M.W. Trade Valuation Multiples

UnitedHealth Group is one of the largest private health insurers and provides medical benefits to about 51 million members globally, including 1 million outside the US as of December 2024. As a leader in employer-sponsored, self-directed, and government-backed insurance plans, UnitedHealth has obtained massive scale in medical insurance. Along with its insurance assets, UnitedHealth's Optum franchises help create a healthcare services colossus that spans everything from pharmaceutical benefits to providing outpatient care and analytics to both affiliated and third-party customers.

Elevance Health remains one of the leading health insurers in the US, providing medical benefits to 46 million medical members as of June 2025. The company offers employer, individual, and government-sponsored coverage plans. Elevance differs from its peers in its unique position as the largest single provider of Blue Cross Blue Shield branded coverage, operating as the licensee for the Blue Cross Blue Shield Association in 14 states. Through acquisitions, such as the Amerigroup deal in 2012 and MMM in 2021, Elevance's reach expands beyond those states through government-sponsored programs, such as Medicaid and Medicare Advantage plans, too. It is also an emerging player in pharmacy benefit management and other healthcare services.

Cigna primarily provides pharmacy benefit management and health insurance services. Its PBM and specialty pharmacy services, which were greatly expanded by its 2018 merger with Express Scripts, are mostly sold to health insurance plans and employers. Its largest PBM contract is with the Department of Defense (current contract through 2029), and it recently won a multiyear deal with top-tier insurer Centene. In health insurance and other benefits, Cigna primarily serves employers through self-funding arrangements, and the company operates mostly in the US with 17 million US and 2 million international medical members covered as of December 2024.

Humana is one of the largest private health insurers in the US, and the firm has built a niche specializing in government-sponsored programs, with nearly all its medical membership stemming from Medicare, Medicaid, and the military's Tricare program. Beyond medical insurance, the company provides other healthcare services, including primary-care services, at-home services, and pharmacy benefit management.

Molina Healthcare Inc provides medical insurance plans through Medicaid, the individual exchanges, and Medicare. The company operates in four reportable segments consisting of: 1) Medicaid; 2) Medicare; 3) Marketplace; and 4) Other. It manages health benefit risks for more than 5 million people, with more than 85% of those members coming through contracts with state governments for their Medicaid programs. Medicaid contracts in four states-California, New York, Texas, and Washington-account for over half of its enrollees.

HealthEquity Inc provides solutions that allow consumers to make healthcare saving and spending decisions. It provides payment processing services, personalized benefit information, the ability to earn wellness incentives, and investment advice to grow their tax-advantaged healthcare savings. It manages consumers' tax-advantaged health savings accounts (HSAs) and other consumer-directed benefits (CDBs) offered by employers, including flexible spending accounts and health reimbursement arrangements (FSAs and HRAs), and administers Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (COBRA), commuter and other benefits. It also provides investment advisory services to customers whose account balances exceed a certain threshold. HealthEquity generates its revenue in the United States.

WEX Inc is a commerce platform that provides seamlessly embedded, personalized payments solutions. The company operates three business segments: Mobility, Benefits, and Corporate Payments. Mobility segment, the top segment by revenue, provides fleet vehicle payment solutions, transaction processing, and information management services for commercial and government fleets. The Corporate Payments segment offers business-to-business payment processing and transaction monitoring services. The Benefits segment generates revenue from healthcare payment products and its consumer-directed software platform. Its prime end market is the United States of America.

Benefit Systems SA is Poland based company which is engaged in providing work benefits in the area of sport, recreations, culture and entertainment. Its products portfolio includes MultiSport Plus card, program that allows access to the sport and recreation clubs and multi-purpose facilities as well as Mybenefit, Benefitlunch, Multibilet, Multikafeteria and others.

Clover Health Investments Corp is a healthcare technology company. It focuses on empowering Medicare physicians to proactively manage chronic diseases through its proprietary software platform, Clover Assistant. This cloud-based solution provides personalized insights to physicians, enabling early detection and management of chronic conditions. It operates in one segment: Insurance, through which it offers PPO and HMO plans to Medicare Advantage members in several states.

Progyny Inc is a benefits management company specializing in fertility, family building, and women's health benefits solutions. Its clients include employers across various industries. The fertility benefits solution consists of treatment services (Smart Cycles), access to the Progyny network of high-quality fertility specialists that perform the Smart Cycle treatments, and active management of the selective network of high-quality provider clinics.

Pluxee NV is a company providing employee benefits and engagement. The company offers products and services focused on their real daily needs from meal orders to expense reports and well-being. The company's operating segments include: Continental Europe; Latin America; and Rest of the world. It derives maximum revenue from Continental Europe. Geographically, the company derives maximum revenue from Brazil.

