Eurocastle Investment Valuation Multiples

SoftBank is a Japan-based telecom and e-commerce conglomerate that has expanded mainly through acquisitions, and its key assets include a 40%-owned mobile and fixed broadband telecom operator business in Japan. It also owns 90% of semiconductor chip designer Arm Holdings following the 2023 IPO of this business, and has a vast portfolio of mainly internet- and e-commerce-focused early-stage investments. It is also a general partner of the USD 100 billion SoftBank Vision Fund 1 and sole investor in SoftBank Vision Fund 2, both of which primarily invest in pre-IPO internet and AI companies. Recently, it has begun investing in OpenAI.

BlackRock is the largest asset manager in the world, with $14.041 trillion in assets under management at the end of December 2025. Its product mix is diverse, with 55% of managed assets in equity strategies, 23% in fixed income, 9% in multi-asset classes, 6% in money market funds, and 5% in alternatives. Passive strategies account for more than two-thirds of long-term AUM, with the company's ETF platform maintaining a leading market share domestically and on a global basis. Product distribution is weighted more toward institutional clients, which, by our calculations, account for around 80% of AUM. BlackRock is geographically diverse, with clients in more than 100 countries and more than one-third of managed assets coming from investors domiciled outside the US and Canada.

Investor AB is an industrial holding company with a long-term, active investment portfolio plan. The operations are divided into three business areas: Listed Companies, Patricia Industries, and Investments in EQT. Geographically, the company operates in Sweden, Europe, U.S, and Other countries.

Blackstone is the world's largest alternative-asset manager with $1.242 trillion in total asset under management, including $906.2 billion in fee-earning assets under management, at the end of September 2025. The company operates with scale in each of its major product lines: private equity (26% of fee-earning AUM and 33% of base management fees), real estate/real assets (31% and 35%), private credit (34% and 25%), and other alternatives (9% and 7%). While the firm primarily serves institutional investors (84% of AUM), it also caters to clients in the high-net-worth channel (16%). Blackstone operates through 25 offices in the Americas (8), Europe and the Middle East (9), and the Asia-Pacific region (8).

Brookfield Corp is an investment firm focused on building long-term wealth for institutions and individuals. It has seven operating segments: Asset Management, Wealth Solutions, Renewable Power and Transition, Infrastructure, Private Equity, Real Estate and Corporate Activities. It invests in real assets that form the backbone of the economy to deliver risk-adjusted returns to stakeholders. The company generates the majority of its revenue from Asset Management. It has a geographic presence in the UK, the United States, Australia, Canada, Brazil, India, Colombia, Germany, Other Europe, Other Asia, and other countries.

KKR is one of the world's largest alternative asset managers, with $723.2 billion in total managed assets, including $585.0 billion in fee-earning AUM, at the end of September 2025. The company has two core segments: asset management (which includes private markets—private equity, credit, infrastructure, energy, and real estate—and public markets—primarily credit and hedge/investment fund platforms) and insurance (following the firm's initial investment in, and then ultimate purchase of, Global Atlantic Financial Group, which is engaged in retirement/annuity and life insurance lines as well as reinsurance).

Brookfield Asset Management is one of the world's largest alternative-asset managers, with USD 1.151 trillion in total managed assets, including USD 580.7 billion in fee-earning AUM, at the end of September 2025. The company has three main business segments: private credit (USD 349.0 billion in total AUM and USD 262.8 billion in fee-earning AUM), private equity (USD 151.0 billion/USD 46.3 billion), and real estate/real assets (USD 651.0 billion/USD 271.6 billion). The firm primarily serves institutional investors (90% of AUM) and high-net-worth individuals (10%), and is diversified globally, with 67% of revenue from the Americas, 20% from EMEA, and 13% from Asia-Pacific. Canadian-based Brookfield Corporation owns 73% of Brookfield's outstanding Class A shares.

