E.N. Shoham Business Valuation Multiples

Bajaj Finance Ltd is the holding company for various financial services businesses under the Bajaj Group, which operates in India. The company is an NBFC in India offering payments, partnerships, services, and lending solutions to customers. The company's model is focused on the acquisition of customers and offering multiple loans and services on a cross-sell basis to meet their financial service needs. The company provides discretionary spending across consumer electronics, furniture, and digital products in India. The company's strategies and structure are closely aligned with those of commercial banks in India. All of its revenue is generated from India.

Tata Capital Ltd is a Non-banking Finance company. The company is engaged in lending and investing activities. The company is engaged in providing and supplying different services and products in the financial services sector and operates across various areas of business: Commercial Finance, Consumer Loans, Wealth Services and distribution and marketing of Tata Cards.

Mitsubishi HC Capital is a Japanese leasing and asset-finance group headquartered in Marunouchi, Tokyo, and listed on the Prime Market of the Tokyo Stock Exchange (code 8593). It was formed on April 1, 2021 by the merger of Mitsubishi UFJ Lease & Finance and Hitachi Capital, uniting a lineage that runs back to Diamond Lease, established in 1971, and Hitachi Leasing, founded in 1968 as Japan's first manufacturer-backed general leasing company. The group earns lease income, installment-sale and financing margins, and asset-sale gains from companies and public bodies in Japan and overseas. Its segments cover customer solutions and vendor finance in Japan, overseas regions, environment and energy, aviation, logistics, real estate and mobility. In aviation it leases aircraft and engines, sells engine parts and arranges Japanese operating leases; in logistics it owns marine-container lessor CAI and railcar lessor PNW Railcars; and it runs about 1.2 GW of solar and onshore wind capacity in Japan while holding a stake in European Energy. The group had 7,950 consolidated employees at March 31, 2026, and its principal shareholders are Mitsubishi Corporation and Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group.

Muthoot Finance Ltd is a non-deposit-taking, non-banking financial company with thousands of branches in India. The company's main business is providing personal and business loans to individuals who do not have access to formal credit. The loans are typically secured by gold jewelry. The company also offers some microfinance loans and housing loans to customer segments and areas that are underserved by banks. Interest income accounts for nearly all the company's revenue. It has operations in Sri Lanka and India, with India providing almost all the company's revenue.

Aditya Birla Capital Ltd is a financial service provider. The company's products include Non-Bank Financial Services, Housing Finance, Life Insurance, Asset Management, General Insurance Broking, Stock and Securities Broking, Health Insurance and Other Financial Services. Its operating segments consist of Lending, and Investing and Others. The Lending segment consists of Loans (personal, business, etc.), loan against property, structured finance, working capital loans, wealth management, distribution of financial products, etc. The Investing and Others segment includes investments in Group companies Geographically, it derives a majority of its revenue from India.

Chailease Holding Co Ltd provides various services of leasing and financing. Its main products and services include leasing, installment sales, accounts receivable transfer management, import/export financing, and direct financing to corporations and small and medium-sized enterprises. The majority of the company's revenue is derived in the form of interest income. Geographically, the company generates maximum revenue from Taiwan, followed by China, ASEAN, and other regions.

Credit Acceptance Corp is a consumer finance company that specializes in automobile loans. These loans are offered through a U.S. nationwide network of automobile dealers that benefit from sales of vehicles to consumers who could otherwise not obtain financing. The company also benefits from repeat and referral sales, and from sales to customers responding to advertisements for financing, but qualify for traditional financing. The company derives its revenue from finance charges, premiums earned on the reinsurance of vehicle service contracts, and other fees. Of these, financing charges, including servicing fees, are by far a source of revenue.

Authum Investment & Infrastucture Ltd is an Indian non-banking financial company that is engaged in the business of providing loans and making investments/trading in shares and securities.

Blue Owl Capital Corp is a specialty finance company and business development company (BDC) focused on providing direct lending solutions to U.S. middle-market companies. The company seeks to generate current income and, to a lesser extent, capital appreciation by targeting investment opportunities with favorable risk-adjusted returns, including senior secured, subordinated, or mezzanine loans and equity-related instruments. Its investment strategies are intended to generate favorable returns across credit cycles with an emphasis on preserving capital.

