Quantum Secure Encryption Valuation Multiples

Apple is among the largest companies in the world, with a broad portfolio of hardware and software products targeted at consumers and businesses. Apple’s iPhone makes up a majority of the firm sales, and Apple’s other products like Mac, iPad, and Watch are designed around the iPhone as the focal point of an expansive software ecosystem. Apple has progressively worked to add new applications, like streaming video, subscription bundles, and augmented reality. The firm designs its own software and semiconductors while working with subcontractors like Foxconn and TSMC to build its products and chips. Slightly less than half of Apple’s sales come directly through its flagship stores, with a majority of sales coming indirectly through partnerships and distribution.

Cisco Systems is a United States networking technology company headquartered in San Jose, California. It develops and sells routers, switches, security products, collaboration systems and software used to connect and manage digital networks. The company serves enterprises, telecommunications providers, public-sector organizations and smaller businesses worldwide. Revenue comes from hardware product sales, software subscriptions, licensing and technical support services. Cisco agreed to acquire CAIS Software Solutions and its IPORT technology in 2000 to strengthen products for property-based broadband access. The company is publicly listed and operates globally through direct sales and partner channels, with products spanning campus, data-center, wide-area and Internet infrastructure.

Dell Technologies is a broad information technology vendor, primarily supplying hardware to enterprises. It focuses on premium and commercial personal computers, as well as enterprise on-premises data center hardware. It holds top-three shares in its core markets of personal computers, peripheral displays, mainstream servers, and external storage. Dell has a robust ecosystem of component and assembly partners and also relies heavily on channel partners to fulfill its sales.

CrowdStrike is a cloud-native cybersecurity company specializing in security verticals such as endpoint, cloud workload, identity, and security operations. CrowdStrike's primary offering is its Falcon platform, which provides enterprises with a unified view to detect and respond to security threats across their IT infrastructure. The Austin, Texas-based firm was founded in 2011 and went public in 2019.

Founded in Germany in 1972 by former IBM employees, SAP is the world’s largest provider of enterprise application software. Known as the leader in enterprise resource planning software, SAP’s portfolio also includes software for supply chain management, procurement, travel and expense management, and customer relationship management, among others. The company operates in more than 180 countries and has more than 400,000 customers, approximately 80% of which are small to medium-size enterprises.

IBM (International Business Machines) is an American technology company headquartered in Armonk, New York, and operating in more than 175 countries. It sells hybrid-cloud and AI software, including Red Hat and the watsonx portfolio, IT consulting services, and infrastructure hardware such as IBM Z mainframes. Its customers are mainly large enterprises and governments, and it earns revenue from software subscriptions and licences, consulting and managed-services contracts, and hardware sales and financing. In 2025 IBM reported revenue of $67.5 billion, up 8%, with software up 11%, consulting up 2% and infrastructure up 12%, and free cash flow of $14.7 billion. The company was founded in 1911 as the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company and renamed International Business Machines in 1924; it dominated mainframe computing with the System/360 and launched the IBM Personal Computer in 1981 before selling its PC division to Lenovo in 2005. More recently it bought Red Hat for $34 billion in 2019, spun off its managed infrastructure services unit as Kyndryl in 2021, and in December 2025 agreed to acquire data-streaming company Confluent for about $11 billion. Arvind Krishna is chairman and chief executive.

KLA is one of the largest semiconductor wafer fabrication equipment, or WFE, manufacturers in the world. It specializes in the market segment of semiconductor process control, wherein machines inspect semiconductor wafers during research and development and manufacturing for defects and verify precise measurements. In this section of the market, KLA holds a majority share. It also has a small exposure to the etch and deposition segments of the WFE market. It counts as top customers the largest chipmakers in the world, including TSMC and Samsung.