Apollo is one of the world's largest alternative asset managers, with $908.4 billion in total assets under management, or AUM, including $685.0 billion in fee-earning assets, at the end of September 2025. The company has two core operating segments: asset management and retirement services. Apollo operates with scale in each of its major product lines-private equity (with $125.6 billion in total AUM and $71.7 billion in fee-earning AUM), real estate/real assets ($59.6 billion/$27.1 billion), and private credit ($723.2 billion/$586.2 billion). Apollo has a distribution profile that is likely not too far off from the industry averages-with 84% of its assets held by institutional investors and 16% by high-net-worth clients.

Swedish conglomerate Investor AB set up EQT as its private equity division in 1994. In its early days, EQT focused primarily on private equity investments in Sweden and the rest of Scandinavia. Today, EQT is one of the largest global private-market investors, with funds that focus on private equity, real estate, and infrastructure globally. Investor AB retains a minority stake.

3i Group PLC is a closed-ended investment fund. It is an international investor engaged in private equity, infrastructure, and debt management. Its business segments are Private Equity, Infrastructure, and Scandlines. The private equity segment invests in business services, consumer, healthcare, and industrial sectors. Its infrastructure segment invests in utilities, transportation, and social infrastructure.

Ares Management is one of the world's largest alternative-asset managers, with $595.7 billion in total assets under management, or AUM, including $367.6 billion in fee-earning AUM, at the end of September 2025. The company has four main business segments: private credit ($391.5 billion in total AUM and $240.2 billion in fee-earning AUM), private equity, ($25.1 billion/$11.8 billion), real estate/real assets ($132.4 billion/$80.5 billion), and other alternatives ($46.7 billion/$35.1 billion). The firm primarily serves institutional investors (80% of AUM) and high-net-worth individuals (20%). Ares operates through more than 35 offices in over 15 countries around the globe.

T. Rowe Price provides asset management services for individual and institutional investors. It offers a broad range of no-load US and international stock, hybrid, bond, and money market funds. At the end of September, the firm had $1.767 trillion in managed assets, composed of equity (50%), balanced (35%), fixed-income and money market (12%), and alternative (3%) offerings. Approximately two-thirds of managed assets are held in retirement-based accounts, which provides T. Rowe Price with a somewhat stickier client base than most of its peers. The firm also manages private accounts, provides retirement planning advice, and offers discount brokerage and trust services. The company is primarily a US-based asset manager, deriving less than 10% of its AUM from overseas.

Amundi resulted from the merger of the asset manager businesses of French banks Credit Agricole and Societe Generale in 2010. In 2017, it expanded into Italy, Germany, and Austria by acquiring Pioneer Investments, which had previously been UniCredit's asset manager. France accounts for just under half of assets under management, while Italy and the rest of Europe contribute about 30% combined. Assets from Asia are growing rapidly and contribute just shy of 20%. Amundi is the largest European asset manager and a top 10 asset manager globally. Credit Agricole remains a controlling shareholder with a 70% stake.

Citibank established CVC Capital Partners in 1981 as its European venture capital business. Spun out as a wholly independent entity in 1993, CVC, in due course, transformed into a manager of private equity, private credit, real estate, and infrastructure funds. CVC invests most of its funds in Europe and the United States, with a smaller exposure to Asia.

Two Point Zero Group PJSC is an investment firm involved in the energy and consumer sectors. Its portfolio incorporates AI-enabled and diversified assets designed to support operational efficiency and potential long-term returns. Its business operations are involved in: i) Energy & Infrastructure: renewable energy, infrastructure solutions, and regional mining across the energy value chain. ii) Consumer: media, mobility, retail, beauty, food, and packaging iii) Investments: institutions and fintech initiatives focused on long-term capital, synergies, and financial infrastructure development.

Carlyle Group is one of the world's largest alternative-asset managers, with $474.1 billion in total AUM, including $332.0 billion in fee-earning AUM, at the end of September 2025. The company has three core business segments: global private equity, which includes its private equity, real estate, infrastructure, and natural resources offerings (with $163.5 billion in total AUM and $101.1 billion in fee-earning AUM), global credit ($208.5 billion/$167.2 billion), and investment/fund solutions, known as Carlyle AlphInvest ($102.1 billion/$63.7 billion). The firm primarily serves institutional investors and high-net-worth individuals. Carlyle operates through 29 offices across five continents, serving more than 3,100 active carry fund investors from 87 countries.

