Principal Solar Valuation Multiples

GE Vernova is a global leader in the electric power industry, with products and services that generate, transfer, convert, and store electricity. The company has three business segments: power, wind, and electrification. Power includes gas, nuclear, hydroelectric, and steam technologies, providing dispatchable power. The wind segment includes wind generation technologies, including onshore and offshore wind turbines and blades. Electrification includes grid solutions, power conversion, electrification software, and solar and storage solutions technologies required for the transmission, distribution, conversion, and storage of electricity from the point of generation to the point of consumption.

Iberdrola is one of the largest utilities in the world with electric utility operations in nearly 40 countries. The company has a 57-gigawatt portfolio of hydro, wind, natural gas, and nuclear power plants. It is one of the largest owners of wind farms in the world, representing about 40% of its portfolio. Although the company has recently developed or acquired distribution and power generation assets in other geographic areas, Spain is still home to more than half of its power generation capacity. Iberdrola also owns and operates electricity and distribution networks in Spain, the UK, Brazil, and the US.

China Yangtze Power Co Ltd business activities include hydroelectric power generation, power distribution and sales, overseas power station's operation, management, consultation services, investment, and financing. It has also established its power distribution and sales platforms such as Three Gorges Water Conservancy and Peru LuzdelSur. The company owns the power generation assets of four hydropower plants on the mainstream of the Yangtze River, namely Three Gorges, Gezhouba, Xiluodu, and Xiangjiaba.

Constellation Energy Corp producer of carbon-free energy and a supplier of energy products and services. The company offers generating capacity that includes nuclear, wind, solar, natural gas, and hydroelectric assets. It sells electricity, natural gas, and other energy-related products and sustainable solutions to various types of customers, including distribution utilities, municipalities, cooperatives, and commercial, industrial, public sector, and residential customers in markets across multiple geographic regions. Its operating segments and reporting units are Mid-Atlantic, Midwest, New York, ERCOT, and Other Power Regions.

Vistra Corp. is one of the largest power producers and retail energy providers in the USA. It owns 44 gigawatts of generation capacity, including natural gas (27 GW), nuclear (6.5 GW), coal (8.7 GW), and solar and battery storage (1.4 GW). The Cogentrix acquisition will add 5.5 GW of gas generation. Vistra's retail electricity business serves 5 million customers in 20 states, including almost a third of all Texas electricity consumers. Vistra emerged from the Energy Future Holdings bankruptcy as a stand-alone entity in 2016.

ACWA Power Co is engaged in developing, investing, operating, and maintaining power generation, water desalination, and green hydrogen production plants, and bulk sale of electricity. The company's segments include Thermal and Water Desalination, Renewables, and Others. It generates maximum revenue from the Thermal and Water Desalination segment. Geographically, the company generates maximum revenue from Saudi Arabia, followed by other markets in the Middle East and Africa.

Vestas is a leading manufacturer of wind turbines with the highest installed capacity under service in the world. The firm operates two business segments: power solutions and services. The power solutions segment designs, manufactures, and installs onshore and offshore wind turbines. The services segment performs operating and maintenance service work on wind turbines.

Huaneng Lancang River Hydropower Inc is engaged in the development and operation of the Lancang River and the surrounding areas of hydropower resources. The company is also engaged in the exploration of solar photovoltaic, wind power, shale gas, and other new energy construction.

Danish company Orsted was named Dong Energy until the sale of all its oil and gas fields to Ineos in 2017, soon after the May 2016 initial public offering. Orsted is now focused on renewable assets, especially offshore wind farms. It operated 9.9 gigawatts of offshore wind farms at the end of 2024. The United Kingdom is the biggest country of operation, ahead of Germany and Denmark. The group intends to develop its footprint outside Europe with projects in Taiwan and in the US. Orsted also operates 4.8 GW of onshore wind and solar assets concentrated in the United States. The company is involved in more traditional utilities business like conventional power plants and gas supply, but these activities are noncore.

Gulf Development PCL is a Thailand-based company mainly involved in the electricity-generating business. The group's principal operations are to generate and sell electricity and steam, store and convert natural gas from liquid to gas, provide satellite services, and operate other businesses in domestic and international markets. It is also involved in the business of renewable energy, such as solar rooftops and biomass energy. The group's reportable segments are: Power business (which generates maximum revenue), Consulting business, Infrastructure business, and Satellite and digital business. Geographically, it derives maximum revenue from Thailand.

Founded in 1947 through a nationalization act, Verbund is the leading power producer in Austria. The Austrian state owns 51% of its capital. Hydro accounts for more than 90% of the total power output. Hydro power is generated from reservoirs and pumped storage plants in the Austrian Alps, and run-of-river plants in Austria and southern Germany. Total hydro capacity amounts to 8.4 GW. Verbund also owns the Austrian electricity grid through its fully owned subsidiary AP. In 2021, the firm acquired 51% of Gas Connect Austria, a gas transmission and distribution system operator. The group also owns one CCGT and is involved in trading and development of wind and solar capacity.

