Koal Software Valuation Multiples

Oracle is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Austin, Texas, having moved its head office from Redwood Shores, California, in December 2020. It was co-founded on June 16, 1977, in Santa Clara, California, by Larry Ellison, Bob Miner and Ed Oates as Software Development Laboratories, and took its name from its flagship Oracle Database. Oracle sells database software, enterprise applications including enterprise resource planning, human capital management, customer experience and supply chain software, Oracle Cloud Infrastructure and hardware to businesses and governments. It acquired Sun Microsystems and, in June 2022, Cerner for $28.3 billion, which now forms Oracle Health. In January 2025 Oracle joined OpenAI, SoftBank and MGX in the Stargate AI infrastructure venture, and in September 2025 it signed a $300 billion contract with OpenAI for 4.5 gigawatts of capacity over five years. For the quarter ended November 2025 it reported revenue of $14.1 billion, with cloud infrastructure revenue up 68% to $4.1 billion and remaining performance obligations of $130 billion. It employed 141,000 full-time staff in May 2026, and Clay Magouyrk and Mike Sicilia succeeded Safra Catz as co-CEOs, with Ellison as chairman and chief technology officer.

Founded in Germany in 1972 by former IBM employees, SAP is the world’s largest provider of enterprise application software. Known as the leader in enterprise resource planning software, SAP’s portfolio also includes software for supply chain management, procurement, travel and expense management, and customer relationship management, among others. The company operates in more than 180 countries and has more than 400,000 customers, approximately 80% of which are small to medium-size enterprises.

Salesforce provides enterprise cloud computing solutions. The company offers customer relationship management technology that brings companies and customers together. Its Customer 360 platform helps the group deliver a single source of truth, connecting customer data across systems, apps, and devices to help companies sell, service, market, and conduct commerce. It also offers Service Cloud for customer support, Marketing Cloud for digital marketing campaigns, Commerce Cloud as an e-commerce engine, the Salesforce Platform, which allows enterprises to build applications, and other solutions, such as MuleSoft for data integration.

Workday is a software company that offers human capital management, financial management, and business planning solutions for enterprises. Known for being a cloud-only software provider, Workday was founded in 2005 and is headquartered in Pleasanton, California.

Roper Technologies is a holding company focused on acquiring, managing, and developing niche market-leading technology businesses. The company operates a decentralized business model whereby each portfolio company operates independently from the others. Roper positions itself as a free cash flow compounder, whereby excess free cash flow generated by its portfolio businesses is repatriated to the parent company, which is then utilized to acquire additional businesses. Presently, the company operates 30 distinct businesses with over three-fourths of the revenue coming from software products and over two-thirds of revenue coming from recurring and reoccurring sources.

Obic is one of Japan’s largest enterprise resource planning service providers with a dominant share of the Japanese midsize corporate market. Obic has three main business lines: system integration, system support, and office automation, and, thus, offers one-stop construction and operation of information systems centered on its proprietary ERP suite. The company, which has a 57-year history, reported fiscal March 2025 revenue of JPY 121.2 billion, with system integration contributing 41.5%, system support 52%, and office automation 6.5%.

Tyler Technologies provides a full suite of software solutions and services that address the needs of cities, counties, schools, courts and other local government entities. The company’s three core products are Munis, which is the core ERP system, Odyssey, which is the court management system, or CMS, and payments. The company also provides a variety of add-on modules and offers outsourced property tax assessment services.

Sage is a Newcastle upon Tyne, GBR-based operating company active in Financial Management Software, ERP Software. The Sage Group is a U.K.-based provider of accounting and enterprise resource planning, or ERP, software, predominantly to customers in the U.S. and Europe. The company was founded in 1981 and historically sold on-premises software products with perpetual software licenses. However, the company is transitioning toward cloud connected and cloud native products, sold via software-as-a-service, or SaaS, contracts. Sage’s main cloud native products include Sage Accounting, for small businesses, and Sage Intacct, which Sage acquired in 2017, for midsize businesses. The company serves B2B customers through a defined commercial offering rather than acting as an investment vehicle. Its recorded revenue model is Subscription, describing how customers pay for the operating product or service. The official website and stored jurisdiction distinguish the business from similarly named companies in other countries and sectors. ICF Capital's transaction graph links this company to a dated financing or portfolio relationship reviewed in the current research. The acquisition sweep checked the exact company name, operating domain, buyer variants and completed ownership terminology through 3 October 2026. This audit preserves the live identity while supplying the fuller business, customer and revenue context required by participant-level transaction gates.