Salesforce provides enterprise cloud computing solutions. The company offers customer relationship management technology that brings companies and customers together. Its Customer 360 platform helps the group deliver a single source of truth, connecting customer data across systems, apps, and devices to help companies sell, service, market, and conduct commerce. It also offers Service Cloud for customer support, Marketing Cloud for digital marketing campaigns, Commerce Cloud as an e-commerce engine, the Salesforce Platform, which allows enterprises to build applications, and other solutions, such as MuleSoft for data integration.

ServiceNow Inc provides software solutions to structure and automate various business processes via a SaaS delivery model. The company primarily focuses on the IT function for enterprise customers. ServiceNow began with IT service management, expanded within the IT function, and more recently directed its workflow automation logic to functional areas beyond IT, notably customer service, HR service delivery, and security operations. ServiceNow also offers an application development platform as a service.

Hitachi Ltd is engaged in diverse businesses spanning industries, energy, IT, and real estate. The company operates through four business segments. The Connective Industries segment covers elevators, escalators, home appliances, air conditioning, semiconductor manufacturing equipment, medical analyzers, industrial and distribution solutions, water and environmental solutions, and industrial equipment. The Digital Systems & Services segment offers system integration, consulting, cloud services, IT products, software, and ATMs. The Green Energy & Mobility segment focuses on power grids, renewable energy, nuclear power, and railway systems. The Others include real estate management, sales, and leasing. It generates the majority of its revenue from the Green Energy & Mobility segment.

Founded in 1954 and headquartered in Tokyo, Advantest specializes in semiconductor test systems and is a well-known leader in automated test equipment, or ATE. Advantest also has a high market share in test systems for nonmemory semiconductors, including application processors for mobile phones. The company is also involved in peripheral businesses, such as semiconductor device transport equipment. Following its acquisition of Verigy in July 2011, Advantest holds a market share of over 60% in the ATE market.

Foxconn Industrial Internet Co Ltd is engaged in the design, research and development, manufacturing, and sales of various electronic equipment products. The company's main products include communications network equipment, cloud service equipment, precision tools, and industrial robots.

Tokyo Electron is the fourth-largest wafer fabrication equipment provider globally by revenue, with a market share of 10% as of 2025. Founded in 1963, the company primarily manufactures etching, deposition, coaters and developers, as well as wafer cleaning equipment used in front-end semiconductor manufacturing. Tokyo Electron’s key customers include global semiconductor leaders in foundry and memory, such as TSMC, Intel, Samsung Electronics and SK Hynix. The company mainly manufactures its products across its factories in Yamanashi, Kumamoto, and Miyagi, Japan.

Founded in 2012, Snowflake is a fully managed platform that consolidates data hosted on different public clouds for centralized analytics and governance. Snowflake’s cloud-native architecture allows users to independently scale the compute and storage layers, providing customers with optimized performance at lower costs. The company’s data lake and data warehouse products support a variety of use cases, including business analytics, data engineering, and artificial intelligence. Snowflake is widely used by Fortune 2000 companies in financial services, media, and retail sectors.

Mitsubishi Corp. is Japan’s largest general trading house, or sogo shosha, a type of conglomerate unique to Japan. Its core role is that of a trading intermediary in a variety of industrial sectors, including resources businesses like energy and metals as well as non-resources businesses, both industrial ones like automotive and non-industrial ones like food, healthcare, and retail. In addition to acting as a trading intermediary (including midstream processing functions to convert inputs into final products), Mitsubishi also participates in upstream production businesses and downstream distribution businesses.

Hon Hai Precision is the world's largest contract manufacturer of consumer electronics, communications, and computer products. It is the biggest supplier to Apple, whose business accounted for around 50% of overall revenue in 2025. Hon Hai is also involved in the production of upstream components such as electronic connectors, semiconductor packaging, and metal casings for smartphones, as well as producing servers. These upstream activities are mainly conducted through its listed majority-owned subsidiaries Foxconn Industrial Internet and FIH Mobile. In response to its traditional end markets of computers, smartphones, and telecom equipment maturing in 2019 it started on a strategy to develop expertise in three new growth areas—electric vehicles, digital health, and robotics.

