Prudent Corporate Valuation Multiples

Charles Schwab is one of the largest retail-oriented financial-services companies in the US, with $11.9 trillion in client assets across its brokerage, banking, asset management, custody, financial advisory, and wealth management businesses at the end of 2025. While best known for its retail brokerage offering, Schwab generates the lion’s share of its revenue and profits through its Charles Schwab Bank and asset management segments. The firm is a dominant player in Registered Investment Advisor (RIA) custody, with over 40% market share, and has recently pushed into wealth management with robo-advisory, direct indexing, and other managed-investment solutions.

Robinhood is a diversified financial services provider best known for its retail brokerage platform, which historically caters to a young, risk-seeking clientele that trades heavily on margin and in higher-risk asset classes like options, futures, cryptocurrencies, and more recently, in prediction markets. As those customers’ financial needs have begun to mature, Robinhood has rolled out a suite of more conventional products, from retirement accounts to high-yield cash sweep accounts to nascent advisory services (Robinhood Strategies). With $322 billion in customer assets and 27 million active accounts at year-end 2025, the firm has emerged as a significant player in the large, growing US brokerage market.

Marsh McLennan is a professional services firm that provides advice and solutions in the areas of risk, strategy, and human capital. The company operates through two main segments: risk and insurance services and consulting. In risk and insurance services, the firm offers services via Marsh (an insurance broker) and Guy Carpenter (a risk and reinsurance specialist). The consulting division comprises Mercer (a provider of human resource services) and Oliver Wyman (a management and economic consultancy). About half of its revenue is generated outside the US.

Generali is an Italian insurance and asset management group founded in 1831 in Trieste as Assicurazioni Generali Austro-Italiche. It sells life, property and casualty insurance, and manages assets through Generali Investments, serving retail and small business customers mainly in continental Europe, with a growing presence in Asia and Latin America. The group reported total premium income of EUR 98.1 billion and about EUR 900 billion of assets under management in 2025, with more than 88,000 employees and 163,000 agents serving 75 million customers. Its shares are listed on the Milan stock exchange. It has grown through acquisitions such as Cattolica Assicurazioni in 2021, Liberty Seguros in 2023, Conning in 2024 and a majority stake in MGG Investment Group in 2025, and it has sold businesses including TUA Assicurazioni, its Turkish operations and its Philippines unit. Its strategic plan, Lifetime Partner 27, targets growth in private markets and real assets.

Founded in 1927 as a one-person agency, Gallagher's primary business is insurance brokerage, with a focus on serving middle-market companies. The company's risk management segment provides third-party claims adjustment to companies that choose to self-insure. Gallagher has about 56,000 employees and generates about a third of its revenue internationally, primarily in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the UK.

Banco BTG Pactual is a Brazilian investment bank and asset manager headquartered in São Paulo and listed on the B3 exchange. It provides investment banking, corporate lending, sales and trading, wealth management, asset management and consumer banking services, and its merchant banking and private equity arm invests in companies across Latin America. The bank traces its origins to Pactual, founded in Rio de Janeiro in 1983 by André Jacurski, Luiz Cezar Fernandes and Paulo Guedes, and is chaired by André Esteves with Roberto Sallouti as chief executive. BTG Pactual earns fees, trading income and net interest income, reported net income of about US$3.0 billion and total assets of about US$162.8 billion in 2025, and employed 8,188 people in 2024. In 2025 its private equity arm agreed to invest $300 million in egg producer Global Eggs for an 11% stake.

Aon is a leading global provider of insurance and reinsurance brokerage and human resources solutions. Its operations are tilted toward its brokerage operations. Headquartered in London, Aon has about 60,000 employees and operations in over 120 countries.

CITIC Securities Co Ltd is a brokerage and investment group that provides brokerage, underwriting and sponsoring, proprietary trading, investment banking, asset management, investment advisory, Margin financing and securities lending, Stock option market-making, and other services. The company has five reportable segments, namely Investment Banking, Brokerage, Trading, Asset Management, and Others. It derives maximum revenue from the Trading segment.

Founded in 2012, Coinbase is the leading cryptocurrency exchange platform in the United States. The company intends to be the safe and regulation-compliant point of entry for retail investors and institutions into the cryptocurrency economy. Users can establish an account directly with the firm, instead of using an intermediary, and many choose to allow Coinbase to act as a custodian for their cryptocurrency, giving the company breadth beyond that of a traditional financial exchange. While the company still generates the majority of its revenue from transaction fees charged to its retail customers, Coinbase uses internal investment and acquisitions to expand into adjacent businesses, such as prime brokerage and data analytics.