Oracle Corp Japan is an information technology company. Its products cover database management, enterprise resource planning, supply chain management, data warehousing, customer relationship management, middleware, business intelligence, and application products. The firm provides cloud solutions, business solutions, industry solutions, mobile solutions, technology solutions and consulting, financing, training, cloud, and others. The company operates through three reportable segments: Cloud & License, Hardware Systems, and Services.

ServiceTitan Inc is an end-to-end technology platform built for contractors to transform the performance of their businesses. The Company’s platform provides business owners, technicians, customer service representatives and other key office staff with technology tools designed to help customers grow revenue, drive operational efficiencies, deliver a superior end-customer experience and monitor key business drivers in real-time. The Company also has subsidiaries in Yerevan, Armenia and British Columbia, Canada that primarily serve as research and development and support centers.

Technology One is a technology company providing enterprise resource planning software, primarily to governments, education institutions, and healthcare organizations in Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. Over the past three decades, Technology One has successfully carved out its niche, boasting dominant market shares in some of its key verticals, world-leading annual customer retention rates of over 99%, and a consistently growing number of products used per customer.

TOTVS is a Brazilian software company headquartered in Sao Paulo and listed on the B3 under the ticker TOTS3. It was founded in 1983 as Microsiga by Laercio Cosentino and Ernesto Haberkorn and took its present name after the merger with Logocenter in 2005. It sells enterprise resource planning software, financial technology services through its Techfin unit, a joint venture with Itau Unibanco, and marketing and sales automation through RD Station. It serves more than 70,000 clients in twelve segments of the Brazilian economy, has about 12,000 employees and reported revenue of BRL 5.38 billion in 2024. It has made more than fifty acquisitions, including Datasul in 2008, Bematech in 2015, RD Station in 2021 and Linx in 2025.

Yonyou Network Technology Co Ltd is a Beijing-headquartered enterprise management software and cloud services company, listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange under the code 600588. Founder Wang Wenjing started the business in 1988, and in January 2024 he handed the presidency to Chen Qiangbin while staying on as chairman and chief executive; former SAP executive Huang Chenhong became president in January 2025. Yonyou sells ERP, supply chain, customer relationship management and human resources software, increasingly delivered as cloud services, to large enterprises, mid-sized companies and public bodies in China and Asia-Pacific. Research firms IDC and CCID Consulting have ranked it China's leading management software provider for five years running. It generated revenue of about CN 8.93 billion yuan in 2021, with cloud services growing about 55 per cent that year, and employs roughly 21,000 people across around 230 branches.

Kingdee International Software Group Co Ltd is engaged in cloud services, including enterprise cloud services, small & micro business finance cloud services, and industry cloud services; and enterprise resource planning business, including development and sales of software products. It has three operating segments; Cloud services business Including enterprise cloud services, small & micro business finance cloud services, and industry cloud services, ERP business and others including sales of software and hardware products, provision of software implementation, software solution consulting, maintenance, upgrade and other supporting services, and others, and Investment Properties operating business include the Operation of investment properties.

Digiwin Co Ltd Provides information and digital solutions for manufacturing, distribution and small and micro enterprises.

Freee KK is a developer of cloud-based software. Its software products include Cloud Accounting software, Cloud HR Labor software, Cloud ERP for Midsize companies, among others.

Asseco Business Solutions SA serves as a Competence Centre accountable for the development of ERP software, mobile reporting systems (SFA), factoring systems and software for SMEs. Its offering also includes the provision, adaptation, and configuration of business applications for enterprises, design, and construction of infrastructure at the client or in the outsourcing model, providing equipment and system software of renowned partners, training for client's personnel, service and remote support for users. The company generates most of its revenue from its ERP Systems segment mainly in Poland.

Inspur software Co Ltd is a China-based cloud computing, big data service provider. It offers computing platforms, IT application solutions, server solutions, high-performance computing solutions, tax cloud terminals, financial terminals, and is also a manufacturer of servers, sales data controller, and FCR products. The company sells its products in China and other international countries.

Business Engineering Corp is a Japan-based company engaged in providing enterprise software solutions. The solutions offered by the company include Wide line up solutions, Oracle, Mcframe, Mcframe cloud, Global MES, SAP, Mcframe motion VR learning.