Axia Energia is engaged in the generation, transmission, and commercialization of electricity in Brazil. The company operates a portfolio of wind, thermal, hydro, and nuclear power plants located throughout the country.

Huadian New Energy Group Corp Ltd is engaged in Development, investment and operation of new energy projects, mainly wind power generation and solar power generation.

Fortum Oyj is a Finnish energy company that operates power plants that use renewable energy sources (hydro, nuclear, and solar power) to sell electricity, heat, cooling, and power products and services. The company mainly operates in Nordic and Baltic countries, Russia, Poland, and India. Its main divisions of the company are generation (large-scale power production), city solutions (sustainable energy solutions), Russia (all Russian operations), technology and new ventures (research and development and in-house incubator for startups), mergers and acquisitions, and solar and wind development. The company's operating segments are Generation, Consumer Solutions, and Other Operations.

China Resources New Energy Holdings Co Ltd is engaged in investing in, developing, operating and managing wind and solar power plants.

EDP is a vertically integrated utility company and is the largest generator, supplier, and distributor of electricity in Portugal. In addition to Portugal, EDP has sizable operations in Spain, Brazil, and the US. EDP owns 71% of EDP Renovaveis, the fourth-largest wind power owner/operator in the world. EDP delisted Energias do Brasil in August 2023 after buying out the 46% minorities.

Uniper SE is a Germany-based energy generation and energy trading company. The firm operates through three segments: Flexible Generation, Greener commodities, and Green Generation. The Green Generation segment comprises emission-free power generation plants that the Uniper Group operates in Europe. The Flexible Generation segment comprises the power and heat generation plants that the Uniper Group operates in Europe to flexibly meet grid operators' requirements. The Greener Commodities segment bundles the energy trading and optimization activities and forms the commercial interface between the Uniper Group and the globally traded markets for energy and the major customers. The majority of revenue is derived from the Greener Commodities segment.

Adani Green Energy Ltd is a renewable energy company. It builds, owns, and operates power plants powered by renewable sources of energy like solar and wind. The company has two reportable segments: renewable power generation and other related ancillary activities; and the sale of solar power equipments.

PT Barito Renewables Energy Tbk, along with its subsidiaries, operates as a geothermal and wind energy power producer in Indonesia. Its project portfolio comprises Wayang Windu, Salak, Sidrap I, and Darajat. The company generates maximum revenue from the generation and sale of electricity in Indonesia.

Hyosung Heavy Industries Co Ltd provides technology solutions in the field of heavy electric power and develops industrial machinery. The company is involved in various construction projects such as housing, redevelopment and reconstruction. The company also offers welding solutions, gear solutions, and system and engineering solutions.

Kansai Electric Power is a Japanese publicly listed utility headquartered in Osaka and founded in 1951. It generates electricity from nuclear, thermal, hydroelectric and renewable assets and supplies power and gas to residential, commercial and industrial customers. The group also operates transmission and distribution infrastructure through regulated businesses and provides telecommunications, real-estate and other services. Revenue is earned from energy sales, network charges and contracted services rather than investment-management fees. Kansai develops and invests in energy and infrastructure assets in Japan and overseas, using its operating expertise in regulated networks. In 2019 it participated with Equitix and CNIC in the acquisition of Electricity North West, the British distribution-network operator. Iberdrola's 2024 acquisition of the target subsequently provided a full strategic exit for the prior shareholder group.

First Solar designs and manufactures solar photovoltaic panels, modules, and systems for use in utility-scale development projects. The company's solar modules use cadmium telluride to convert sunlight into electricity. This is commonly called thin-film technology. First Solar is the world’s largest thin-film solar module manufacturer. It has production lines in Vietnam, Malaysia, the United States, and India.

SDIC Power Holdings Co Ltd is engaged in investment and construction, management of energy projects based on electric power generation, development and operation of renewable energy projects, high technology and eco-friendly industries, development and operation of the products associated with electric power, as well as consultancy. The company mainly operates its businesses in the domestic and overseas markets.

Norsk Hydro ASA is an aluminium and renewable energy company. The company owns and operates businesses and holds investments in sustainable industries. Its operations span multiple market segments, including aluminum, energy, metal recycling, renewable energy, and batteries, providing expertise across these areas. The company's reportable segments are Hydro Bauxite & Alumina, Hydro Energy, Hydro Aluminium Metal and Hydro Extrusions and Hydro Metal Markets activities. The majority of the company's revenue is derived from the Hydro Extrusions segment, which delivers products within extruded profiles, building systems and precision tubing, and operates several recycling facilities, both integrated with its extrusion plants and separate plants.

