EFC (I) Valuation Multiples

Prologis is a publicly traded real estate investment trust that owns, develops and operates industrial and logistics properties. The company leases distribution facilities to manufacturers, retailers, transportation businesses and third-party logistics providers across the Americas, Europe and Asia. Its properties support the storage and movement of goods near consumer markets and transport infrastructure. Rental income from facilities is a principal source of operating revenue, while co-investment ventures provide a separate means of investing alongside institutional partners. Prologis also develops new buildings and acquires existing portfolios to expand its property operations. In September 2014, its European Logistics Partners venture with Norges Bank Investment Management acquired logistics facilities and development land in Madrid and Barcelona. The equal partnership held a European portfolio of approximately 5.3 million square metres after that transaction.

CBRE Group provides a wide range of real estate services to owners, occupants, and investors worldwide, including leasing, property and project management, and capital markets advisory. CBRE’s investment management arm manages over $155 billion for clients across diverse public and private real estate strategies.

KE Holdings, or Beike, is a large residential real estate sales and rental brokerage company in China. Founded in 2001, the company operates through self-owned Lianjia stores in Beijing and Shanghai and connected third-party agencies, including franchise brand Deyou in other cities, with commissions charged on existing-home and new-home transactions. Leveraging an online-offline hybrid model, Beike also attract clients through its namesake online marketplace. The company tapped into home renovation services by acquiring Shengdu Home Decoration in 2022. As of the end of 2025, Beike’s co-founders collectively control the company, while Tencent and its affiliates share 8% of voting power.

Sumitomo Realty & Development is one of Japan's leading real estate developers. Unlike the other Big Three developer peers (Mitsubishi Estate and Mitsui Fudosan), Sumitomo Realty differentiates itself by holding assets on its balance sheet, rather than recycling through a sponsored REIT or private fund. The group generates the majority of its earnings from leasing income, which is anchored by its high-quality office portfolio in Tokyo. Other businesses include the development and sale of condominiums, home remodeling, and real estate brokerage services.

Swire Properties is a Hong Kong-based property investor and Hong Kong's largest office landlord. Its Hong Kong portfolio provides more than 13 million square feet of gross floor area, with its portfolio of grade A office contributing over 9 million square feet. The firm also holds investment properties and development projects in China, the United States, and Southeast Asia. Rental income accounts for over 60% of its total revenue, with property development and hotel operations contributing the balance. The company was listed in 2012. Parent company Swire Pacific holds an 83% stake.

Vonovia SE is a residential real estate company based out of Germany. Vonovia owns and manages a multitude of residential units in many German cities and regions. The company makes long-term investments in the maintenance, modernization, and senior-friendly conversion of its properties. In addition to conducting property management, it handles financing, service, and coordination tasks. The company manages its operations through four business segments; Rental, Value-add, Recurring Sales, and Development. Maximum revenue is generated from the Rental segment, which combines all of the business activities that are aimed at the value-enhancing management of its residential real estate. It includes the company's property management activities in Germany, Austria, and Sweden.

Jones Lang LaSalle provides a wide range of real estate-related services to owners, occupiers, and investors worldwide, including leasing, property and project management, and capital markets advisory. JLL’s investment management arm, LaSalle Investment Management, manages over $86 billion for clients across diverse public and private real estate strategies.

CoStar Group is a global provider of proprietary information, analytics, and online marketplaces serving both commercial and residential real estate. The firm operates through a diverse portfolio of brands, including CoStar Suite for commercial real estate research, LoopNet for commercial listings, Apartments.com for multifamily rentals, and Homes.com for residential brokerage. It primarily sells high-margin software-as-a-service subscriptions that provide institutional clients with forensic property data and premium advertising visibility. With operations across North America, Europe, and Asia-Pacific, CoStar maintains the industry’s most comprehensive centralized real estate database, functioning as a critical information utility for brokers, lenders, and owners worldwide.

Swiss Prime Site AG is a real estate company based in Switzerland. Its segments include: Real Estate, Asset Management, Retail, Corporate and Shared Services. The Real Estate segment consists of the firm's core real estate activities (the purchase, sale, lease, and development of properties) and financing of these activities. Asset Management includes the fund business, asset management, and investment advisory. The Retail segment consists of the operation of department stores, and Corporate and Shared Services include central group functions as well as internal services that are provided centrally. The majority of the revenue is generated from the Real Estate segment.