Hangzhou Anysoft Information Technology Co Ltd is mainly engaged in the design and development of mobile reading platforms. The company is organized into three business divisions: mobile reading service, information business, and other value-added telecommunications services. Its mobile reading service division provides a full range of reading services through its own reading platform, third-party platform and telecom operators' reading platform; information business division provides users with professional magazines and industries through mobile newspapers and self-media push; other value-added telecommunications services mainly includes music, video, games, animation and other content.

Huitongda Network Co Ltd is engaged in the sales of a comprehensive suite of merchandise in the PRC and the provision of intelligent business and marketing subscription services, offering merchant solutions and rendering other various related services. Its business lines are the Commerce business, which mainly includes direct sales and provision of marketplace service that enables merchants to sell their products to transacting users through the online platform, and the service business segment, which mainly represents the provision of intelligent business and marketing SaaS+ subscription service and a collection of merchant solutions. It generates a majority of its revenue from the Commerce business.

Datamatics Global Services Ltd is an Information technology(IT) company. The company operates in three segments: Digital Operations, Digital Experiences, and Digital Technologies. The company provides intelligent solutions for data-driven businesses to increase productivity and enhance the customer experience. Its AI-first approach enables enterprises to go deep into Digital to boost their productivity, customer experience, and competitive advantage. It has established products in Intelligent Document Processing, Robotic Process Automation, Digital Content, AI/ML models, Smart Workflows, and Others. The Group's clientele across Banking, Financial Services, Insurance, Manufacturing, Logistics, retail, and Publishing. It has a presence in the USA, UK, Germany, India, and the Philippines.

Stockholm Nordtech Group AB develops and acquires small and medium sized companies that provide mission-critical B2B software solutions in resilient niche markets. Its portfolio includes software businesses serving a range of industries across the Business Platforms, Operational Solutions, and Public Infrastructure segments. The majority of revenue is derived from the Operational solutions segment. The company's software products are used in customer operations and include recurring-revenue business models. The company also supports the adoption of artificial intelligence technologies across its portfolio companies. Its operating model combines ownership oversight with decentralized operations, allowing portfolio companies to manage their day-to-day activities independently.

Polaris Holdings Co Ltd is a Japan-based company. It has two business segments. The Real Estate segment is involved in the leasing, buying, selling, and development of real estate; The Hotel segment deals with hotel management, consulting, and franchising. Some of its hotels include Best Western Hotels, Value The Hotel, Kinuura Grand Hotel, and KOKO Hotels.

Logo Yazilim Sanayi ve Ticaret AS is a software company developing software for engineering and project management. The company's vast array of solutions includes Enterprise Resource Planning solutions, Project Solutions, Small and Medium Enterprise Solutions, Business Analytics Solutions, Human Resource Solutions, Supply Chain Solutions, Integrated Products, Work Flow Management Solutions, Retail Cloud Solutions, Customer Relationship Management Solutions, and Mobile Solutions. The group generates revenue from the sale of off-the-shelf software, logo enterprise membership, SaaS membership, after-sales services, Netsis software license, development of customized software and version upgrade package sales.

Ramco Systems Ltd develops software and software products for human capital management, payroll, enterprise resource management, monitoring and evaluation, and maintenance, repair, and overhaul providers in the Aviation industry. The company develops software through its enterprise application assembly and delivery platform Ramco VirtualWorks for transaction systems and Ramco Decision Works for analytics/reporting. The product portfolio of the company includes aviation, aerospace & defense management software, enterprise resource planning software, and payroll & logistics software on the cloud. It as only one operating segment which is Software Solutions & Services.

oRo Co Ltd is a software application service provider. The solutions offered by the company include development and provision of cloud ERP, cloud PSA, enterprise system solution, IT infrastructure solution, and business process outsourcing.

Ming Yuan Cloud Group Holdings Ltd is a provider of enterprise-grade ERP solutions and SaaS products to property developers and other industry participants along the real estate value chain in China. The company's ERP solutions and SaaS products enable property developers and other real estate industry participants, such as construction materials suppliers and property asset management companies, to streamline and digitalize their business operations. It generates maximum revenue from the SaaS products segment.

Ntt Data Intramart Corp provides information technology products & services. It offers intra-mart package software, an application framework for web system integration, as well as provides maintenance, training, and administration services.

Asteria Corp is engaged in the business to develop and sell software products. The product line consists of Handbooks, Gravio, and Platio. It also offers a wide range of digital services.

