the company include electric balance bikes and electric scooters for short distance commuting.

Volvo Car AB manufactures, designs, and supplies automobiles. The company offers a wide range of cars. Geographically, it has a presence in China, the USA; Sweden; Germany; the United Kingdom; Japan, and South Korea. The company generates maximum revenue from the sale of new cars.

Archer Aviation Inc advances the benefits of sustainable air mobility. The company is engaged in designing and developing a fully electric vertical takeoff and landing eVTOL aircraft for use in UAM networks. It is creating an electric airline that moves people throughout cities in a quick, safe, sustainable, and cost-effective manner. The company is building a platform to deliver aircraft, technologies, and services to customers world-wide across commercial and defense sectors.

Mitsubishi Motors Corp is a Japanese automobile manufacturer. The company principally produces small passenger vehicles, electric and hybrid vehicles, minivans, and sport utility vehicles, or SUVs. Mitsubishi Motors is organised into two business segments: the automobile business and the automobile financing business. The company derives the vast majority of company revenue from the automotive business.

Aima Technology Group Co Ltd is engaged in the research and development, production, and sales of electric bicycles, electric mopeds, and electric motorcycles.

QuantumScape is a developer of solid-state lithium-metal battery technology intended for electric vehicles and other energy-storage applications. The organization serves B2B customers and counterparties through the operating assets, products, or financial capabilities described in the cited transaction materials. Its principal economics are Product sales, Licensing, while its competitive position depends on sector expertise, asset quality, customer relationships, execution, and disciplined capital allocation. The business was founded in 2010 and is headquartered in San Jose. At the 2020 Series F date the company remained pre-commercial and used strategic capital to scale cell development and manufacturing preparations. The profile reflects the legal or operating business at the transaction date, including its historical identity where a subsequent listing, merger, privatization, disposal, or reorganization changed its name or ownership.

Pony AI Inc is an artificial intelligence technology company that is principally engaged in the operation and development of autonomous vehicles. It operates fully driverless robotaxis through the PonyPilot mobile app in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Shenzhen. The company operates a fleet of robotaxis. The Group conducts its operations mainly in the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the United States of America (U.S.) through subsidiaries. Key revenue is generated from the Peoples Republic of China.

Ola Electric Mobility Ltd is a pure EV player in India and is building vertically integrated technology and manufacturing capabilities for EVs and EV components, including cells. The company manufactures EVs and certain core EV components like battery packs, motors and vehicle frames at the Ola Futurefactory. Its business focuses on capturing the opportunity arising out of electrification of mobility in India and it also seeks opportunities to export its EVs in select international markets in the future.

Fastned BV specializes in the construction and operation of fast charging stations for fully electric vehicles. Its fast charging stations are capable of providing services to all types of electric vehicles, such as Tesla Model 3/S/X, Nissan Leaf, BMW i3, and Hyundai Ioniq, among others. The company generates revenue from the sale of electricity to EV drivers, plus other revenues from sales of renewable energy units and maintenance fees. It has six operating segments: the Netherlands, Germany, the United Kingdom, Belgium, France, and Other Europe. Other Europe consists of Switzerland, Italy, Spain, and Denmark. Maximum revenue is generated from the Netherlands.

WeRide Inc operates in the autonomous driving industry. The company has developed a universal autonomous driving technology platform that integrates full-stack software algorithms, modularized hardware solutions, and a infrastructure platform. The company provides autonomous driving products and services from L2 to L4 vehicles. The products of the company includes Robotaxi, Robobus, Robovan, Robosweeper, and others. The company earns its revenue from the People's Republic of China.

Amprius Technologies Inc is engaged in the production of silicon anodes for high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries. The company develops, manufactures and markets lithium-ion batteries for mobility applications, including the aviation, electric vehicle (EV) and light electric vehicle (LEV) industries. The company's batteries are used for existing and emerging aviation applications, including unmanned aerial systems, such as drones and high-altitude pseudo satellites.

JBM Auto makes sheet-metal auto components, tooling and buses, including electric buses, and provides bus services. Customers are automakers and city transport bodies. Headquartered in Gurugram.

Lucid Group Inc is a technology and automotive company. It develops the next generation of electric vehicle (EV) technologies. It offers its own geographically distributed retail and service locations through direct-to-consumer online and retail sales. It also boasts a product roadmap of future vehicle programs and technologies. It focuses on in-house hardware and software innovation, vertical integration, and a clean-sheet approach to engineering and design, which led to the development of the Lucid Air. The Lucid Air is a luxury sedan that redefines both the luxury car segment and the EV space. Its geographic segments include North America, the Middle East, and Other International.