EXOR NV is a private equity investment firm based in Amsterdam, Netherlands. The firm seeks to invest in the United States and Europe.

Ares Capital Corp is a United States-based closed-ended specialty finance company. Its investment objective is to generate both current income and capital appreciation through debt and equity investments. The company focuses on investing in first lien senior secured loans (including unitranche loans, which are loans that combine both senior and subordinated debt, generally in a first lien position) and second lien senior secured loans. In addition to senior secured loans, the company also invests in subordinated loans and preferred equity, it also makes common equity investments.

Bajaj Holdings and Investment Ltd is an investment holding company that chooses equities from both the public and private equity markets. The company is essentially a holding and investment company focusing on earning income through dividends, interest, and gains on investments held. The company's sectoral allocations to equity investments include Consumer Discretionary, Consumer Staples, Financials, Industrials, Materials, Real estate, Technology, Energy, Healthcare, and Communication Services.

Sofina SA is a long-term oriented, investment holding company that favors allocating capital to entrepreneurs. The company also provides its investees access to a support network. Sofina only takes minority ownership positions in its long-term holdings with capital from its own balance sheet. Its portfolio holdings constitute the majority of its net asset value and come mostly from Europe. A smaller percentage of its net asset value base comes from investments in venture capital and private equity funds, mostly in the United States and in Asia.

Ackermans & Van Haaren NV is an investment company with five core business segments: Marine Engineering and Contracting, Private Banking, Real Estate, Energy and resources, and AvH and Growth Capital. The company has a long-term, activist orientation focused on making investments in growth companies with international exposure. A plurality of its net profit mix is derived from its Marine Engineering & Contracting segment, followed closely by its Private Banking & Real Estate division.

TPG Inc is an alternative asset management firm. It invests across five multi-product platforms, namely Capital, Growth, Impact, Real Estate, Market Solutions, and TPG Angelo Gordon. The company invests across a broadly diversified set of strategies, including private equity, impact, credit, real estate, market solutions, innovation, and inclusion.

Nippon Life India Asset Management Ltd is an asset management company managing equity and fixed-income mutual funds. It engages in managing mutual funds including exchange-traded funds (ETFs); managed accounts, including portfolio management services, alternative investment funds, and pension funds; and offshore funds and advisory mandates. The group mainly focuses on equity funds, debt funds, gold funds, liquid funds, ETFs, retirement funds, and others.

Charter Hall Group is the umbrella group of over 40 retail and institutional unlisted funds, as well as three listed REITs: Charter Hall Long WALE REIT, Charter Hall Retail REIT, and Charter Hall Social Infrastructure REIT. Investment management fees and property services fees from these investment vehicles are the main sources of revenue for Charter Hall. The aggregate portfolio across the platform has one third exposure to office, one third to logistics, and the remainder in retail, social infrastructure and listed equities. Charter Hall co-invests in many of the vehicles, so a portion of its earnings come from rent and fund distributions. The group also earns development revenue on projects that it manages, but this income stream is relatively small.

Compagnie du Cambodge is a holding company that manages portfolio of investments.

Onex Corp is a private equity investor and asset management firm. The company operates in two reportable segments: Investing, which comprises the activity of investing Onex's capital, and Asset Management, which comprises the asset management activities provided by Onex to support its private equity and Credit strategies, as well as Onex's corporate functions. The majority of the company's revenue is generated through the Investing segment.

Legend Holdings Ltd is a diversified industrial and investment group in China. The Company operates its business through two sectors: industrial operations diversified-industries operation and investments. The Industrial operations segment includes Lenovo, which is mainly engaged in providing intelligent devices and infrastructure, and creates intelligent solutions, services and software; Levima Group, which mainly engaged in the research and development, production and sales of material products; Joyvio Group, which operates mainly to engaged in modern agriculture and food related business; and BIL, which mainly offers integrated banking services, including corporate and institutional banking, retail banking, private banking, capital markets, etc. It derives majority revenue from Lenovo.