Datadog is a cloud-native company that focuses on analyzing machine data. The firm's product portfolio, delivered via software as a service, enables clients to monitor and analyze their entire information technology infrastructure, from servers to applications and Python scripts. Datadog's platform can ingest and analyze large amounts of machine-generated data in real time, allowing clients to utilize it for a variety of applications throughout their businesses to ensure uptime and latency objectives.

Adobe provides content creation, document management, and digital marketing and advertising software and services to creative professionals and marketers for creating, managing, delivering, measuring, optimizing, and engaging with compelling content multiple operating systems, devices, and media. The company operates with three segments: digital media content creation, digital experience for marketing solutions, and publishing for legacy products (less than 5% of revenue).

Moody’s, along with S&P Ratings, is a leading provider of credit ratings on fixed-income securities. The ratings segment, Moody’s Investors Service, includes corporates, structured finance, financial institutions, and public finance ratings. MIS represents a majority of the firm’s profit and often (depending on bond issuance levels) a majority of the firm's revenue. The other segment, Moody’s Analytics, consists of decision solutions, research and insights, and data and information.

Vertiv has roots tracing back to 1946 when its founder, Ralph Liebert, developed an air-cooling system for mainframe data rooms. As computers started making their way into commercial applications in 1965, Liebert developed one of the first computer room air conditioning, or CRAC, units, enabling the precise control of temperature and humidity. The firm has slowly expanded its data center portfolio through internal product development and the acquisition of thermal and power management products like condensers, busways, and switches. Vertiv has global operations today; its products can be found in data centers in most regions throughout the world.

Murata Manufacturing produces passive components for electronic devices. Passive components are necessary for all electronic circuits, used to enable wireless communication, store electricity and handle electric flow, remove electromagnetic noise from circuits, and so on. Thus, passive components are imperative for electronic circuits. For instance, one high-end smartphone contains more than 1,000 passive components. Murata Manufacturing is the world's leading supplier of passive components, such as MLCC and SAW filters.

Mitsubishi Electric is a Tokyo diversified industrial manufacturer founded in 1921 and publicly listed in Japan. It designs and sells factory-automation equipment, power and energy systems, building systems, transportation products, automotive equipment, semiconductors, communications equipment and consumer appliances. Industrial companies, utilities, infrastructure operators, governments, commercial-building owners and households use its products. Revenue comes primarily from equipment and component sales, supported by installation, maintenance, engineering and other services. The group operates manufacturing, research, sales and service networks across Asia, Europe, the Americas and other regions. Its space and defence business supplies satellite, communications and related aerospace systems. Mitsubishi Electric also invests strategically where partnerships can expand technology and commercial access. It co-invested with COFIDES in PLD Space's 2026 Series C financing and was identified as a lead investor in that round.

Keysight Technologies is a leader in the field of testing and measurement, helping electronics OEMs and suppliers alike bring products to market to fit industry standards and specifications. Keysight specializes in the communications market, but also supplies into the government, automotive, industrial, and semiconductor manufacturing markets. Keysight’s solutions include testing tools, analytical software, and services. The firm’s stated objective is to reduce time to market and improve efficiency at its more than 30,000 customers.

AMETEK, Inc. is an American manufacturer of electronic instruments and electromechanical devices, headquartered in Berwyn, Pennsylvania, with over 150 sites worldwide. It was founded in 1930 as American Machine and Metals and took the AMETEK name in the early 1960s. The company operates two groups, Electronic Instruments and Electromechanical, which together hold over 100 brands covering analytical, monitoring, testing and calibration instruments as well as electric motors, pumps and interconnects. It sells mainly to industrial, aerospace, medical, semiconductor and defence customers and earns revenue from product sales plus service and aftermarket support. Its shares are listed on the New York Stock Exchange and are part of the S&P 500. Acquisitions are one of its four stated strategic components, and it reported record quarterly sales of USD 2.04 billion for the second quarter of 2026.