Shenzhen Uniconn Technology Co Ltd is a product and solution provider that integrates research and development, design, production, sales, and service of electrical connection components.

Olectra Greentech makes electric buses, and also composite polymer insulators. It sells electric buses to state transport undertakings under gross cost contract models. It is a Megha Engineering group company headquartered in Hyderabad.

T1 Energy Inc is an energy solutions provider building an integrated U.S. solar supply chain for solar modules to invigorate the United States with scalable, reliable, and low-cost energy. It is manufacturing and selling photovoltaic (PV) solar modules in Texas and is constructing a PV solar cell fab in Texas. The company produces PV solar modules that employ energy-efficient Passivated Emitter and Rear Contact (PERC) and Tunnel Oxide Passivated Contact (TOPCon) technologies. Its single operating segment derives its revenues from the manufacturing and sale of PV solar modules. It sells PV solar modules to utility-scale developers, C&I, and residential end users.

Voyah Automobile Technology Co Ltd is an intelligent NEV brand under DFM, one of the Chinese vast central state-owned automobile groups. The group designs, develops, and sells premium NEVs, epitomizing the leap from manufacturing to smart manufacturing among Chinese brands. Drawing on the DFG's automotive manufacturing heritage, it achieves breakthroughs in safety, battery-motor-control systems, and smart technologies. The group focused on the premium segment in China's NEV market. It has launched five NEV series, such as the VOYAH FREE series, a mid-to large-sized SUV; the VOYAH DREAM series, which is a flagship luxury MPV; the VOYAH PASSION series, a flagship sedan; the VOYAH COURAGE series, a mid-sized SUV; and the VOYAH TAISHAN series, a flagship six-seat full-size SUV.

Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC is a pure play, premium electric car brand, designing performance cars engineered to excite consumers and drive change. It believes that it defines market standards in design, innovation and sustainability. It is determined to improve society by accelerating the shift to sustainable mobility. The company conducts its business as one operating segment with primary commercial operations in Europe, North America, Asia Pacific and various importer markets. The company generates majority of revenue from United Kingdom.

ADS-TEC Energy PLC produces, develops, and markets battery-buffered EV charging systems infrastructure, battery storage systems, and cloud-based services that enable the customer to control and manage the system. The company generates revenue mainly through the sale of its products, services, and Big-LinX. Geographically, it derives a majority of its revenue from Germany.

Eos Energy Enterprises Inc designs develop, manufactures, and markets zinc-based energy storage solutions for utility-scale, microgrid, and commercial & industrial (C&I) applications. The solutions are used in the utility sector, the renewable energy sector, and the industrial sector.

Shanghai Phoenix Enterprise (Group) Co Ltd designs, develops, manufactures, and sells bicycles under the Phoenix brand name in China. Its production and sales of Phoenix brand bicycle products not only exported to Europe and the United States and other international markets.

Zaptec ASA is a technology company within Electronic vehicle (EV) charging systems in Europe. The company develops EV charging systems for multi and single-family homes and office buildings. The product portfolio enables a large number of charging points at a low cost and includes Zaptec Pro, Zaptec Go, Charge365 payment services, Charging columns, Zaptec Portal, and Zaptec APM. The company accelerates the electrification of the transport sector to assist European countries in reducing CO2 emissions from light-duty cars.

EBRO EV Motors SA is engaged in designing, developing, and marketing vehicles that integrate technology and sustainability. The group provides services such as After-sales services, Financing, Investors, Connectivity, and Auto+ Plan. Its models are EBRO PHEV Range, EBRO s400 HEV, EBRO s700, EBRO s700 HEV, EBRO s700 PHEV, and Others.

Eve Holding Inc is a provider of Urban Air Mobility solutions. The company's operating segments are; eVTOL that includes; the design and production of electric vertical take-off and landing vehicles (eVTOLs) including fixed wing and helicopter operators, as well as lessors that purchase and manage aircraft on behalf of operators; Service and Operations Solutions segment which includes a portfolio of maintenance and support services focused on its and third-party eVTOLs; and the UATM segment , a new Urban Air Traffic Management system designed to allow eVTOLs to operate safely and efficiently in dense urban airspace alongside conventional aircraft and drones.

Kempower Corp designs, manufactures and commercializes charging solutions and services for electric vehicles and machines. Geographically, it derives a majority of its revenue from Rest of Europe regions and it also has a presence in Nordics, North America and Rest of the World. Its charging solutions include Kempower Power Unit; Kempower Movable Charger; Kempower Station Charger; Kempower ChargEye for Depots; Kempower ChargEye for CPOs and others.