Flow Capital Valuation Multiples

JPMorgan Chase is a publicly traded financial services group based in New York that operates through the J.P. Morgan and Chase brands. It serves consumers, small businesses, corporations, institutional investors and government clients in the United States and internationally. Its consumer and community banking activities provide deposit, borrowing and related financial services to individuals and businesses. Commercial and investment banking operations advise clients, arrange capital, extend liquidity, manage financial risk and provide payments and asset-custody services. Asset and wealth management businesses manage investments across multiple asset classes for individuals, financial advisers and institutions. The group earns interest, banking and transaction fees, advisory fees and investment-management income from these activities. It has also made private investments through affiliated vehicles, including the indirect ownership of JPMorgan Private Capital Asia’s investment in Tianrui Cement.

Bank of America is one of the largest financial institutions in the United States, with more than $3.4 trillion in assets. It is organized into four major segments: consumer banking, global wealth and investment management, global banking, and global markets. Bank of America's consumer-facing lines of business include its network of branches and deposit-gathering operations, retail lending products, credit and debit cards, and small-business services. The company's Merrill Lynch operations provide brokerage and wealth-management services, as does its private bank. Wholesale lines of business include investment banking, corporate and commercial real estate lending, and capital markets operations. Bank of America has operations in several countries but is primarily US-focused.

HSBC Holdings plc is the London-headquartered parent of the HSBC Group, one of the world's largest banking and financial services organisations, which opened its doors in Hong Kong in March 1865 to finance trade between Europe, Asia and the Americas. Today it serves around 41 million personal, wealth and corporate customers in 56 countries and territories and has about 211,000 employees. It runs four businesses, Hong Kong, the UK, Corporate and Institutional Banking, and International Wealth and Premier Banking, which cover retail and commercial banking, global banking and markets, wealth management and private banking. For 2025 the group reported revenue of $68.3 billion, net interest income of $34.8 billion, profit before tax of $29.9 billion and total assets of $3,233 billion, and CEO Georges Elhedery targets a return on tangible equity of 17% or better, excluding notable items, in each year from 2026 to 2028. Its footprint has been simplified through disposals in Canada and Argentina and the sale of a French retained loan portfolio completed in late 2025, and it privatised Hang Seng Bank with the capital impact falling in January 2026. HSBC shares are listed in London, Hong Kong, New York and Bermuda.

Morgan Stanley is a global financial-services firm founded in 1935 that serves individuals, companies, institutional investors and governments. Its investment-banking and capital-markets businesses advise clients on transactions and help them raise financing. The firm also provides securities sales, trading, market-making and research services to institutional clients. Its wealth-management business supports individuals and organisations in building, preserving and managing their assets. Investment Management offers strategies across public and private markets for institutional and individual investors. The group earns revenue from financial advice, capital-raising services, trading and investment-management activities. It also provides workplace financial solutions for employers and their employees. Its international office network supports cross-border transactions and investment services. Morgan Stanley participated as an equity investor in the 2007 TXU acquisition, a role distinct from merely providing acquisition financing or advisory services.

Royal Bank of Canada is one of the two largest banks in Canada, with around CAD 2.5 trillion in assets at the end of July 2026. It is a diversified financial services company, offering personal and commercial banking, wealth management, insurance, corporate banking, and capital markets services. The bank is concentrated in Canada and has dominant market shares. RBC also has wealth and capital markets businesses in the US, UK, and other countries. RBC is a top 15 investment bank globally.

Goldman Sachs is a storied financial institution, founded in 1869 and best known for its role as a leading global investment bank. The firm has a sprawling reach across global financial centers and has been the leading provider of global merger and acquisition advisory services, by revenue, for the past 20 years. Since the global financial crisis, Goldman has expanded its offerings into more predictable, fee-based businesses like asset and wealth management, which contributed roughly 30% of postprovision revenue at the end of 2025. The firm generates revenue from investment banking, global market making and trading, lending, asset management, wealth management, and a small and declining portfolio of consumer credit card loans.

Wells Fargo is a United States financial-services company headquartered in San Francisco. It provides consumer and small-business banking, commercial banking, corporate and investment banking, and wealth and investment management. Customers include individuals, households, small businesses, large companies and institutional investors. The company earns revenue from interest on loans, service fees, investment and advisory activities and other banking products. Its operations are concentrated primarily in the United States and include branches, digital banking and corporate financial services. Wells Fargo completed the acquisition of First Interstate Bancorp in April 1996, combining two large western banking networks and creating substantial branch overlap. The current listed company has undergone later corporate combinations, but the existing record represents the buyer identity used for the historical First Interstate transaction.

Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group is the largest bank in Japan in terms of market capitalization and assets, with an 8.4% share of all domestic loans as of March 2025. It is the largest non-Chinese bank group globally and has a balance sheet slightly larger than those of JPMorgan Chase and HSBC Holdings. MUFG’s operations in Japan account for around half of profit, banking in Thailand and Indonesia for around 15%, and equity-method earnings from Morgan Stanley most of the rest.

The Toronto-Dominion Bank (TD Bank Group) is a Canadian multinational bank headquartered in Toronto, formed on February 1, 1955 by the merger of the Bank of Toronto, founded in 1855, and The Dominion Bank, founded in 1869. It serves more than 28 million customers through Canadian personal and commercial banking under the TD Canada Trust brand, US retail banking through TD Bank, N.A., wealth management and insurance, and wholesale banking. TD Canada Trust serves about 15 million customers through roughly 1,060 branches, while TD Bank, N.A. serves more than 10 million customers through about 1,100 branches in 15 US states and Washington, D.C. In fiscal 2025 the bank reported revenue of CAD 67.78 billion, net income of CAD 20.54 billion and total assets of CAD 2.095 trillion, with approximately 102,000 full-time equivalent employees. It earns net interest income on loans and deposits plus fees from wealth management, insurance, cards and capital markets activity. TD was the largest shareholder of TD Ameritrade from 2006 until Charles Schwab acquired it in 2020, and in 2025 it announced the sale of its roughly 10.1% stake in Schwab for about USD 14.6 billion after a USD 3 billion anti-money-laundering settlement with US regulators in October 2024. Raymond Chun is chief executive.

Citigroup is a global financial services group whose banking businesses serve corporations, institutional investors, governments and individual customers. Its core activities encompass Services, Markets, Banking, Wealth and United States consumer cards. Services provides cash management, payments, trade and working capital solutions, together with securities and issuer services across the group’s international network. Markets supplies trading and related financial products, while Banking supports corporate financing and investment banking transactions. Wealth serves investment and financial planning needs, and the consumer card business provides credit products to individuals. The group earns income from lending, transaction and advisory services, investment activities and client asset management, using its cross-border network to connect customers with financial markets and banking services.

Santander runs five global businesses: retail and commercial banking, corporate and investment banking, wealth management and insurance, payments, and a digital platform Openbank. Spain is the largest single profit contributor, followed by Brazil, the United States, Mexico and the United Kingdom.

UBS Group is a publicly listed Swiss banking and wealth-management group headquartered in Zurich. Its businesses span global wealth management, personal and corporate banking in Switzerland, asset management and investment banking. The group serves individuals, family offices, corporations and institutional investors across major financial markets. Revenue comes from advisory and asset-management fees, net interest income, securities trading and underwriting, and other banking services. UBS had controlled UBS Securities since increasing its interest above 50% in 2018. The 2025 acquisition of BSAM's remaining 33% raised UBS's ownership of the mainland Chinese securities company from 67% to 100%. That purchase consolidated a regulated operating subsidiary rather than representing a passive portfolio trade.

Despite its Spanish origins, Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria generates only around one-fourth of its profits in Spain. We expect that on a normalized basis, BBVA's market-leading Mexican bank should contribute half of its earnings, while its Turkish operation should account for another 15%. The balance of BBVA's earnings comes from smaller operations in South America. BBVA is overwhelmingly a retail and commercial bank, with corporate and investment banking forming a minor part of the overall business. BBVA also offers insurance and investment products through its banking networks.

UniCredit is a pan-European banking group headquartered in Milan, with retail, corporate, investment and private banking operations in Italy, Germany, Austria and Central and Eastern Europe. The group was formed in 1998 through the merger of Credito Italiano and Unicredito and traces its origins to Banca di Genova, founded in 1870. It operates in Germany through HypoVereinsbank and in Austria through Bank Austria, and serves more than 15 million clients. UniCredit is listed on the Borsa Italiana and the Frankfurt Stock Exchange. It reported revenue of EUR 24.8 billion and net income of EUR 9.7 billion in 2024. Its acquisitions include HVB in 2005, Capitalia in 2007, Aion Bank and Vodeno in 2025 and its Italian life insurance joint ventures, and it has built stakes in Commerzbank and Alpha Bank. Andrea Orcel is chief executive.