Guotai Haitong Securities Co Ltd Formerly Guotai Junan Securities Co Ltd is engaged in providing brokerage services, corporate finance, asset management services, and loans and financing services. Its segments include wealth management, investment banking, institutional and trading, investment management, international business, and other segments. The company derives the majority of its revenue from the institutional and trading segment, which consists of research, institutional brokerage, trading and investment, and equity investment.

Interactive Brokers is a large, automated retail and institutional brokerage that boasted nearly $780 billion in customer equity at the end of 2025. The company cut its teeth as a market maker, introducing US financial markets to automated and algorithmic training before expanding into brokerage services in 1993. The firm has a wide-ranging client base, with its best-in-class order execution and extremely low margin lending rates catering to a sophisticated audience of hedge funds, proprietary traders, and introducing brokers that account for about 45% of the firm’s commissions. With operations spanning more than 170 electronic exchanges, 40 countries, and 29 currencies, Interactive Brokers caters to a global clientele, with more than 80% of active accounts sitting outside the US.

Willis Towers Watson PLC is an advisory, broking, and solutions company that provides data-driven, insight-led solutions in the areas of people, risk, and capital. The company's segments include Health, Wealth & Career (HWC) and Risk & Broking (R&B). The HWC segment provides an array of advice, broking, solutions and technology for employee benefit plans, institutional investors, compensation and career programs, and employee experience overall. It focuses on four key areas: Health, Wealth, Career and Benefits Delivery & Outsourcing. The R&B segment provides risk advice, insurance brokerage and consulting services to clients ranging from small businesses to multinational corporations. Its R&B segment includes two businesses: Corporate Risk & Broking and Insurance Consulting and Technology.

LPL Financial is the largest US independent broker-dealer, with more than 32,000 financial advisors affiliated with its platform and roughly 11 million customer accounts at the end of 2025. The firm earns the bulk of its profit from interest income earned on client cash balances and from advisory fees and commissions tied to the $2.4 trillion in assets under management or advisory on its platform at year-end 2025. LPL specializes in the provision of turnkey wealth management services for affiliated independent advisors, but maintains a diverse array of affiliation modalities, running the gamut from more traditional employee models to a pure RIA custody approach. It earns tuck-in revenue from recordkeeping fees and the provision of software tools and services to its advisor base.

Brown & Brown Inc is a diversified insurance agency, wholesale brokerage, insurance programs, and service. The company's business is divided into two reportable segments: (i) the Retail segment, and (ii) the Specialty Distribution segment. The Retail segment provides a broad range of insurance products and services to commercial, public and quasi-public entities, and to professional and individual customers, as well as non-insurance warranty services and products through automobile and recreational vehicle dealer services businesses. The Specialty Distribution segment consists of wholesale brokerage and specialty businesses. Its geographic area is U.S, U.K and Others.

Huatai Securities Co Ltd is a financial services provider. The divisions through which the company operates include Wealth management business, Institutional services business, Investment management business, international business, and Others. It has operations spread across Mainland China and Hong Kong, while the Mainland China division generates the company revenues. The company generates key of its revenues from the wealth management business division.

China Securities Co Ltd provides a wide range of financial services in China. The company offers a wide range of services that include financial advisory, sponsoring, underwriting of equity and debt securities, brokerage, and investment advisory services to its individual and corporate clients. China Securities also provides services in margin financing, securities lending, trading of equity, equity-linked products, bonds products, and derivatives.

China Merchants Securities Asset Management Co.,Ltd formerly China Merchants Securities Co Ltd is a financial service provider. The company provides services like, investment banking, financial advisory, equity underwriting, assets management, investment advisory, and trading equity securities among others. Its business is divided into four segments: Wealth management and institutional business; Investment banking; Investment management; and Investment and trading. The Wealth management and institutional business segment which generates key revenue engages in the trading of stocks and futures contracts on behalf of clients and includes margin financing, securities lending, and selling financial and other wealth management products.

Julius Baer was founded in 1890 and expanded significantly in 2005 when it acquired three Swiss private banks and Global Asset Management from its far larger Swiss rival, UBS. In 2009, Baer spun off GAM as a separately listed firm. The acquisition of Merrill Lynch's wealth management operations outside of the US in 2012 increased Baer's assets under management by 40% and increased its footprint outside of Europe. Julius Baer is currently the largest pure-play private bank globally Baer provides private banking services principally to individuals in Switzerland and Europe and increasingly in Asia and other emerging markets.