Piramal Finance Ltd main business is providing loans to customers for construction or purchase of residential property, loans against property, loans to real estate developers, loans to SMEs, Consumption loans, etc. Its loan products are Home Loan, Construction Loan, Renovation Loan, Extension Loan, Business Loans, Loan Against Property, Small Business Loan, Working Capital Loan, Personal Loan, Used Car Loan, Group Loan, Loan Against Securities, Loan Against Car, Insurance Services, Interest Rates & Disclosures, Wholesale Lending, Alternatives, etc. The company's business segments are Retail Lending, Wholesale Lending, Alternatives, and Life Insurance. The Company has identified only one reportable business segment & geographical segment as it deals mainly in lending business within India.

Mahindra & Mahindra Financial Services Ltd is a nonbanking financial company engaged in financing new and pre-owned auto, utility vehicles, tractors, passenger cars and commercial vehicles through its pan India branch network. The company has a diversified lending portfolio across retail, small and medium enterprises and commercial customers with a presence in rural and semi-urban India. The company has two segments : Financing Activities, that includes financing and leasing of automobiles, tractors, commercial vehicles, SMEs and housing finance.; and Other reconciling items which consists insurance broking, asset management services and trusteeship services. It derives maximum revenue from Financing Activities.

Nelnet Inc is a United States based company engaged in these four reportable segments; Loan Servicing and Systems focuses on student and consumer loan origination services and servicing, loan origination and servicing-related technology solutions, and outsourcing business services; Education Technology Services and Payments segment provides education services, payment technology, and community management solutions for K-12 schools, institutions, churches, and businesses; Asset Generation and Management segment includes the acquisition and management of student and other loan assets; and Nelnet Bank focuses on the private education and unsecured consumer loan markets. Maximum revenue for the company is generated from its Education Technology Services and Payments segment.

Blue Owl Technology Finance Corp. (OTF) is an American specialty finance company regulated as a business development company that originates loans to, and makes debt and equity investments in, technology companies, mainly software businesses based in the United States. It is externally managed by Blue Owl Technology Credit Advisors, an SEC-registered adviser within the Credit platform of Blue Owl Capital Inc., and it earns interest, fees and investment gains on its portfolio for its shareholders. Blue Owl launched its software lending strategy in 2018, and at 30 September 2024 OTF held investments in 146 portfolio companies with an aggregate fair value of $6.4 billion, 77% of the combined portfolio being first-lien loans. In late 2024 OTF agreed to merge with its sister fund Blue Owl Technology Finance Corp. II, with OTF as the surviving company, which on a pro forma basis would raise its total assets to about $15.8 billion and make it the largest software-focused BDC. Craig Packer is chief executive and Erik Bissonnette president.

Hercules Capital Inc is a specialty finance company focused on providing senior secured loans to high-growth, venture capital-backed, and institutional-backed companies in a variety of technology and life sciences industries. The company's primary business objectives are to increase its net income, net investment income, and net asset value (NAV) through its investments mainly in structured debt or senior secured debt instruments of venture capital-backed and institutional-backed companies across a variety of technology-related industries at attractive yields. It finances companies belonging to computer software and hardware, networking systems, semiconductors, medical devices, bio-pharmaceutical, and other related sectors.

OSB Group PLC is a specialist mortgage lender, focused on carefully selected segments of the mortgage market. The company provides loans to entities and individuals, secured on residential property held for investment purposes and secured on commercial and semi-commercial properties held for investment purposes or for owner-occupation. It provides development loans to small- and medium-sized developers of residential property. The company also provides funding lines (loans) to non-bank finance companies secured against portfolios of financial assets, principally mortgages and leases, and loans under hire purchase, leasing, and refinancing arrangements to UK SMEs and small corporates to finance business-critical assets.

Encore Capital Group Inc is an international specialty finance company. It provides debt recovery solutions for consumers and property owners across a broad range of financial assets. The company purchases portfolios of defaulted consumer receivables at deep discounts to face value and manages them by working with individuals as the consumers repay their obligations and work toward financial recovery. Encore has only a reportable segment portfolio purchasing and recovery.

Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corp provides agricultural real estate and rural housing mortgage loans in the secondary market in the U.S. Its operations consist of seven reportable segments: Farm & Ranch, which generates maximum revenue, Corporate AgFinance, Power & Utilities, Broadband Infrastructure, Renewable Energy, Funding, and Investments. The company purchases eligible mortgage loans secured by first liens on agricultural real estate and rural housing under the Farm & Ranch line of business. Its subsidiary purchases portions of certain agricultural, rural development, business and industry, and community facilities loans guaranteed by the USDA. Geographically, the company's operations are spread across different regions in the United States.