Bank of Montreal is a diversified financial-services provider based in North America with over CAD 1.47 trillion in assets by the end of fiscal 2025. BMO operates four business segments: Canadian personal and commercial banking, US personal and commercial banking, wealth management, and capital markets. The bank's operations are primarily in Canada, with a material portion also in the US.

The Bank of Nova Scotia is a global financial services provider with over CAD 1.46 trillion in assets as of the end of fiscal 2025. The bank has four major business segments: Canadian banking, international banking, global wealth management, and global banking and markets. It offers a range of advice, products, and services, including personal and commercial banking, wealth management and private banking, corporate and investment banking, and capital markets. The bank's international operations span numerous countries and are more concentrated in the Latin America region.

Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce, or CIBC, is a Canadian multinational banking and financial services corporation headquartered in Toronto, Ontario. It was created on 1 June 1961 by the merger of the Canadian Bank of Commerce, established in 1867, and the Imperial Bank of Canada, established in 1873, the largest merger between chartered banks in Canadian history. It operates through four strategic business units: Canadian Personal and Business Banking, Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, and Capital Markets. For 2025 it reported revenue of C$29.13 billion, net income of C$8.45 billion, total assets of C$1.117 trillion and C$431 billion of assets under management, with 49,824 employees and 15 million clients. It earns net interest income and fees. Harry Culham is chief executive. CIBC was part of the consortium that bought Aeroplan from Aimia in 2019.

BNP Paribas is a French banking group headquartered in Paris, formed when the merger of Banque Nationale de Paris and Paribas was completed on 22 May 2000. Its roots go back to the Comptoir National d'Escompte de Paris, created in 1848, and to the Banque de Paris et des Pays-Bas, created in 1872. It operates in more than seventy countries with roughly 180,000 employees and is organised around Retail Banking and Services and Corporate and Institutional Banking. It is the largest banking group in France and the euro zone and among the ten largest banks in the world by assets. Its subsidiaries include BNP Paribas Fortis, Banca Nazionale del Lavoro, Cetelem, Arval and Hello bank!. It took part in the EUR 25 million financing of the hydrogen-station maker Atawey in January 2023.

BNY, formerly BNY Mellon and legally The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation, is a US financial services holding company headquartered at 240 Greenwich Street in New York City. It provides custody, securities servicing, clearing, collateral and liquidity management, payments, asset management and wealth management through businesses such as BNY Pershing, BNY Investments and BNY Wealth. Its clients are mainly institutions, including asset managers, banks, corporations, pension plans and governments, and BNY says it serves 94% of the Fortune 100 and 96% of the top 100 investment managers worldwide; its wealth business also serves individuals. At the end of 2025 BNY had $59.3 trillion in assets under custody and/or administration and $2.2 trillion in assets under management. For 2025 it reported record revenue of $20.1 billion, of which $14.4 billion was fee revenue and $4.9 billion net interest income, and net income applicable to common shareholders of $5.3 billion. The Bank of New York was founded in 1784 with Alexander Hamilton among its founders, merged with Mellon Financial on July 1, 2007 in a $16.5 billion deal, and adopted the shorter BNY brand in June 2024. Its shares trade on the NYSE, under the ticker BNY since May 2026.

Al Rajhi Bank is an Islamic bank with a network of over 500 branches. Its segments include the Retail segment which includes accepting individual customer deposits, providing credit facilities, customer debit current accounts, fees from banking services, and remittance business; the Corporate segment which incorporates deposits of VIP, corporate customer deposits, credit facilities, and debit current accounts, Treasury segment through which it offers treasury services, Murabaha with SAMA and international Mutajara portfolio; and Investment services and brokerage and other that incorporates investments of individuals and corporate in mutual funds, local and international share trading services and investment portfolios.

With assets of around $695 billion, U.S. Bancorp is one of the largest regional banks in the US with its footprint in 26 states. The bank’s branch network is mostly in Midwestern and Western markets. U.S. Bancorp has a comprehensive product set, with offerings in retail and commercial banking, credit cards, mortgages, payment services, trust, wealth, and capital market services.

PNC Financial is one of the three super-regional banks in the US, with around $574 billion in total assets at the end of Dec. 30, 2025. Headquartered in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, PNC Financial has a coast-to-coast branch network, with a strong presence in the US Midwest and Northeast. It closed its acquisition of FirstBank in January 2026, which added around $26 billion in assets to its balance sheet, and PNC is currently expanding in the Southern and Western regions of the US. The bank provides a diversified set of financial services in retail banking, commercial banking, card and treasury management, asset management, and investment banking. PNC derived around 38% of revenue from fee income and 62% from net interest income in 2025.