PSP Swiss Property AG is a general real estate company, with all its properties active in Switzerland. The company's operating segments are Real estate investments, Property management, and Holding. A majority of its revenue is generated from the Real estate investments segment, which comprises all properties of the Group, such as investment properties, investment properties for sale, own-used properties, development properties, as well as development projects for sale. Income in this segment is generated by the properties mainly in the form of rental income and net changes in fair value. The Property management segment includes all services and activities concerning the management of the company's real estate portfolio, and the Holding segment includes the traditional corporate functions.

Plaza SA operates as holding a company that owns and operate the shopping centers under the Mall Plaza brand. The firm develops, builds, manages, leases, and subleases local and spaces in shopping centers of the mall type. Its shopping centers provide a range of products and services incorporating entertainment, food, education, culture, health, offices, and financial centers.

Merlin Properties is Spain’s largest listed SOCIMI/REIT, managing a EUR 12.6 billion portfolio across offices, logistics, shopping centers, and data centers. Over the coming years, it will bring at least 730 megawatts of data center capacity online, increasing its gross rental income contribution from just 6% in 2025 to 65% by 2032. Its total GRI will more than triple to EUR 1.8 billion, driven by its Mega Plan. Additionally, it has a pipeline of 4.4 GW worth of land at varying stages of readiness that it can develop.

PrologisProperty Mexico SA de CV is engaged in the acquisition, ownership, and leasing of industrial properties throughout Mexico. The company's real estate portfolio comprises large warehouse buildings. It focused on acquiring, owning, and managing Class-A logistics and manufacturing facilities. The company derives nearly all of its revenue as lease rental income from multinational firms. This income is fairly evenly split between its manufacturing-related facilities in Northern Mexico and consumption-related facilities located mainly in Central and Southern Mexico. In terms of total revenue, the majority of Fibra Prologis' customers are general retailers and third-party logistics firms.

Compass Inc provides an end-to-end platform that empowers residential real estate agents to deliver exceptional service to seller and buyer clients. The platform includes an integrated suite of cloud-based software for customer relationship management, marketing, client service and other critical functionality, all custom-built for the real estate industry and enabling core brokerage services. Business operations are conducted in the United States and earn revenue domestically.

Land Securities Group PLC is a real estate investment trust engaged in buying, selling, developing, and managing commercial property in the United Kingdom. The company's real estate portfolio is made up of office, retail, and leisure spaces in the London and Greater London regions. Office locations in London's West End, offices in the City of London, and shopping centers comprise the majority of the value of Land Securities' total assets. The company derives nearly all of its revenue in the form of rental income from medium- to long-term leases with tenants. Land Securities' overall net rental income is fairly evenly split between revenue from its London office properties and its retail properties in Greater London. It segments as Office-led, Retail-led, Residential-led and Other assets.

Zillow Group Inc is a real estate technology company offering a digital platform that connects real estate customers with sellers, agents, loan officers, and other real estate-related professionals. With its tools and resources, Zillow helps real estate professionals grow their businesses, and for renters and housing providers, it offers a marketplace along with a set of end-to-end products and services to streamline applications, leases, payments, and more. The group operates various brands such as Zillow, Zillow Home Loans, Zillow Rentals, Zillow New Construction, Trulia, StreetEasy, Out East, HotPads, Follow Up Boss, ShowingTime, dotloop, and Zillow Closing. Its ecosystem spans the entire home journey from shopping to renting, buying, selling, and financing real estate.

Deutsche Wohnen is a German residential property company headquartered in Berlin and majority-owned by Vonovia since 2021. At the end of 2025 it owned 140,482 residential units, 102,624 of them in Berlin, together with commercial and nursing-care properties. The company earns most of its revenue from renting apartments to private tenants, supplemented by property sales and development. It was founded in 1998 by Deutsche Bank from a housing portfolio bought from the Hoechst pension fund and the state of Rhineland-Palatinate, listed in November 1999 and became fully independent of Deutsche Bank in 2006. It grew through acquisitions including GEHAG in 2007, about 23,500 BauBeCon apartments from Barclays in 2012 at an enterprise value of €1.24 billion and Berlin's GSW Immobilien in 2013, and in 2017 moved its seat from Frankfurt to Berlin and became Deutsche Wohnen SE. It joined the DAX in June 2020, and after two failed attempts Vonovia's third takeover offer succeeded in August 2021, creating Europe's largest residential landlord; Vonovia now holds 87.6% of the shares. Its Berlin rent practices made it the namesake of the Deutsche Wohnen & Co. enteignen campaign, whose September 2021 referendum on expropriating large landlords won more than 56% of the vote.