Kruk SA is the leader in the debt collection industry. It manages debts purchased on its own account and contracted by third parties. The group manages bank debt (the main client category), debts owed to loan brokers, insurance companies, leasing firms, fixed-line and mobile phone operators, cable TV companies, digital TV platforms and FMCG companies. The Group manages debt in three segments consumer debts, mortgage debts and corporate debts. Consumer debts include retail and unsecured. Mortgage debts include retail, and secured. Corporate debts include mortgage-backed and non-mortgage-backed. Geographically the company operates in segments Poland, Romania, Italy, Spain, and Other foreign markets.

Hoist Finance AB is principally engaged in purchasing portfolios of nonperforming loans. The company runs a business as a debt-restructuring partner to international banks and financial institutions. It acquires both unsecured and secured NPLs, mainly from banks and other financial institutions. The company operates in approximately 14 European markets and is a regulated credit market company under the supervision of the Swedish FSA.

Paragon Banking Group PLC, is a specialty finance company that provides diversified banking services to clients. The company operates two core businesses: Mortgage Lending and Commercial Lending. The Mortgage Lending includes the Group's buy-to-let and owner-occupied first and second charge lending and related activities. Commercial Lending, includes the Group's equipment and motor finance leasing activities, together with development finance, structured lending, and other offerings targeted towards SME customers.

Sixth Street Specialty Lending Inc is a specialty finance company focused on providing flexible, fully committed financing solutions to middle market companies located in the United States of America. The company partners with other companies across a variety of industries and provides creative solutions with complex business models that may have limited access to capital. The company seeks to generate current income in U.S.-domiciled middle-market companies through direct originations of senior secured loans and, to a lesser extent, originations of mezzanine and unsecured loans and investments in corporate bonds and equity securities.

Trinity Capital Inc is an internally managed, closed-end, non-diversified management investment company. Its investment objective is to generate current income and, to a lesser extent, capital appreciation through investments across five distinct vertical markets. The company is focused on achieving its investment objective by operating as a specialty lending company that provides debt, including loans, equipment financings, and asset-based lending, to growth-oriented companies, including institutional investor-backed companies. Its investment portfolio mainly comprises private companies that have begun to have success selling their products to the market and need additional capital to expand their operations and sales.

Ellington Financial Inc is a specialty finance company. Its primary investment objective is to generate attractive, risk-adjusted total returns for its shareholders by making investments. The company has two reportable segments; The Investment Portfolio Segment is focused on investing in a diverse array of financial assets, including residential and commercial mortgage loans, residential mortgage-backed securities, non-mortgage- and mortgage-related derivatives, debt and equity investments in loan origination companies, and other strategic investments, and The Longbridge Segment is focused on the origination and servicing of reverse mortgage loans. It acquires reverse mortgage loans both through its origination activities and through secondary market purchases.

Cymbria Corp is a Canada-based investment company. The investment objective of the company is to provide long-term capital appreciation through a concentrated portfolio of companies.

Triumph Financial Inc is a financial holding company based in the United States. Along with its subsidiaries, the company operates in four reportable segments: Banking, Factoring, Payments, and Intelligence. The Banking segment, which generates maximum revenue, includes the operations of TBK Bank, offering traditional banking services. The Factoring segment provides working capital solutions to the trucking industry through the purchase of invoices generated by carriers at a discount. The Payments segment provides payment, audit, and other banking services for the over-the-road trucking industry, and the Intelligence segment operates to turn the over-the-road trucking data collected through the services offered into actionable insights for its customers.

Atlanticus Holdings Corp invests in the financial services industry. It provides various credit and related financial services and products to or associated with the financially underserved consumer credit market. The operating business segments are the Credit as a Service (CaaS) and the Auto Finance segment. It generates maximum revenue from the Credit as a Service segment.

Goldman Sachs BDC Inc is a non-diversified, closed-end management investment company that elected to be regulated as a business development company focused on lending to middle-market companies. The investment objective is to generate current income and, to a lesser extent, capital appreciation primarily through direct originations of secured debt, including the first lien, unitranche and second lien debt, and unsecured debt. It invests primarily in U.S. middle-market companies such as banks and the public debt markets. The company focuses on the negotiation and structuring of the loans or securities in which it invests and holding the investments in its portfolio to maturity. It generates majority revenue in the form of interest income and dividend income.