The merger of the Dutch postal bank and NN Insurance in 1991 created ING. Through a series of further acquisitions, ING has built up a global footprint. The 2008 financial crisis forced ING to seek government support—a precondition of which was that ING should separate its banking and insurance activities, which saw ING revert to being solely a bank. ING has market-leading banking operations in the Netherlands and Belgium, and a range of digital banks across Europe and Australia. Its global wholesale banking operation is primarily focused on lending.

CaixaBank SA is a Spanish bank that combines banking, insurance, and equity investment businesses. Its operations include retail banking, corporate banking, cash management, surplus management, and the allocation of income from financing the equity investment business. It consists of business segments of the Banking and insurance business, BPI, and Corporate center. The majority of its revenue comes from the Banking and insurance business. The company has a geographic presence in Spain, Portugal, America, the Rest of the European Union, and the Rest of the world. In which Spain generates the majority of its revenue.

National Australia Bank is an Australian bank headquartered in Melbourne and listed on the Australian Securities Exchange under the code NAB. It was formed on 1 October 1981 through the merger of the National Bank of Australasia and the Commercial Banking Company of Sydney. The group provides business and private banking, personal banking and corporate and institutional banking in Australia and New Zealand, where it owns Bank of New Zealand, and operates international branches. For the year to September 2025 it reported statutory net profit of A$6.76 billion and cash earnings of A$7.09 billion, with about 10 million customers and more than 41,000 colleagues. Revenue comes mainly from net interest income on lending and deposits, together with fees and commissions. NAB has made acquisitions and disposals across banking, wealth management, life insurance and funds management, and invests in start-ups through its corporate venture arm, NAB Ventures.

Itau Unibanco is a Brazilian financial group headquartered in Sao Paulo and the largest private bank in Brazil. It was formed in 2008 by the merger of Banco Itau and Unibanco, and its shares trade on the Sao Paulo stock exchange under ITUB4 and on the New York Stock Exchange. The group offers retail and commercial banking, credit cards, insurance, asset management, private banking and investment banking through Itau BBA, and it operates in Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay, Colombia and other markets in Latin America. It has grown through acquisitions, among them BankBoston in 2006, Redecard in 2012 and a stake in XP in 2017, and through minority investments in fintechs such as Avenue, Prex and Handy. In 2025 its private banking arm passed R$1 trillion of assets under management and administration.

Barclays is a universal bank headquartered in the United Kingdom. It operates via five principal segments; Barclays UK (retail), UK corporate bank, private bank and wealth management, investment bank, and US consumer bank. In its UK segment, the bank provides current accounts, mortgages, savings and investment management services, credit cards, and business banking services to retail clients and small and medium-size enterprises. The US consumer bank includes a co-branded credit card and unsecured lending business. The investment bank offers global markets, financing, and advisory services.

Lloyds is a retail and commercial bank headquartered in the United Kingdom. The bank operates via three business segments: retail, commercial banking, and insurance and wealth. In retail, Lloyds offers primarily mortgages (66% of loan portfolio), credit cards, and current accounts to its customers. Its commercial banking operation provides lending, transaction banking, working capital management, and debt capital market services to large companies and financial institutions in the UK. Insurance and wealth round out the product lineup with life and property insurance as well as pension solutions and high-net-worth asset management services.

Macquarie Group is an Australian multinational investment banking and financial services group headquartered in Sydney and listed on the Australian Securities Exchange. It operates through four groups: Macquarie Asset Management, Banking and Financial Services, Commodities and Global Markets, and Macquarie Capital, its advisory and principal investment arm. It serves institutional, corporate, government and retail clients, and is one of the world's largest infrastructure asset managers, with A$938.3 billion of assets under management and total assets of about A$403 billion in 2024. The group employs more than 20,000 staff in 34 markets and earns fees and commissions, net interest income and trading and investment income. Its subsidiaries include Macquarie Bank Limited and investments in infrastructure businesses such as Southern Water and Arqiva. Macquarie was founded on 10 December 1969 in Sydney as Hill Samuel Australia, a subsidiary of the UK's Hill Samuel & Co.

Bajaj Finance Ltd is the holding company for various financial services businesses under the Bajaj Group, which operates in India. The company is an NBFC in India offering payments, partnerships, services, and lending solutions to customers. The company's model is focused on the acquisition of customers and offering multiple loans and services on a cross-sell basis to meet their financial service needs. The company provides discretionary spending across consumer electronics, furniture, and digital products in India. The company's strategies and structure are closely aligned with those of commercial banks in India. All of its revenue is generated from India.