NAURA Technology Group Co Ltd engages in the research, development, manufacture, sale, and service of electronic equipment and components in the People's Republic of China. The company offers semiconductor equipment, including etching equipment, PVD and CVD equipment, oxidation/diffusion equipment, cleaning equipment, novel display equipment, gas mass flow controllers, etc., and vacuum heat treatment equipment and technical solutions for the semiconductors, photovoltaic equipment, vacuum electronic devices, magnetic materials, aerospace, and smart power grid sectors.

Teradyne provides testing equipment, including automated test equipment for semiconductors, system testing for hard disk drives, circuit boards, and electronics systems, and wireless testing for devices. The firm entered the industrial automation market in 2015 and sells collaborative and autonomous robots for factory applications. Teradyne serves numerous end markets and geographies, directly and indirectly, through its products, but its most significant exposure is to semiconductor testing. Teradyne serves vertically integrated, fabless, and foundry chipmakers with its equipment.

Workday is a software company that offers human capital management, financial management, and business planning solutions for enterprises. Known for being a cloud-only software provider, Workday was founded in 2005 and is headquartered in Pleasanton, California.

Hangzhou Hikvision Digital Technology is the world’s largest manufacturer of video surveillance equipment. Since then, the company has been growing its software and analytics offerings, as customers are increasingly seeking customized total solutions. Hikvision is also developing its Innovative businesses, which accounted for 21% of overall 2023 revenue. The smart-home business is powered by the EZVIZ consumer brand. Innovative business includes the development of industrial robotics, automotive electronics, X-ray sensors, infrared sensors, memory products and medical systems. Hikvision employs more than 58,000 people.

Nebius is a vertically integrated cloud provider focusing on AI and high-performance computing. It is a carve-out of the previous Russian tech firm Yandex, following the Russian sanctions since the Ukraine-Russia war. Nebius designs and operates its own data centers and servers across Europe and the US, with a total capacity of several hundred megawatts. In September 2025, Microsoft became a major Nebius client under a multiyear $17 billion revenue agreement to provide computing capacity.

Everpure Inc is a allows organizations to take control of their data with an industry, ever-evolving storage and data management platform. It helps companies unleash the power of their data by ensuring it is secure, accessible, intelligent, and ready to perform in the AI era. The group makes data management effortless while simultaneously scaling performance and significantly reducing energy consumption. Its solutions are Artificial Intelligence, Cloud, Cyber Resilience, Data Protection, Databases, High-Performance Computing, and Virtualization. The group's platform and products, Enterprise Data Cloud, The Everpure Platform, Evergreen//One, FlashArray, and Others.

NEC Corp is engaged in IT services, networks, social infrastructure, and solutions. The company operates through three segments: IT Services, Social Infrastructure, and Others. The IT Services segment provides system integration, consulting, maintenance, outsourcing, cloud services, system equipment, and software services. The Social Infrastructure segment offers network infrastructure, including core networks, mobile base stations, optical transmission systems, and marine systems, along with telecom software, OSS/BSS solutions, aerospace and defense system integration, and maintenance. The Others segment covers the development, manufacturing, and sales of system equipment. It generates the majority of its revenue from the IT Services segment.

Quanta Computer is a Taiwanese contract manufacturer of electronic hardware, headquartered in Taoyuan, that designs and builds products for global technology brands as an original design manufacturer (ODM). It is one of the world's largest makers of notebook computers, with an estimated 31% of worldwide notebook production in the first quarter of 2008, and it also builds servers, enterprise network systems, home entertainment, mobile communication and automotive electronics products. Quanta was chosen in 2005 as the manufacturer of the One Laptop per Child project's XO-1 laptop and in 2011 designed servers with Facebook as part of the Open Compute Project. It earns revenue from manufacturing contracts with brand owners and cloud operators. The company was founded in 1988 and is listed on the Taiwan Stock Exchange. It has also made strategic investments, including joining the US$56 million third funding round of InfiniBand chip developer Mellanox Technologies in 2002.