BB Seguridade Participacoes SA is a diversified insurance company that operates two segments: insurance and brokerage. The revenue generation is mostly split between these two segments. Its insurance segment focuses on life, property, vehicle, and special-risk insurance. It also provides capitalization plans as well as reinsurance. The company's brokerage segment operates the facilitation of business insurance and reinsurance. BB Seguridade generates its maximum revenue from Insurance Segment. The company considers mergers and acquisitions as a component of its operational growth plan.

China Galaxy Securities Co Ltd is an integrated financial services provider in the Chinese securities industry. It is principally engaged in securities and futures brokerage, institutional sales and investment research, proprietary trading and other securities trading services, margin financing and securities lending, asset management and wealth management, and equity investment management. The company's segments include the wealth management business, investment banking business, institutional business, international business, investment trading business, and other parent-subsidiary integration business.

XP Investimentos is a Brazilian financial services group and investment platform founded in 2001 by Guilherme Benchimol and Marcelo Maisonnave and headquartered in Sao Paulo. It began as an independent brokerage that trained investors and distributed financial products through independent advisers, and it is now listed on the Nasdaq through XP Inc. with Brazilian depositary receipts on B3. The group offers brokerage, fixed income, equities, investment funds, private pension and other products on an open platform, with the Clear and Rico brands. It reported more than 3 million active clients and more than USD 130 billion in custody. From 2021 it bought minority stakes in independent asset managers and research houses and acquired Banco Modal in 2022.

Shenwan Hongyuan Group Co Ltd is an investment holding and securities firm. Its business includes banking, insurance, trust, and leasing while consolidating and expanding the advantages of the original securities business and building on the capital market as support. The company's business mainly focuses on four segments, including enterprise finance, personal finance, institutional services and trading, as well as investment management. Majority of the revenue for the firm gets derived from Institutional services and trading segment.

Daiwa Securities Group Inc is a Japan-based financial services company. The company operates through four segments. The Asset Management Division manages investment trusts, funds, and corporations across assets, including private equity, real estate, renewable energy, and infrastructure, while also offering advisory services to institutional investors in Japan and overseas. The Global Markets & Investment Banking Division handles sales and trading of securities, foreign exchange, and derivatives, and provides underwriting and M&A advisory. The Wealth Management Division serves individuals and private corporate clients with diverse financial products. Others include subsidiary management, information services, administration, and real estate leasing.

Jio Financial Services Ltd is a core investment company, non-deposit taking, systemically important (CIC-ND-SI). Along with its subsidiaries, joint ventures, and associates, it is engaged in the business of Investing and Financing, mainly Leasing, Insurance broking, Payment Bank, Payment Aggregator, and Payment Gateway services.

Futu Holdings Ltd is an online broker providing one-stop online investing services. The company provides its services through its digital platform Futu NiuNiu, which includes market data, trading service, and news feed of Hong Kong, Mainland China, Singapore, and the United States equity markets. It generates its revenue in the form of brokerage commission and handling charge services, and interest income.

Caixa Seguridade Participacoes SA is engaged in the structuring and marketing of a broad range of insurance products, private pension plans, and premium bonds, management, marketing, and offering of private medical and dental care plans, rendering of brokerage services for these products, It has three operating segments; Run-off / Open sea (insurance businesses), Insurance (investment in insurance businesses established as a result of the competitive process of choosing strategic partners to operate the CAIXA branch) and Distribution (businesses related to the management of access to the distribution network and use of the CAIXA brand and the brokerage and intermediation of insurance products).

Billionbrains Garage Ventures Ltd is engaged in carrying out the business of software designing, maintenance, testing and benchmarking, designing, developing computer software and solutions, carry on the business of providing, building, organizing of software tools, marketing and innovatization of licensed software, and consultancy services. The company operates the web & app based technology platform, 'Groww'. The company operates in one reportable segment mainly through the sale of financial services through a web & app based technology platform. It derives a substantial portion of its revenue from the broking services.

Aegon is a life insurance and long-term savings business listed in the Netherlands. It was listed on the Amsterdam Stock Exchange in the 1980s and now has mature operations in the United States, the United Kingdom, and four growth markets of Brazil, China, Portugal, and Spain. Over recent years, Aegon has been moving through an extensive transformation program where management has sought to divest noncore operations and improve the risk profile of the business. Financial assets are the parts of the company that are now being run off. Aegon is looking to cycle out of capital-consumptive and volatile earnings products and recycle funds into capital-light and more predictable strategic businesses.