Melisron Ltd is an Israel-based real estate company. The company is engaged, directly and through its subsidiaries, in the rental, management, improvement, and maintenance of its commercial and office space. Melisron owns and operates shopping malls and commercial centers and office parks. It is also engaged in the development of residential and commercial real estates.

Vornado Realty Trust is a fully integrated real estate investment trust with a portfolio of New York City office, retail, and multifamily assets, and the developer of the new Penn District. While concentrated in New York, the trust also owns assets in both Chicago and San Francisco. It generates revenue in the form of property rentals, fees charged for trade shows, parking revenues, management and leasing fees, etc. Vornado operates in the following reportable segments: New York (its key revenue-generating market) and Other.

Big Shopping Centers Ltd operates and manages shopping centers and malls in Israel. These shopping centers provide customers shopping experience with a range of local and international brands and also free parking spaces, easy access, and strategic attraction point. The company owns and manages shopping centers in US and Serbia. It will launch online brand mall in Israel under the name BIG+.

FirstService Corp is engaged in outsourcing property services. The company operates in two business divisions: FirstService Residential and FirstService Brands. FirstService Residential has service contracts to manage thousands of residential communities, including high and low-rise condominiums and co-operatives. FirstService Brands generates the majority of the company's revenue and provides property services to residential and commercial customers through the following brands: California Closets; Paul Davis Restoration; CertaPro Painters, Floor Coverings International, and Pillar to Post Home Inspectors. The company earns the majority of its revenue in the United States, with the remaining revenue generated in Canada.

Frontdoor Inc is a United States-based company that provides home service plans. It owns multiple home service brands including American Home Shield, HSA, OneGuard, and Landmark brands. Through its home service plans, the company helps its customers maintain their homes and protect against costly and unexpected breakdowns of essential home systems and appliances.

Fastighets AB Balder is engaged in acquiring, developing, and managing residential properties and commercial properties based on local presence and creating customer value by meeting the needs of different customer groups for commercial premises and housing in Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Norway, Germany, and the UK. The company's property portfolio contains a wide variety of commercial space, ranging from office, retail, and warehouse space, out of which Residential properties constitute the majority portion of the company's portfolio. The Group’s business segments are; Helsinki, which derives key income, Stockholm, Gothenburg, Copenhagen, South, East, and North. The company generates revenue through income earned on the rents of its properties and on the management of its real estate.

Rbr Desenvolvimento Comercial Feeder Fof Fundo DE Inv Imob is Brazil based company. It is a real estate investment fund.

Colliers International Group Inc provides commercial real estate professional services and investment management to corporate and institutional clients across different countries around the world. Its operating segments are Commercial Real Estate, Engineering and Investment Management. Maximum revenue for the company is generated from its Commercial Real Estate segment, which offers services like transaction and debt finance services, outsourcing in property management, valuation and advisory, loan servicing, and others. Geographically, the company generates maximum revenue from the United States followed by Canada, Euro currency countries, Australia, the United Kingdom, Poland, China, India, and other regions.

LEG Immobilien SE is a general real estate company. The company's portfolio consists mainly of residential units, followed by garages, parking spaces, and commercial units. The business model is supplemented by the targeted development of value-added services. LEG is mainly focused on the German market of the North Rhine-Westphalia region. The company divides its portfolio into three groups: high-growth markets, stable markets, and higher-yielding markets.

Cencosud Shopping SA is a Chile based company focused on the development, construction and administration of commercial rental properties, mainly shopping centers and offices.