Brookfield Business Corp is a company established as a vehicle that owns and operates certain services and industrial operations on a world-wide basis and an alternative vehicle for investors who prefer investing in its operations through a corporate structure. Its goal is to generate returns through long-term capital appreciation with a modest distribution yield.

Samsung Securities Co Ltd provides customised asset management services to individual investors, as well as brokerage services to institutional investors. The company operates through three major segments: wealth management, which offers tailored wealth management and retirement planning services; sales and trading, which provides financial products such as equities, equity-linked products, fixed-income, currencies, and commodities; and the investment banking segment, which offers corporate financing services that include stock offerings or initial public offerings, issuance of multiple types of bonds, and investment banking services. The company’s revenue stems from brokerage commissions, fund sales, and underwriting and advisory commissions.

Rithm Capital Corp operates as a real estate investment trust that provides capital and services to the real estate and financial services industries. The company aims to generate attractive risk-adjusted returns in all interest-rate environments through a complementary portfolio of investments and operating businesses. Its investment portfolio is composed of mortgage servicing-related assets (full and excess MSRs and servicer advances), residential securities (and associated call rights) loans (including single-family rental), and consumer loans. Its operating segments are Origination and Servicing; Investment Portfolio; Residential Transitional Lending; and Asset Management.

Millrose Properties Inc is a Holding Company. The company along with its subsidiaries engages in providing operational and capital solutions for home builders and land development companies to finance the acquisition and development of land assets through its Homesite Option Purchase Platform.

BOC International China Co Ltd is engaged in Investment banking business, securities brokerage business, asset management business, securities proprietary business, private equity investment business, futures business, and other businesses. It generates the majority of its revenue from the Securities brokerage business.

Mirvac started off as a residential property developer and over time expanded into property investment, funds management, and commercial property development. Investment is the major earnings driver, generating about two-thirds of group earnings. The investment portfolio, by book value, is made up of 50% office, 20% retail, 15% industrial and the rest is build-to-rent and land lease assets. Longer term, Mirvac aims to increase exposure to the industrial and living sectors and own fewer offices and retail centers. Development income is volatile and was around one-fourth of fiscal 2025 group earnings. Besides developing apartments and houses, which Mirvac is best known for, it is also involved in commercial and mixed-use precinct developments.

3i Infrastructure PLC is a closed-ended UK investment trust that invests in infrastructure, delivering long-term sustainable returns to shareholders and having a positive influence on its portfolio companies and stakeholders.

StepStone Group Inc operates as a fully integrated private markets solution provider. The company provides customized investment solutions and advisory and data services. It provides investment solutions in the areas of private equity, real estate, private debt, and infrastructure and real assets. The company consists of a single operating segment and a single reportable segment for accounting and financial reporting purposes.

State Grid Yingda Co Ltd, formerly Shanghai Zhixin Electric Co Ltd specializes in the development, production and sale of amorphous alloy transformers in China.

PennyMac Financial Services Inc is a specialty financial services firm with a comprehensive mortgage platform mainly focused on the production and servicing of U.S. residential mortgage loans. The firm is also engaged in managing investments related to the U.S. mortgage market and provides products and services that leverage technologies to support customers. The company operates through two reportable operating segments: production and servicing. The production segment performs loan origination, acquisition, and sale activities, while the servicing segment performs servicing and subservicing of loans, early buyout transactions, and servicing of loans sourced and managed for PMT. The majority of revenue comes from the production segment.

Bridgepoint Group PLC is an international alternative asset fund management group, providing private equity and private debt lending solutions to the middle market. The reporting segments of the company are Private Equity, Credit, Infrastructure and Central out of which, the company derives maximum revenue from Private equity.