Hapvida Participacoes Investimento SA is the medical-hospital and dental care company. The company and its subsidiaries are mainly engaged in the sale of health insurance plans and delivering the majority of medical assistance at its own hospitals, clinics, imaging diagnostics and laboratories; and the sale of dental insurance plans for services provided by an accredited network.

WAG Payment Solutions PLC, formerly Eurowag is a pan-European integrated payment & mobility platform focused on the commercial road transport industry. The group's business involves the provision of services to the CRT industry which is focused on two primary segments: Payment solutions, comprising energy payments through pre-pay or post-pay fuel cards and toll payments; and Mobility solutions, comprising tax refund services; telematics; smart routing apps; and other adjacent services.

GoodRx Holdings Inc is a consumer-focused digital healthcare platform that aims to lower the cost of healthcare in the United States. It operates a price comparison platform that provides consumers with curated, geographically relevant prescription pricing, and provides access to negotiated prices through codes that can be used to save money on prescriptions across the United States. GoodRx generates revenue from core business from pharmacy benefit managers (PBMs) that manage formularies and prescription transactions including establishing pricing between consumers and pharmacies. It also offers various healthcare products and services, including pharma manufacturer solutions, subscriptions, and telehealth services.

Evolent Health Inc is engaged in healthcare delivery and payment. The company supports health systems and physician organizations in their migration toward value-based care and population health management. It provides specialty care management services in oncology, cardiology, musculoskeletal markets and holistic total cost of care management along with an integrated platform for health plan administration and value-based business infrastructure under one go to market package. The primary solutions provided by the company include specialty care management services, total cost of care management, and administrative services.

Metropal Kurumsal Hizmetler AS is a Turkish fintech company operating as MetropolCard, which provides an electronic payment system that enables companies to manage, track, and audit employee meal allowances online through smart cards.

AIFU Inc is an independent financial services provider in China. It offer end-to-end business solutions spanning compliance, technology, products, services, capital flow and professional training. It connects customers with insurance protection, retirement planning, health management, asset management, and family governance services. The company operated in two segments: the insurance agency segment, which derives maximum revenue, consists of providing agency services for distributing life insurance products and non-life insurance products on behalf of insurance companies, and the claims adjusting segment consisting of providing pre-underwriting survey services, claims adjusting services, disposal of residual value services, loading/unloading supervision services and consulting services.

Value HR Co Ltd provides health management services through value cafeteria system. The company is engaged in the planning, development, operation, and management of the welfare support system; and the provision of health management and healthcare support services.

Personal Group Holdings PLC is a UK-based insurance company that provides benefits and services focused on improving employee health, well-being, and engagement. The group is principally engaged in providing short-term accident and health insurance and providing salary sacrifice technology products. It offers a range of employee benefits, from retail discounts to salary sacrifice schemes, including cycle to work, childcare vouchers, home technology, and a range of in-house insurance products such as hospital cash plans, death benefits, and convalescence cover. The company manages its business into four reportable segments, namely Affordable Insurance, which generates key revenue, Benefits & Reward, and the Other segment.

Qualicorp Consultoria e Corretora de Seguros SA provides insurance brokerage, consulting and management services, and holds equity interests in other companies. The company operates through its subsidiaries in segments that include private health plans, the sale and management of other health insurance and supplementary services, medical billing, insurance brokerage, authorization of client access to the health plan's network, and specialized care management services.

eHealth Inc is a company involved in private health insurance marketplace with a technology and service platform that provides consumer engagement, education and health insurance enrollment solutions. The company operates its business in two segments: Medicare which provides health insurance plans and lesser extent ancillary products such as dental and vision insurance and hospital indemnity plans, to medicare eligible consumers; and Employer and Individual provides individual and family health insurance, and small business health insurance plans and Individual Coverage Health Reimbursement Arrangements. It derives maximum revenue from Medicare Segment. All of the company's revenue is from the United States. It also has a presence in China.

LM Pay Spolka Akcyjna is a company provides financing of medical services. The company's priorities are ensuring full data security, reliable credit risk assessment that protects patient finances.

GoHealth Inc is a health insurance marketplace and Medicare-focused digital health company whose purpose is to compassionately ensure consumers’ peace of mind when making healthcare decisions so consumers can focus on living life. It offers Medicare plans, including, but not limited to, Medicare Advantage, Medicare Supplement and prescription drug plans. Its proprietary technology platform leverages modern machine-learning algorithms, powered by over two decades of insurance purchasing behavior, to reimagine the process of matching a health plan to a consumer’s specific needs.