Deutsche Bank is a German multinational universal bank headquartered in the Twin Towers in Frankfurt and listed on the Frankfurt and New York stock exchanges. It was founded in Berlin on 10 March 1870, with Adelbert Delbrück and Ludwig Bamberger regarded as its key founders, and grew through acquisitions including Disconto-Gesellschaft in 1929, Morgan Grenfell in 1990, Bankers Trust in 1998 and Deutsche Postbank in 2010. The bank serves corporations, institutions, governments and private clients with corporate and investment banking, trading, retail and private banking, wealth management and asset management, the last through its majority stake in DWS Group. It earns net interest income from lending and deposits and fees and commissions from advisory, underwriting, trading, payments and asset management. In 2025 it reported revenue of €32.1 billion, net income of €7.1 billion and total assets of €1,435 billion, with 89,879 employees. Deutsche Bank has been designated a global systemically important bank since 2011 and is directly supervised by the European Central Bank. Christian Sewing is chief executive and Alexander Wynaendts chairs the supervisory board.

Truist Financial is one of the three super-regional banks in the US, with around $565 billion in assets as of the fourth quarter of 2025. Truist emerged from the combination of BB&T and SunTrust in 2019. Based in Charlotte, North Carolina, the bank’s footprint is largely in the Mid-Atlantic and Southeast. Apart from retail and commercial banking operations, the bank also offers online and point-of-sale consumer lending, cards, wealth management, investment banking, and other banking services.

Standard Chartered Bank was established in 1853 by Royal Charter in the United Kingdom, with holding company Standard Chartered PLC incorporated in 1969. The bank is domiciled in the United Kingdom, and provides banking services across over 50 countries and territories, primarily in Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and the UK. The bulk of the business is in corporate and transaction banking, financial markets, and corporate finance. The bank has strong retail franchises focusing on the affluent segment in Hong Kong, Singapore, and certain countries in Africa. The bank also launched a ventures division to focus on financial technology, including digital banks in Hong Kong and Singapore, online payment, and digital assets.

CITIC Securities Co Ltd is a brokerage and investment group that provides brokerage, underwriting and sponsoring, proprietary trading, investment banking, asset management, investment advisory, Margin financing and securities lending, Stock option market-making, and other services. The company has five reportable segments, namely Investment Banking, Brokerage, Trading, Asset Management, and Others. It derives maximum revenue from the Trading segment.

Credit Agricole S.A. is majority-owned by a group of 39 mutually owned, regional French banks, and together, they form the Credit Agricole Group, the largest cooperative bank globally. Credit Agricole S.A. houses all of Credit Agricole Group's activities, excluding the core French retail and commercial banking operations and including corporate and investment banking, its insurance operations, its international operations, notably in Italy, LCL, a separately branded French retail bank, and Credit Agricole S.A.'s majority interest in individually listed asset manager Amundi. Credit Agricole S.A. also acts as the central bank for the group.

Société Générale is a diversified European bank whose largest division is its corporate and investment bank, anchored by a well-regarded equity franchise. Its French retail operations include both the traditional branch network and fast-growing digital bank Boursorama. Internationally, Société Générale ranks among the largest banks in the Czech Republic and Romania. It also holds dominant positions in several African markets, though with a smaller earnings contribution. The group is a leading player in vehicle and equipment leasing through ALD Automotive.

State Street is a leading provider of financial services, including investment servicing, investment management, and investment research and trading. With approximately $54 trillion in assets under custody and administration, and $5.7 trillion in assets under management, as of Dec. 31, 2025, State Street operates globally in more than 100 geographic markets and employs about 51,500 worldwide.

Commerzbank operates primarily in Europe. Germany accounts for about 70% of the total income. The bank operates two business segments: private and small-business customers, as well as corporate clients. In its private and small-business segment, the group operates a branch network, a mobile bank focused on the Polish market, an online broker, and an asset manager for physical assets. Its corporate client business provides cash management and trade finance solutions to small and medium-size enterprises and large companies.