Standard Life PLC provides financial products and services related to savings and retirement planning. It serves customers directly, through financial advisers, and through employer-sponsored pension schemes.

Freedom Holding Corp is a holding company with reportable segments into the following four segments: Brokerage, Banking, Insurance, and Other. The majority of revenue is from the Banking segment. Banking segment consists of the operations of Freedom Bank KZ and Freedom Bank TJ. Geographically, operates in Kazakhstan, Armenia, Cyprus, the USA, and others, with maximum revenue from Kazakhstan.

Aditya Birla Capital Ltd is a financial service provider. The company's products include Non-Bank Financial Services, Housing Finance, Life Insurance, Asset Management, General Insurance Broking, Stock and Securities Broking, Health Insurance and Other Financial Services. Its operating segments consist of Lending, and Investing and Others. The Lending segment consists of Loans (personal, business, etc.), loan against property, structured finance, working capital loans, wealth management, distribution of financial products, etc. The Investing and Others segment includes investments in Group companies Geographically, it derives a majority of its revenue from India.

Orient Securities Co Ltd is engaged in sales and trading of securities including investment and trading, fixed income investment and trading, financial derivatives trading business, NEEQ market-making business, alternative investment, and securities research services. It engages in alternative investment business through Orient Securities Innovation Investment. The Company has established three business systems, namely, comprehensive wealth management, comprehensive investment banking and comprehensive institutional business, and developed four business segments, namely, wealth and asset management, investment banking and alternative investments, institutions and sales trading, international and other businesses, generating key income from wealth and asset management.

Mirae Asset Securities Co Ltd is a South Korean financial service provider for individual and corporate customers. The company's services include securities trading, retail and wholesale brokerage, underwriting, dealing, investment advisory, asset management, international corporate finance, investment banking, and trading of fixed-income securities and derivatives. The company's financial products include stocks, futures, options, government bonds, corporate bonds, foreign exchange, and financial derivatives.

Primerica Inc is a provider of financial services to middle-income households in the United States and Canada. The company offers life insurance, mutual funds, annuities, and other financial products, distributed on behalf of third parties. Primerica has three main subsidiaries: Primerica Financial Services, a marketing company; Primerica Life Insurance Company, a principal life insurance underwriting entity; and PFS Investments, which offers investment and savings products, brokerage services, and registered investment advisory. It has three segments Term Life Insurance; Investment and Savings Products; and Corporate and Other Distributed Products. Geogriphically, it derives a majority of its revenue from the United States.

Voya Financial Inc is a financial services company, which, through its subsidiaries, provides various investment, insurance, and retirement solutions to individual and institutional clients in the United States. Its products and services include tax savings plans, individual retirement accounts, group life insurance plans, and employee benefits products, among others. The company tailors each of its products to the needs of its customer base. It operates its business through three principal lines: Retirement, Investment Management and Employee Benefits.The majority revenue is from Retirement segment.

Nordnet AB (publ) is a digital platform for savings and investments in the Nordics. The company operates in Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Finland. Its purpose is to democratize savings and investments. It provides trading in a large number of equities, funds, and other types of securities from several markets at a low price, as well as pension savings without fixed fees. The firm also offers margin loans, private loans, and mortgages. There are a number of user-interfaces to choose from, such as web, app, or more trading applications. Digital financial guidance tools are offered to customers who want help and inspiration with their savings. It also operates the widely used social investment network in the Nordics, Shareville.

Founder Securities Co Ltd provides financial services. Its business includes securities brokerage, investment banking, consulting, QFII business, securities underwriting and sponsorship, and fund and asset management. It generates the majority of its revenue from the Wealth Management business segment.

China Industrial Securities (Industrial Securities Co., Ltd., 兴业证券) is a Chinese securities firm headquartered in Fuzhou, Fujian province, and listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange under the code 601377. It operates through wealth management, institutional services, proprietary investment and trading, and asset management businesses, serving retail and institutional clients in China and internationally. Its services cover securities and futures brokerage, margin financing and securities lending, investment banking including equity and bond underwriting and financial advisory, securities research, asset custody, fund and asset management, and proprietary investment in stocks, bonds, derivatives and alternative assets. The company had about 8,279 employees and is led by chief executive Liu Zhihui. It reports that its brokerage income growth ranked fourth among listed brokers and that it has combined investment banking and cross-border services to support science and technology companies. Through its investment subsidiaries it has invested in companies including the electric-car maker Leapmotor (2018), AI X Tech, NETSTORE, YL Entertainment & Sports (2016), China Securities Credit Investment (2015), Lantern and HongQing Technology (2026). It earns brokerage commissions, underwriting and advisory fees, management fees and investment income.