EDP Renovaveis, a 71%-owned subsidiary of integrated Portuguese utility EDP, was created in 2007. It builds, develops, and operates renewable plants, mostly wind and solar. With 20.4 gigawatts of installed capacity at end-2025, EDP Renovaveis is the third-largest European renewables player. The group's plants are mainly located in the U.S, Spain, Portugal, Poland, and Brazil.

Public Power Corp SA is a public electric utility company with the Hellenic Republic as its main shareholder. The company is involved in generating, transmitting, and distributing electric energy. The company, along with its subsidiaries, operates a variety of power plants, including natural gas, coal, hydroelectric, wind, and solar plants. PPC majorly generates electricity from its thermal energy facilities. The company is divided into segments including Production/Supply, which includes production from lignite, oil, natural gas, and renewable energy sources, as well as lignite mining in support of production and supply activities in Greece and Romania. Other segments include the Distribution network and others.

China Three Gorges Renewables is one of China’s largest renewable energy producers. The firm operates wind farms, photovoltaic power plants, hydroelectric power plants, and energy storage projects. CTGR has a total generation capacity of about 48.0 gigawatts as of the end of 2024. In particular, the firm is also one of the largest offshore wind farm operators in China, with 7.0 GW of installed capacity at the end of 2024, representing about 17% of China’s total capacity. Parent company, China Three Gorges, a state-owned enterprise, owns approximately 52.6% of CTGR’s issued shares as of the end of 2024.

GD Power Development Co Ltd is a China-based company engaged in electricity and heat production and sales; coal sales, power grid operation, development and application of new energy projects, high-tech, and environmental protection industries; information consulting; power technology development consulting and technical services, office buildings and venues Leasing (under the following branches) inspection and maintenance of power generation, transmission, and substation equipment; communication business; water treatment and sales.

Longyuan is China’s largest wind farm operator, with consolidated installed wind capacity of 30.4 gigawatts as of end-2024. It has wind farms spread across China, and has also expanded into other countries such as Canada and South Africa. Longyuan owns other renewable assets such as solar, geothermal, and tidal energy. The consolidated installed capacity mix is about 73.9% wind, 26.0% solar, and the remainder in other renewables. China Energy Investment, which was created through the merger of China Guodian Corporation and China Shenhua Group, is the major shareholder with a controlling stake of about 58.6%.

TBEA Co Ltd is a China-based company that offers energy business solutions to service providers. The company distributes electric power transmission and transformation equipment. It provides solutions such as green technology, smart environmental protection, energy equipment for turnkey projects, and system solutions that range from surveying to design, construction, installation, and commissioning, as well as integration of training, operation, and maintenance. It also promotes the construction of green and efficient power grids. The company has a business presence in China and other countries.

China Resources Power, or CR Power, is one of China’s largest independent power producers. The firm operates wind farms, photovoltaic power plants, hydroelectric power plants and thermal power (coal-fired and gas-fired) plants, which are situated mostly in eastern, central and southern China, with a total attributable operational generation capacity of about 72.4 gigawatts as of end-2024. Renewable energy accounts for about 47.2% of its capacity. China Resources Holdings, a key state-owned conglomerate, owns approximately 62.9% of CR Power’s shares outstanding.

LONGi Green Energy Technology is one of the largest integrated solar company in the world. It produced 106 gigawatts of solar silicon wafers and 70 GW of solar modules in 2024. Solar silicon wafer and solar module contributed 10% and 80% of revenue in 2024, respectively. LONGi’s products are sold in more than 150 countries and regions.

Siemens Energy India Ltd is engaged in energy sector. The company offers fully integrated products, solutions and services across the energy value chain of oil and gas production, power generation and transmission for various customers such as utilities, independent power producers and engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) companies comprising of the entire part of the business.

SPEEH Hidroelectrica SA is the electricity producer in Romania in terms of electricity produced, a large hydro player in Europe and the main provider of ancillary services in Romania, playing an instrumental role in the security of the NES. The Company is the only producer of electricity from a hydro source that operates dispatchable production units in Romania.

Nextpower (and its subsidiaries) is a leading provider of intelligent, integrated solar tracker and software solutions used in utility-scale and distributed generation solar projects around the world. Nextpower's products enable solar panels in utility-scale power plants to follow the sun’s movement across the sky and optimize plant performance. Nextpower has operations in the United States, Mexico, Spain and other countries in Europe, India, Australia, the Middle East, Africa, and Brazil.

Datang International Power Generation Co Ltd is one of five state-controlled independent power producers in China. The power generation businesses of the Company and its subsidiaries cover provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions across the country, whereas the coal-fired power generators of the Company are centralized in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and southeast coastal regions. The majority of the hydropower projects are located in the southwest region. Wind power and photovoltaic power projects are distributed across the country in areas with abundant resources. The operating segments of the group are the Power and heat generation segment and the Other segments.