Banco BTG Pactual is a Brazilian investment bank and asset manager headquartered in São Paulo and listed on the B3 exchange. It provides investment banking, corporate lending, sales and trading, wealth management, asset management and consumer banking services, and its merchant banking and private equity arm invests in companies across Latin America. The bank traces its origins to Pactual, founded in Rio de Janeiro in 1983 by André Jacurski, Luiz Cezar Fernandes and Paulo Guedes, and is chaired by André Esteves with Roberto Sallouti as chief executive. BTG Pactual earns fees, trading income and net interest income, reported net income of about US$3.0 billion and total assets of about US$162.8 billion in 2025, and employed 8,188 people in 2024. In 2025 its private equity arm agreed to invest $300 million in egg producer Global Eggs for an 11% stake.

Guotai Haitong Securities Co Ltd Formerly Guotai Junan Securities Co Ltd is engaged in providing brokerage services, corporate finance, asset management services, and loans and financing services. Its segments include wealth management, investment banking, institutional and trading, investment management, international business, and other segments. The company derives the majority of its revenue from the institutional and trading segment, which consists of research, institutional brokerage, trading and investment, and equity investment.

Firstrand Ltd wholly owns FirstRand Bank, a full-service bank providing a comprehensive range of retail, commercial, corporate and investment banking services in South Africa and offers niche products. The bank has three divisions, which are separately branded: First National Bank (FNB), WesBank and Rand Merchant Bank (RMB). The firm's reportable segment includes Retail and commercial segment, Corporate and institutional segment, Centre (including group treasury), Firstrand Bank Normalised, and Normalised adjustments.

China International Capital Corporation, known as CICC, is a Beijing-based investment banking and financial services group established in 1995. Its activities include investment banking, equity sales and trading, fixed income, currency and commodities services, investment management and wealth management. The company provides financial advice and capital markets services to businesses and institutions, while its wealth management operations also serve individual investors. Its investment banking activities support securities offerings, corporate transactions and access to domestic and international capital markets. Investment management services and research capabilities complement its securities and advisory businesses. CICC earns revenue through financial services, securities activities and the management of client investments rather than manufacturing or selling physical products. The company converted into a joint stock company in June 2015 and listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange in November of that year.

Sumitomo Mitsui Trust Group is the fifth-largest Japanese bank by assets and revenue. It is the only remaining stand-alone trust bank after the late 1990s deregulation removed legal barriers between commercial banking and trust functions in Japan; its former rivals in trust banking merged and became units of Mitsubishi UFJ FG and Mizuho. It has no capital ties with Sumitomo Mitsui FG, despite the similar name and common ties to Sumitomo and Mitsui group companies. In fiduciary services, SMTG is the market leader in Japan in total assets under custody. It is the largest manager of corporate pension funds and trails only Nomura in investment trusts.

Nomura Holdings Inc is a financial services group in Japan and operates offices in countries and regions world-wide, including Japan, the U.S., the U.K., Singapore, and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region ("Hong Kong") through its subsidiaries. The company's clients include individuals, corporations, financial institutions, governments, and governmental agencies. The company's business consists of Wealth Management*, Investment Management, and Wholesale. The company generates the majority of its revenue from the wholesale segment. The Wholesale Division consists of two businesses, Global Markets, which is mainly engaged in the trading, sales, and structuring of financial products, and Investment Banking, which is engaged in advisory, financing, and solutions businesses.

Mega Financial Holding Co Ltd is a financial services holding company operating mostly in Taiwan but with exposure internationally. The activities of the company includes banking, underwriting securities, brokerage and proprietary business of bills and bonds, insurance, asset management, venture capital, business operations, and others.

Mediobanca SpA is a specialized financial group operating in Wealth Management, Corporate & Investment Banking, and Consumer Finance in the Italian market. It operates through four divisions: Wealth Management, which provides savings products and investment and wealth management services; Corporate & Investment Banking, which provides financial advisory services and capital markets transactions; Consumer Finance, which offers personal loans, credit cards, salary-backed loans, and HeyLight BNPL solutions; and Insurance & Principal Investing, which manages equity investments including Assicurazioni Generali. Holding Functions support Group operations. The majority of revenue comes from Consumer Finance.

Huatai Securities Co Ltd is a financial services provider. The divisions through which the company operates include Wealth management business, Institutional services business, Investment management business, international business, and Others. It has operations spread across Mainland China and Hong Kong, while the Mainland China division generates the company revenues. The company generates key of its revenues from the wealth management business division.

China Securities Co Ltd provides a wide range of financial services in China. The company offers a wide range of services that include financial advisory, sponsoring, underwriting of equity and debt securities, brokerage, and investment advisory services to its individual and corporate clients. China Securities also provides services in margin financing, securities lending, trading of equity, equity-linked products, bonds products, and derivatives.