Orchid Island Capital Inc is a specialty finance company that invests in residential mortgage-backed securities. The principal and interest payments of its RMBS are guaranteed by the Federal National Mortgage Association, the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, or the Government National Mortgage Association, and are backed by single-family residential mortgage loans. The company's investment portfolio is divided into two categories namely traditional pass-through Agency RMBS; and structured Agency RMBS, such as collateralized mortgage obligations, interest-only securities, inverse interest-only securities, and principal-only securities, among other types of structured Agency RMBS.

B2 Impact ASA is a Nordic-based debt management company and a pan-European debt solutions provider active in purchasing non-performing loans, debt collection, and third-party debt collection. The company offers solutions to the challenges created by defaulted loans through transparent and ethical debt management, builds financial health, and provides liquidity to financial institutions, contributing to a healthier financial system. The Group's services include debt collection, debt purchase, and third-party debt collection. Its main business lines are investments in non-performing loan (NPL) portfolios and servicing of debt, including third-party debt collection, with operations focused on unsecured and secured asset management across multiple European markets.

Intrum AB is a provider of credit management and related financial services. The company operates in segments namely, servicing segment, which provides clients with comprehensive credit management across all markets; and Investing segment, where banks and other institutions are selling their non-performing loans, to focus on their core business, free up capital, improve liquidity, limit the risk of doubtful payment profiles and improve key performance indicators. The company operates in Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, and others.

Lufax Holding Ltd is principally engaged in core retail credit and enablement business to both borrowers and institutions in the People's Republic of China (the PRC). The company address the large unmet demand for personal lending among small business owners as well as salaried workers in China and provides tailor-made wealth management solutions to China's middle class and affluent population.

Barings BDC Inc operates as a closed-end, non-diversified investment company and has elected to be treated as a business development company. The company's investment objective is to generate current income by investing directly in privately held middle-market companies to help these companies fund acquisitions, growth, or refinancing. It employs fundamental credit analysis and targets investments in businesses with low levels of cyclicality and operating risk relative to other businesses in this market segment. The holding size of each position will generally be dependent upon a number of factors including total facility size, pricing and structure, and the number of other lenders in the facility.

Kayne Anderson BDC Inc is an externally managed, closed-end, non-diversified management investment company that has elected to be regulated as a business development company that invests primarily in first-lien senior secured loans, with a secondary focus on unitranche and split-lien loans to middle-market companies. Its investment objective is to generate current income and, to a lesser extent, capital appreciation primarily through debt investments in middle-market companies.

PRA Group Inc is a leader in acquiring and collecting nonperforming loans. The company returns capital to banks and other creditors to help expand financial services for consumers in the Americas, Europe, and Australia. It is also engaged in providing fee-based services on class action claims recoveries in the United States. The company's portfolio segments include; Core, which is engaged in purchasing and collecting nonperforming loans, which the originators have not chosen not to pursue, and the Insolvency segment which is engaged in purchasing and collecting nonperforming loans where the customer is involved in a bankruptcy proceeding.

Banca Ifis is an independent banking group specializing in the provision of banking and other financial services. It specializes in providing factoring services, managing distressed loans, servicing and managing non-performing, secured loans, and offering leasing services, among other activities. The company's operating segments are Commercial & Corporate Banking, NPL, and Governance & Services and Non-Core. A majority of its revenue is generated from the Commercial & Corporate Banking segment, which represents the Group's commercial offerings dedicated to businesses and also includes personal loans with the assignment of one-fifth of salary or pension. This segment consists of the factoring, leasing, and corporate banking & lending business areas.

Credit Corp operates in the distressed consumer debt market. In its core business, it acquires purchased debt ledgers, or PDLs, in Australia and is expanding this business globally by buying PDLs in the United States. These PDLs consist of unsecured debt that are at least six months in arrears and have already been through a collection process. Since 2012, Credit Corp also diversified its business into providing consumer credit to customers who are unable to gain access to credit from primary sources such as banks because of a poor credit history. Its consumer credit business is gaining scale, but can be subject to increased regulatory scrutiny as it grows.

Bain Capital Specialty Finance Inc is an externally managed, closed-end, non-diversified management investment company. The company's objective is to provide risk-adjusted returns and current income to investors by investing predominantly in middle-market companies with between $10.0 million and $150.0 million in annual EBITDA. Its portfolio of investments includes First Lien Senior Secured Loan, Preferred Equity, Equity Interest, Warrants, and Second Lien Senior Secured Loan among others.