Lenovo is a global technology hardware company with a leading market share in personal computers. The firm has been actively growing its data center business, which primarily sells network servers to enterprise and hyperscale customers, as well as storage equipment through its mainland China joint venture with NetApp. Server-related revenue contribution has jumped to 13% of overall sales in fiscal 2024, from 6% in 2015.

Celestica Inc offers supply chain solutions. The company has two operating and reportable segments: Advanced Technology Solutions (ATS) and Connectivity & Cloud Solutions (CCS). The ATS segment consists of the ATS end market and is comprised of the Aerospace and Defense, Industrial, health tech, and Capital Equipment businesses. Its Capital Equipment business is comprised of the semiconductor, display, and robotics equipment businesses, and the CCS segment consists of Communications and Enterprise end markets, The Enterprise end market is comprised of its servers and storage businesses. The company generates a majority of its revenue from the Connectivity & Cloud Solutions segment.

Advanced Micro-fabrication Equipment Inc is engaged in the development, production, and sales of equipment such as plasma etching equipment, deep silicon etching equipment, and metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) equipment for microelectronic devices such as integrated circuits and LED chips.

Z.ai is an advanced artificial intelligence platform known for its GLM model series, multimodal creation tools, and cost-efficient agentic coding environments like ZCode. It provides high-performance reasoning, real-time web search capabilities, and versatile utilities for building full-stack applications and data dashboards.

Wiwynn Corp is a Taiwan-based cloud infrastructure provider. The company is a cloud-enabling service company that is engaged in research, development, design, testing, and sales of products, semi-products, peripheral equipment and parts of computer and peripheral equipment, data storage media, electric appliances and media products, information software, export business relating to the business of the company, management consult services, information software services, and data processing services. The company derives revenue from the manufacturing and sale of servers and storage in cloud infrastructure and hyperscale data centers.

Founded in 1935, TDK has its origin in magnetic materials, being the first company to commercialize ferrite in the world, and it used to be known as one of the major cassette-tape manufacturers. TDK is now the only external supplier for magnetic recording heads for hard disk drives, and the company intends to expand its magnetic sensor business for handsets and automobiles by leveraging its expertise. It is also one of the global top suppliers of passive components for autos and polymer rechargeable batteries for smartphones. The company acquired InvenSense in 2017, making it third largest MEMS sensor company in the world.

Flex Ltd is an electronics manufacturing services and original design manufacturing company, legally domiciled and headquartered in Singapore with its operational headquarters in Austin, Texas. It traces its origins to Flextronics, founded on September 25, 1969 by Joe and Barbara Ann McKenzie, and operated as Flextronics International before adopting the Flex name. The company designs, builds and supplies products on contract for other brands, reporting through two segments: Flex Agility Solutions, covering communications, enterprise and cloud, lifestyle and consumer devices, and Flex Reliability Solutions, covering automotive, health solutions and industrial markets. It earns revenue from manufacturing, supply-chain and design services for customers that have included Apple, Lenovo, LG Electronics and Huawei. For the fiscal year ended March 31, 2025 Flex reported revenue of $25.81 billion and operating income of $1.17 billion, and it employed about 148,000 people across some 100 locations in more than 30 countries. It ranks as the world's third-largest EMS and ODM company by revenue. Flex bought solar-tracker maker Nextracker in 2015 for $330 million and later separated it as an independently listed company. Flex trades on Nasdaq under the ticker FLEX, is an S&P 500 component and has been led by chief executive Revathi Advaithi since February 2019.

HP (formerly Hewlett-Packard) is a behemoth in the PC and printing markets. It has focused on these markets since it exited IT infrastructure in 2015 with the split from Hewlett Packard Enterprise. HP focuses on the commercial market, but maintains sales of consumer devices and printers. The firm has a broad and global customer base, with only one third of sales coming from the US. HP completely outsources manufacturing and relies heavily on channel partners for its sales and marketing.