Fibra Mty S.A.P.I. DE C.V. acquires and manages a portfolio of first-class corporate properties with a focus on the office and industrial sectors. Its property portfolio includes Monza 2, Prometeo, Nico 1, Fortaleza, La Perla, Patria and Cienega 3 among others.

Wendel SE is a long-term, private equity investment firm that focuses on Africa, North America, and Europe. Over a third of the company's outstanding shares are concentrated in family wealth, which shares its name with the company. Its principal investments are in mobile telephone infrastructure, packaging and labels, paints, coatings and finishing products, and security services. It has two operating segments principal investments portfolio and private asset management platform which includes IK Partners - European private equity firm. The principal investments portfolio includes Bureau Veritas, Stahl, Scalian, CPI, ACAMS, Tarkett and Globeducate.

Eurazeo SE is an investment holding company operating as a conglomerate of four private equity segments. The company makes investments across a diverse array of industries and asset sizes, mostly in Europe. Eurazeo Capital, the company's greatest revenue contributor, makes investments in medium and large-sized companies above a certain asset threshold. Its other divisions consist of investments in small- and medium-sized companies, provide growth capital to smaller-sized enterprises, and make investments in real assets. The company is increasingly expanding into the Chinese, Brazilian, and American markets. Eurazeo measures performance by changes in net asset value.

PhysicsWallah Ltd is engaged in the business of education by providing online and offline coaching and study material for test preparation of various competitive exams such as NEET, JEE, MBA. UPSC, GATE, CA, etc. Its channels of delivery include: (i) online, which includes social media channels, website and apps; (ii) tech-enabled offline centers (where the faculty conducts live classes in a physical center); or (iii) hybrid centers. The company operates in one reportable business segment i.e. engaged in the business of education by providing online and offline coaching and study materials. The majority of the company's revenue is derived from the provision of education services through its offline centers located in various Indian cities.

International Public Partnerships Ltd is a closed-ended investment company. Its objective is to provide investors with stable, long-term, inflation-linked returns, based on growing dividends and the potential for capital appreciation. Its portfolio consists of transport, energy transmission, Education, gas distribution, wastewater, health, judicial, digital, and others. Its investments are in the UK, United States, Europe, Australia, Belgium, Germany, New Zealand, Canada, Ireland, and Denmark, with the U.K. accounting for the majority of shares. It has four reportable segments UK & CI, Europe (excl. UK), North America, and Australia & New Zealand.

Keppel REIT is a commercial real estate investment trust with a SGD 11.7 billion portfolio of assets (as of Dec. 31, 2025) across Singapore, Australia, South Korea, and Japan. The majority of its assets are in Singapore, where it owns a 100% stake in Keppel Bay Tower, a 79.9% stake in Ocean Financial Centre, 66.7% stake in Marina Bay Financial Centre 3 and a 33.33% stake in Marina Bay Financial Centre 1 and 2 and One Raffles Quay. The trust is externally managed by Keppel REIT Management, a subsidiary of Keppel Capital. Parent Keppel Ltd. currently retains an approximate 38% stake in Keppel REIT.

Tikehau Capital SCA is an asset management and investment group that manages billions of assets and shareholders' equity. The group invests in various asset classes private debt, real estate, private equity, and liquid strategies including through Tikehau IM an asset management subsidiary that operates on behalf of institutional and private shareholders.

Harbourvest Global Private Equity Ltd is a closed-ended investment company. Its investment objective is to generate superior shareholder returns through long-term capital appreciation by investing in a diversified portfolio of private equity investments as well as private market assets other than private equity where it identifies attractive opportunities. The company's revenue comprises of investment income including interest from cash and equivalents and dividends. The company has a presence in the North America, Europe, Asia, and Rest of World.

InvestCo Holding is an investment company involved in making direct or indirect investments in different fields. It invests in renewable energy, mining, chemistry, iron-steel, technology, software, venture capital, food, and healthcare industries.

COFCO Capital Holdings Co Ltd is a provider of financial services. The company's services include trust, insurance, futures, banking and other financial services. It provides investment and asset management; corporate management; investment planning and consulting services.