Heartland Group Holdings Ltd is engaged in the operation of the reverse mortgage. Geographically it operates in both New Zealand and Australia. It offers business loans, rural loans, home loans, car loans , personal lending services and others. Further, it is also involved in saving and deposits activity and also provides internet banking services.

PennantPark Floating Rate Capital Ltd is a closed-end, externally managed, non-diversified investment company. Its investment objectives are to generate both current income and capital appreciation by investing in Floating Rate Loans and other investments made to U.S. middle-market companies. The company believes that Floating Rate Loans to U.S. middle-market companies offer attractive risk-reward to investors due to the limited amount of capital available for such companies and the potential for rising interest rates. The company generates revenue in the form of interest income on the debt securities and dividends.

Velocity Financial Inc is a United States-based real estate finance company. The company originates and manages investor loans secured by residential rental and small commercial properties. The company earns revenue in the form of interest income. It operates in New York, California, Florida, New Jersey, and other states.

Jana Small Finance Bank Ltd is engaged in the banking sector. The company is engaged in savings accounts, current accounts, Deposits, Insurance, Loans such as secured business loans, microloans against property, MSME loans, affordable housing loans, term loans to NBFC, loans against fixed deposits, two-wheeler loans, and gold loans. It operates in four segments namely the Treasury segment, Corporate/Wholesale Banking segment, Retail Banking segment, and Other Banking Operations segment. The retail banking segment includes lending to and deposits from retail customers and the identified earnings and expenses of the segment. Maximum revenue is generated from the Retail Banking segment.

Nuveen Churchill Direct Lending Corp is a specialty finance company focused predominantly on investing in senior secured loans to private equity-owned U.S. middle market companies. It invest in senior secured loans that typically pay floating interest rates and are senior in the capital structure to junior debt and equity.

eGuarantee Inc provides services to undertake credit risks that arise in the various business transaction. The company's services include Guarantee services against sales credit, Guarantee services against contractor credit, Guarantee services by debtor's trust, and Guarantee services against a variety of credit.

Grenke AG is a financial services company that, under a franchise model, provides operational infrastructure, and other support services. The firm retains the right to acquire the franchisee based on a predetermined formula and time frame. Grenke's reporting segments include; The Leasing segment which generates key revenue, and consists of financing to commercial lessees, rental, service, protection and maintenance offerings, and the disposal of used equipment. The Banking segment acts as a financing partner, particularly to small- and medium-sized companies, and the Factoring segment offers traditional factoring services with a focus on small-ticket factoring. Geographically, the majority of the company's revenue is generated from France and rest from Italy, Germany and other regions.

BFF Bank SpA is an independent specialty finance company engaged in three business units; Factoring & Lending BU, which offers products such as non-recourse factoring, lending, and credit management mainly to public sector suppliers and public administration bodies, Securities Services BU, which deals with custodian banking for investment funds and related services such as fund accounting, and transfer agents for national managers and banks and for various investment funds such as pension funds, mutual funds and alternative funds, and Payments BU, which deals with payment processing, corporate payments, and cheques and bills and has as customers medium-small Italian banks, medium-large companies and boasts a partnership with Nexi.

Menif Financial Services Ltd is engaged in providing mezzanine financing for equity to promoters and contractors in the construction industry. It offers financing for reinforcement and construction projects, small construction evacuation projects, and large-scale construction evacuation projects.

Sailfish Royalty Corp is engaged in the acquisition of royalty and streaming agreements. The company's portfolio has two main assets on stage projects in the Americas: a gold stream equivalent to a 3% NSR on the San Albino gold project and a 2% NSR on the rest of the area surrounding San Albino in northern Nicaragua; and an up to 3% NSR on the Spring Valley gold project in Pershing County, Nevada, and others.

Aye Finance Ltd is a non-banking financial company - middle layer (NBFC-ML) focused on providing loans to micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) across India. It offers a range of business loans for working capital and business expansion needs, against hypothecation of working assets or against security of property to customers across manufacturing, trading, service and allied agriculture sectors. The company operates in a single reportable segment i.e. granting loans, which has similar risks and returns. The company's offerings include Mortgage Loans, Property Loans, Secured Hypothecation Loans, and Unsecured Hypothecation Loans. Geographically, it operates across India.