Guangxi Guiguan Electric Power Co Ltd is engaged in the generation and distribution of electricity in China.

Nordex SE is a German company that develops, manufactures, services, and markets wind power systems. The company manages its activities via Projects and Service segments. The projects segment includes all activities associated with the development, production, assembly and commissioning of wind turbines and project development business. The services segment encompasses services and projects for existing turbines after their handover to customers. In particular, this includes technical services such as maintenance and remote monitoring of wind farms as well as repair and technical enhancements for existing turbines. The majority of the sales are done through the projects segment.

Goldwind Science & Technology Co Ltd manufactures, and markets wind turbines & other solutions. It has four segments. The wind turbine generator manufacturing & sale segment engages in research & development, manufacture & sale of wind turbine generators & spare parts; the wind power services segment provides wind power construction, post-warranty service & asset management services; the wind farm development segment engages in the development of wind farms, which includes wind power generation service provided by the Group’s wind farms & its sales; & the others segment mainly engages in the operation of water treatment plants under the service concession arrangements. Its key revenue is from Wind turbine generator manufacturing & sales. Geographically, the key revenue is from China.

Darling Ingredients Inc is a developer and producer of sustainable natural ingredients from edible and inedible bio-nutrients, creating a wide range of ingredients and customized specialty solutions for customers in the pharmaceutical, food, pet food, animal feed, industrial, fuel, bioenergy and fertilizer industries. It processes by-products from the animal agriculture and food industries into ingredients and products for human nutrition, animal feed, crop inputs, and renewable energy applications. The company operates processing facilities across multiple countries and produces collagen, including gelatin and hydrolyzed collagen, as well as renewable energy products.

JSW Energy Ltd is an Indian electric utility company and member of the Jindal Group business conglomerate. JSW Energy segments Thermal and Renewables. Thermal: Comprises of generation of power from coal and other thermal sources from plants and Renewables: Comprises of generation of power from renewable energy sources i.e. hydro, wind, solar and related ancillary services. owned and related ancillary services. Geographically, it generates a majority of its revenue from India.

Enlight Renewable Energy Ltd develops, finances, constructs, owns, and operates utility-scale renewable energy projects. The company’s operating segments are the MENA segment, Europe segment, U.S.A segment, and Others. It generates the majority of its revenue from the Europe segment, which produces its revenue from the sale of the electricity that is produced through wind energy and solar energy in Europe.

Brookfield Renewable is a globally diversified, multitechnology owner and operator of clean energy assets. The company's portfolio consists of hydroelectric, wind, solar, and storage facilities in North America, South America, Europe, and Asia and totals over 40 gigawatts of installed capacity. Brookfield Renewable invests in assets directly, as well as with institutional partners, joint venture partners, and through other arrangements. The company offers two separate listings for investors: Brookfield Renewable Partners and Brookfield Renewable Corp.

A renewables developer, Acciona Energia was spun off from Spanish industrial conglomerate Acciona in July 2021. The floating share is 16%. Seventy-one percent of Acciona Energia's capacity is onshore wind, 26% in solar photovoltaic, and the bulk of the rest is battery. Thirty-five percent of its capacity is in Spain. The three biggest markets outside Spain are the US, Mexico, and Australia.

Meridian Energy is one of New Zealand’s leading utilities. It is the largest electricity producer in the nation, with a third of the market, and the fourth-largest energy retailer, with about 15% of the market by customer numbers. It generates 100% renewable electricity, mainly from large hydroelectric schemes in the South Island. It also owns a geographically diversified portfolio of wind farms.

ENGIE Brasil Energia SA develops, operates, and commercializes electric energy power plants in Brazil. The company is engaged in segments namely Transmission, Trading, Gas Transportation, and Generation. The majority of the revenue generated by the company is from the Generation segment.

REC Ltd is a non-banking financial company operating in India. The company's main objective is to finance and promote power sector projects on the subcontinent. REC provides loan assistance to numerous state power utilities, private sector project developers, central power sector utilities, and state governments. REC investments include power generation, power transmission, power distribution, and other system improvement initiatives. REC is also instrumental in implementing several initiatives spearheaded on behalf of the government of India, including rural electrification. It comprises only one business segment-lending to power, logistic and infrastructure sector. The majority of its revenue derives from long-term financing.

NHPC Ltd is an electric utility company, of which the Indian government owns the vast majority of shares. The company produces electricity through the operation of its portfolio of hydroelectric power plants located across India. Electricity generation (including income from embedded Finance/ Operating leases) is the principal business activity of the Company. NHPC generates a majority of its revenue from the sale of energy to state electricity boards, state energy departments, and their successor companies via long-term agreements. The company has made efforts to expand its electric production capacity with thermal, wind, and solar power generating facilities. NHPC operates its power development and secondary consulting businesses exclusively in India.