Hachijuni Nagano Bank Ltd is a Japan-based company that is principally engaged in banking. The company is a regional bank, with its business mainly based in Nagano Prefecture. The company's core business segments comprise the leasing business segment and the banking business segment, which encompasses the banking and credit card operations. The company generates the majority of revenue from the banking business segment. The majority of its branches are located in certain areas of Japan, and the firm also has a business presence in overseas markets such as Hong Kong, Dalian, Shanghai, and Bangkok.

NH Investment & Securities Co Ltd is a Korea-based financial services provider. Along with its subsidiaries, it operates in the following reportable segments: Sales, IB, Trading, and Headquarters and Others. The majority of the Group's revenue is derived from the Sales segment, which offers asset management services including brokerage consignment, financial instrument sales, etc., to investors. The IB segment provides corporate finance services, including corporate finance, M&A, PF, PEF operation, etc.; and the Trading segment engages in stocks and bonds operations, product operation, supply of derivatives, and capital investment. Geographically, the Group derives maximum revenue from Korea, and the rest from other regions like the USA, China, Indonesia, Vietnam, the UK, and Singapore.

StoneX Group Inc is a brokerage and financial services firm. Its service offerings are execution, OTC / Market-Making, advisory services, payment solutions, market intelligence, Physical Trading and clearing services. The firm operates in four segments: Commercial, Institutional, Self-Directed/Retail, and Payments. Its customers include governmental and nongovernmental organizations, commercial banks, brokers, institutional investors, and investment banks. The company operates in the United States, South America, Europe, the Middle East and Asia, and other countries, out of which the majority of revenue is generated from the Middle East and Asia Region.

Guolian Minsheng Securities Co Ltd is a China-based financial institution. The company's operating segments include Brokerage and wealth management, Credit transactions, Investment banking, Proprietary trading, Asset management and investment, and Other businesses. It generates maximum revenue from the Brokerage and wealth management segment and the Proprietary trading segment. The Brokerage and wealth management segment includes securities trading and brokering services, sales of wealth management products, investment consulting, and asset allocation. The Proprietary trading segment includes trading in financial products.

Swissquote Group Holding SA is engaged in providing online financial and trading services. It provides a comprehensive suite of online financial services to a broad spectrum of customers, ranging from retail investors, affluent investors to professional and institutional customers. The Group operates through Swissquote Bank Ltd and globally under the Swissquote brand. It has two segments namely the Securities trading and the Leveraged forex. The Group’s revenues are mainly generated by a transaction fee for each transaction. Swissquote’s core competencies include stock market trading, trading and custody of crypto assets, Forex trading and the Robo-Advisor solution. In addition, Swissquote is active in the payment card, mortgage and leasing markets.

Zhongtai Securities Co Ltd is a China-based company mainly engaged in wealth management business. The company operates through eight segments: Asset management business segment, Credit business segment, Futures business segment, International business segment, Investment banking segment, Investment business segment, Wealth management business segment, and Others. It generates the majority of its revenue from the Wealth management business segment. The wealth management business mainly provides securities brokerage services, investment advisory services, product allocation services, and comprehensive financial services.

Motilal Oswal Financial Services Ltd provides a range of financial services, including private wealth management, retail broking and distribution, institutional broking, asset management, investment banking, private equity, commodity broking, and home finance. The group majorly generates revenue through its broking operations. Its broking and distribution segment offers research-based advisory services to help retail customers across India make investment decisions. The services cover various asset classes and investment types, such as mutual funds and insurance products.

Changjiang Securities Company Ltd is a financial services company. The company engages in securities brokerage, investment banking, asset management, fixed-income business, fund management, and futures and direct investment. Geographically, the company operates in China.

Zheshang Securities Co Ltd is a securities brokerage firm. The company offers various services, including securities brokerage, investment banking, asset management, financial adviser services, investment consulting, securities self-operation, and margin trading services. It also engages in the financial futures brokerage business, commodity futures brokerage business, and asset management. It generates the majority of its revenue from the Futures business.

Intercorp Financial Services Inc is a provider of banking, insurance, wealth management services, and payments for retail customers and commercial clients in Peru. Its purpose is centered around building financial well-being together. The company has three operating business segments: Banking, mainly loans, credit facilities, deposits, and current accounts; Insurance provides life annuity products with single-premium payment and conventional life insurance products, as well as other retail insurance products; and Wealth management provides brokerage and investment management services. Inteligo serves mainly Peruvian citizens.