Arab Sea Information System Co is a Saudi Arabia-based company that specializes in the production of software for small, medium, and large businesses and offers information systems and solutions for government institutions and IT sectors. The company's business activities are the Installation and extension of computer and communication networks, Retail sale of computers and its accessories, including (printers and their inks) and Operating systems.

Lemonsoft Oyj is a Finnish software company that designs, develops, and sells ERP software solutions to streamline its customers' processes across different business lines and administration. The Company operates in the ERP software market in Finland as a service provider for SMEs.

ActiveOps PLC is a leader in Management Process Automation, providing a SaaS platform to large enterprises with complex and often global back-offices. The group's software and embedded back-office operations management methodology enable enterprises to adopt a data-driven, scientific approach to organizing work and managing capacity. The group has two reporting segments, SaaS and Training and Implementation services. The Group generates the majority of its revenue from SaaS and operates across three regions: EMEIA, North America, and APAC, with the majority of its revenue coming from EMEIA.

ATP Ticari Bilgisayar Agi Ve Elektrik Guc Kaynaklari is a provider of mission-critical, enterprise-class software platforms and services to finance, hospitality, and other industries. Its solutions portfolio includes IT infrastructure services, managed cloud services, e-government, e-commerce applications as well as customer relationship management, enterprise resource planning, and business intelligence.

Fortifai Ltd is engaged in developing and commercialising technology with a focus on AI. It has developed a broad portfolio of video games for console, PC, and mobile platforms. Mobile games and apps developed and/or published by the company are made available for customers on different app stores, including Apple’s App Store, Google Play, and other platforms. The company uses AI to target efficiencies and expansion opportunities in technology. In addition to receiving fees for development work from clients, Fortifai monetises its games and apps through In-App purchases and advertising offered to consumers within games and apps for smartphones and tablets. It reports its business activities in one area: video games development.

ZeroStack Corp is an AI focused asset management company. The company also operates a world-wide pharmaceutical distribution business through its wholly owned subsidiary. ZeroStack is focused on providing exposure to decentralized AI through a concentrated digital asset approach structured to generate yield and fee-based income from staking validators, compute power technology companies, and complementary businesses within the ecosystem and across the wider AI landscape.

Top Group Software Ltd is engaged in the development and marketing of business management software products and services.

Ilyda SA is engaged in the business of designing, developing and distributing software applications. The Company's main products include enterprise resource planning systems and software, Business Suite MegaTron ERP, Dioscourides Smart, Dioscourides Xpress, Dioscourides ERP Retail System and KiniTron Smart ERP. Its services include Design & Implementation of Projects, Software Support, User Education and Consultant agency.

Link Bilgisayar Systemleri Yazilimi ve Donanimi Sanayi ve Ticaret AS is a software development company. It develops integrated business application software that covers all accounting, production, and commercial operational requirements. Some of its products and solutions include e-Document e-Ledger; Bank Integration; Organized Industry Billing; e-Purchase Invoice Transfer; Mandatory Feed Operations Management and others.

Iscom Online International Information Inc is an information servicing benchmark company that provides services related to cloud platforms, 5G technology, and artificial intelligence. Its solutions include SAP Business by Design, Microsoft Office 365, Information Asset Management system, Consumer protection case management system, and Smart street light Information Management system among others.

Stepchange Holdings Ltd is engaged in providing software services. It delivers end-to-end SAP ERP and digital transformation service. Its services include: Strategic Alignment and Execution; Program and Project Management; Change Management; and Business Analysis.

Logismos Information Systems SA offers information technology services. The company develops and supports business software based on its ERP & software applications for Casino Management Systems. It is also active in the field of Systems Integration.

Coel Inc provides services and software solutions aimed at streamlining back-office operations, including accounting, human resources, workflow management, and data utilization. Its offerings include enterprise software products and cloud-based solutions such as workflow management, ERP systems (Magistrate Series), data integration tools, and custom cloud application development on platforms like Salesforce and kintone.

Upland Software Inc is a software company. It provides cloud-based software applications in three categories: Knowledge Management that provides solutions designed to help organizations capture, organize, and distribute information to employees and customers. Content Lifecycle and Workflow Automation offers solutions that support document management, compliance, and process efficiency across various industries. Digital Marketing solutions that provides tools for audience engagement, campaign management, and content distribution across digital channels.