Multiplan Empreendimentos Imobiliarios SA is a general real estate company. The company reports four segments: Properties for lease, Real estate for sale, Projects, and Management and other. It derives key revenue from the Properties for lease segment which represents income generated from renting out spaces in malls and office buildings, and the income generated from the provision of parking spaces. Geographically, the company operates in Brazil.

ALLOS SA Formerly Aliansce Sonae Shopping Centers SA is a full-service company engaged in investing, directly or indirectly in commercial centers, shopping malls, and similar ventures, and in other companies as a partner or stockholder, as well as rendering commercial advisory services, and management of shopping malls and condominiums. It has three operating segments; Rent refers to the operating leases of the shopping malls that include rent, assignment of the right of use, and transfer fee revenue, Parking lot refers to the operation of the parking lot of the shopping mall, and Rendering of services involves the trading, rental, and condominium management and development/planning services carried out in shopping malls owned by the Company and third parties.

Shaftesbury Capital PLC is a property management company that operates a portfolio of real estate assets. With a diverse mix of shops, restaurants, cafes, bars, offices, and residential homes, destinations include the high footfall, and thriving neighborhoods of Covent Garden, Carnaby, Soho, and Chinatown, together with holdings in Fitzrovia. Geographically, all properties are in London.

SL Green Realty is one of the largest Manhattan property owners and landlords, with interest in around 30.6 million square feet of wholly owned and joint-venture office space. The company has additional property exposure through its limited portfolio of well-located retail space. It operates as a real estate investment trust.

Mivne Real Estate (K.D) Ltd has two segments which are cash-generating properties that engage, by themselves and through its investees, in varied real estate activity centering on Israel; the Residential real estate development field is active in the development of residential real estate in Israel including locating, initiating, planning, developing, building, marketing and selling residential construction in Israel, and Others.

Pandox AB is the owner of hotel properties. The company organizes operations into two segments, namely, Lease and Own operations. In Owns Operation Activities, Pandox both owns hotel properties and runs the hotel operations. The company is active in various countries in Northern Europe.

Amot Investments Ltd is a real estate company. It engages in the management, leasing, maintenance, initiation, and development of yielding properties in Israel. The company's properties portfolio includes office and high-tech buildings, malls, shopping centers, supermarkets, industrial parks, logistics centers, and central bus stations located in the centers of large cities in Israel's Central District and in high-demand areas.

Curbline Properties Corp is engaged in the business of owning, managing, leasing, and acquiring a portfolio of convenience shopping centers. The primary source of the company's income is generated from the rental of its convenience shopping centers to tenants. Convenience shopping centers are generally positioned on the curbline of well-trafficked intersections and vehicular corridors, offering excellent access and visibility, dedicated parking, and often include drive-thru units. Approximately half of Curbline properties have at least one drive-thru unit.

WillScot Holdings Corporation (Nasdaq: WSC) is a leading provider of turnkey temporary space solutions in North America, headquartered in Scottsdale, Arizona. It leases modular office complexes, mobile offices, classrooms, blast-resistant modules, clearspan structures, portable storage containers and climate-controlled units, plus value-added products such as furniture, power and connectivity, to customers across 15 end markets, led by commercial and industrial (43% of 2025 revenue) and construction and infrastructure (42%). At December 31, 2025 it had about 260 branch locations across the US, Canada and Mexico, a lease fleet of over 304,000 units, more than 85,000 customers and approximately 4,700 employees. Revenue comes mainly from lease rentals, supplemented by delivery and installation, value-added products and sales of new and used units; full-year 2025 revenue was $2.3 billion, with adjusted EBITDA of $971 million. The business has roots dating back more than 80 years; the current holding company took shape when Double Eagle Acquisition Corporation acquired Williams Scotsman International in 2017, merged with Mobile Mini in 2020 and was renamed from WillScot Mobile Mini Holdings Corp. in July 2024. Tim Boswell became chief executive on January 1, 2026.

Onewo Inc is a property management service provider in China. It offers comprehensive property and facility management services to various types of properties, including office spaces, commercial complex, industrial parks, and public premises. The Group is divided into three business segments: Community space living consumption services; Commercial and urban space integrated services; AIoT and BPaaS solution services. Majority of revenue is from Community space living consumption services, which includes Residential property services, Home-related assets services, Other community value-added services.