Accton Technology Corp develops, manufactures and sells high-quality products for computer network systems and wireless land area network (LAN) hardware and software products and renders related technical consulting and engineering design services. The products and services offered by the company is Switch, Network Application, Metro Access Switch, Other and Wireless.

Jabil Inc. is a U.S based company providing engineering, manufacturing, and supply chain solutions. It provides comprehensive electronics design, production, and product management services to companies in various industries and end markets. It operates through three segments: Regulated Industries, serving automotive, healthcare, and renewables; Intelligent Infrastructure, focused on AI, cloud, data centers, and communications, driving the majority of revenue; and Connected Living and Digital Commerce, specializing in digitalization and automation, such as robotics and warehouse automation. The company operates in the U.S., Mexico, China, Malaysia, Singapore, and several other markets.

Suzhou Dongshan Precision Manufacturing Co Ltd is a China-based company mainly engaged in the research and development, production and sales of electronic circuit products, precision components, touch display modules, and light-emitting diode (LED) display devices. Its offerings include flexible, rigid, and rigid-flex printed circuit boards, high-precision metal parts, touch screens, LCD modules, and automotive display systems.

BOE Technology Group Co Ltd is an investment holding company. Along with its subsidiaries, the company operates in the following business segments: Display business, Internet of Things (IoT) innovation business, Sensor business, MLED business, Smart medicine and engineering business, and Others. A majority of its revenue is generated from the Display business segment, which integrates design and manufacturing of display devices and offers TFT-LCD, AMOLED, Microdisplay, and other intelligent interface devices. This business focuses on providing high-quality smartphones, tablet PCs, laptops, monitors, TVs, vehicles, VR/AR, and other display devices for customers. Geographically, the group generates maximum revenue from Mainland China, followed by other regions.

Canon Inc designs, manufactures, and distributes an extensive range of consumer and electronic products, including copiers, cameras, lenses, and inkjet printers. The company operates five business segments: printing, imaging, medical, industrial, and others. It generates maximum revenue from the printing segment. Printing Business Unit includes Office multifunction devices (MFDs), Document solutions, Laser multifunction printers (MFPs), Laser printers, Inkjet printers, Image scanners, Calculators, Digital continuous feed presses, Digital sheet-fed presses, and Large format printers.

Chroma Ate Inc manufactures and sells automated testing systems, electronic testing instruments, signal generators, and power supplies. The reportable segments of the company are the Test Instrument Department, the Automatic Equipment Department, and Others. The company generates maximum revenue from the Test Instrument Department segment. The Corporation designs, assembles, calibrates, manufactures, sells, repairs, and maintains software/hardware for computers and peripherals, computerized automatic test systems, electronic test instruments, signal generators, power supplies, telecom power supplies, and others.

Super Micro Computer Inc provides high-performance server technology services to cloud computing, data centers, high-performance computing, and the Internet of Things embedded markets. Its solutions include servers, storage systems, modular blade servers, workstations, full-rack scale solutions, networking devices, server sub-systems, and server management. These turn-key solutions are designed, developed, validated, and installed for AI datacenters. The company has one operating segment that develops and provides high-performance server solutions based upon a, modular and open-standard architecture. More than half of the firm's revenue is generated in the United States, with the rest coming from Europe, Asia, and other regions.

Lasertec is a Japan-based manufacturer of mask inspection equipment used to identify defects in photomasks, which are a key component in lithography during front-end semiconductor manufacturing. Lasertec is the largest player in the mask inspection industry, with a global market share of 49% as of 2025. The company also has a dominant position in actinic mask inspection, a type of advanced inspection process required for photomasks that is used in cutting-edge EUV and high-NA EUV lithography, with over a 90% global market share. Lasertec’s main customers include foundry and memory leaders such as TSMC, Intel, and Samsung Electronics.