Cushman & Wakefield is one of the largest commercial real estate services firms in the world, with global headquarters in Chicago. The firm provides various real estate-related services to owners, occupiers, and investors. These include brokerage services for leasing and capital markets sales as well as advisory services such as valuation, project management, and facilities management.

International Workplace Group PLC owns a network of business centers leased to various business customers and offers flexible workspace options. It owns and operates brands like Regus, Spaces, Signature, HQ, and No 18. The company operates in three principal geographical segments: the Americas; Europe, the Middle East, Africa; and Asia-Pacific. The Americas segment generates the majority proportion of revenue.

TAG Immobilien AG is a general real estate company that operates in Germany It focuses on sales activities in addition to the development and management of a residential property . The company focuses on regions characterized by improving quality of life while considering acquisition activity as a component of its operational growth plan. The company has three segments: Rental Germany, Rental Poland and Sales Poland, which derives maximum revenue.

Savills PLC is a real estate services provider that offers consulting, management, & transactional services. The company's network spreads throughout the UK, Asia-Pacific, North America, and the CEME. Its segments include the transactional advisory segment, which consists of commercial & residential leasing & investment advice on purchases & sales; the consultancy segment, which provides property valuation, building, & housing consultancy, corporate services, & research; the property & facilities management segment, which provides services to occupiers of property; & the investment management segment, which manages property portfolios for institutional, corporate, or private investors. The majority is from the Property & Facilities management segment.

Carmila SA, formerly Carmila SAS is a retail property company, which engages in marketing, leasing, shopping center management and portfolio management. It regenerates and extracts value on shopping centers anchored by Carrefour stores. The company operates through the following segments: France; Spain; and Italy. Majority of the firm's revenue gets derived from France region.

Newmark Group Inc is a commercial real estate advisory firm. It offers services, including leasing and corporate advisory services, investment sales, commercial mortgage brokerage, appraisal and valuation, project management, and property, among others. Newmark offers a diverse array of integrated services and products designed to meet the full needs of both real estate investors/owners and occupiers. The company provides real estate strategic consulting and systems integration services to CFI's clients including many Fortune and Forbes companies, owner-occupiers, government agencies, healthcare, and higher education clients.

Kojamo Oyj is a real estate company. It offers sustainable rental apartments and housing services in Finnish growth centers through its brand Lumo. The company invests in developing and incorporating various digital services in its offering, such as the Lumo website, allowing customers to see all available apartments and rent an apartment online; My Lumo, a service for residents in Lumo apartments to contact the property manager and maintenance, pay rent, book services; and others.

Smartstop Self Storage REIT Inc operates as a real estate investment trust. The trust owns, acquires, and operates self-storage properties. It operates in two segments namely, self-storage operations which generates key revenue, and managed REIT platform business. The investment objective is to focus on investing in self-storage facilities and related self-storage real estate investments that are expected to support sustainable stockholder distributions over the long term.

Poly Property Services Co Ltd is engaged in provision of property management services, community value-added services, and value-added services to non-property owners. The Company's property management services are engaged in providing property management services to property owners, residents, and property developers, including security, cleaning, greening, gardening, and repair and maintenance. Value-added services to non-property owners engaged in the provision of services to non-property owners, including pre-delivery and other services, Community value-added services include community living services, such as purchase assistance, turnkey furnishing and move-in services, housekeeping and other bespoken services, parking lot management services, and common area value-added services.

Opendoor Technologies Inc is an end-to-end real estate platform enabling customers to sell and buy a home online. Its product offerings include Sell to Opendoor, its core product where sellers sell their homes directly to the company, and it resells those homes to buyers; List with Opendoor, for customers to list their homes with a partner agent; and Opendoor Marketplace, a capital-light marketplace offering that connects home sellers with both institutional and retail buyers. In addition to these products, the company also offers its customers integrated title insurance and escrow services through its subsidiaries. A vast majority of the company's revenue is generated by its core product offering, where it acquires homes directly from sellers and resells those homes to buyers.

Iguatemi SA is a holding company. Through its direct and indirect subsidiaries and joint ventures, it is engaged in business segments such as shopping centers, telecommunications, contact center and services. The Group’s revenue derives from contracts with customers, leases, provision of services, parking lots and property sales. Majority of revenue is generated from Rents.