IRB(Re) Valuation Multiples

Berkshire Hathaway is a holding company with a wide array of subsidiaries engaged in diverse activities. The firm's core business segment is insurance, run primarily through Geico, Berkshire Hathaway Reinsurance Group, and Berkshire Hathaway Primary Group. Berkshire has used the excess cash thrown off from its operations to acquire Burlington Northern Santa Fe (railroad), Berkshire Hathaway Energy (utilities and energy distributors), and the companies that make up its manufacturing, service, and retailing operations (which include Precision Castparts, Lubrizol, Clayton Homes, Marmon, and IMC/ISCAR). The conglomerate is unique in that it is run on a completely decentralized basis. Berkshire is expected to generate close to $375 billion in revenue in 2025.

Munich Re was founded in 1880 by Carl Thieme amid a flurry of other reinsurance companies set up independently of primaries. In those early days, most reinsurers typically focused on a few strong customers. Thieme focused on a broader set of cedents to drive stronger growth in premiums. This coincided with a strategy of risk diversification and a preference to partner rather than take on a one-sided transfer of risk. In the 1890s, Munich Re introduced the first machinery insurance. After Thieme and Wilhelm von Fink founded Allianz, this was the main channel to sell insurance on machinery. We believe the approach of partnering with insurers and preferring to avoid one-sided risk, in conjunction with combining inspection and insurance services, remains at the heart of the firm.

Great-West Lifeco is one of the Big Three Canadian life insurers. The firm's Canadian business contributed around 30% of adjusted earnings. The firm generates a further 32% of adjusted earnings from the United States, attributable to its recordkeeping business, Empower, and its US life insurance business. Great-West Lifeco also offers various products across European markets with a strong presence in the UK and Ireland, which collectively accounted for 20% of adjusted earnings, while the firm's reinsurance business accounts for the remainder. Great-West Lifeco had around CAD 3.5 trillion of assets under administration across its business segments at the end of September 2025.

Swiss Re is a reinsurer that has three core divisions: P&C reinsurance, life and health reinsurance, and corporate solutions. Swiss Re was founded in 1863 when the general manager of Helvetia sought to stem the flow of reinsurance premiums outside Switzerland. Moritz Grossmann argued he could cut the premiums paid to foreign firms, still make a profit, and pay mid-single-digit dividends. Swiss Re is now the second-largest reinsurer in the world by market capitalization, with 80 offices around the world and approximately 15,000 employees. While the business did lose its way in the early part of the millennium, led by an investment banker who heavily invested in securitizations, Swiss Re has recently focused on establishing quality within its three core divisions.

Fairfax Financial is a Canadian diversified financial holding company headquartered in Toronto, built around property and casualty insurance and reinsurance. Through 26 decentralised insurance companies, including Odyssey Group, Brit Insurance and Crum & Forster, it writes about $33 billion of gross premiums a year and ranks among the top 20 property and casualty insurers worldwide. It earns from underwriting and from investing its insurance float: its consolidated investment portfolio, managed by Hamblin Watsa Investment Counsel with a long-term value approach, exceeds $70 billion. Fairfax also owns non-insurance businesses in consumer services, retail, logistics, agriculture, hospitality and banking, including Recipe Unlimited, Sleep Country Canada and Bauer Hockey. The company traces back to Markel Service of Canada, incorporated in 1951; V. Prem Watsa took control of Markel Financial, a trucking-insurance specialist, in 1985 and renamed it Fairfax Financial Holdings in 1987, and he remains chairman and chief executive with the controlling voting interest. Since 1985 book value per share has compounded at 18.7% a year. In 2025 Fairfax reported revenue of $33.6 billion, net income of $4.77 billion and total assets of $107.8 billion, with more than 60,000 employees. It is listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange and is a member of the S&P/TSX 60 index.

Hannover Re is a reinsurance company headquartered in Hannover, Germany. Its roots go back to the 1920s when, in conjunction with the Gerling Group, Haftpflichtverband founded Eisen- und Stahl-Industrie to provide reinsurance services. In the 1960s ownership of the business was turned over to Haftpflichtverband, and Aktiengesellschaft für Transport und- Rückversicherung was founded. This was the basis of Hannover Re. The business expanded into life and health reinsurance in the 1990s, and over the next 30 years expanded beyond its core domestic market of Germany to write business internationally. Hannover sold its commercial specialty insurance business to Talanx in January 2019. Hannover was listed in the 1990s on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange.

Talanx is the third largest insurer in Germany. It sells insurance to businesses, individuals, and reinsurers other insurers. The origins of Talanx go back to the early 1900s and the founding of two mutuals in Germany, HDI and FSV, that were set up to provide liability insurance to the German iron and steel industry, and fire insurance to the German mining industry as a result of a growing dissatisfaction with providers of insurance. These two mutuals merged to form Halfplichtverband der Deutschen Industrie, or HDI, in 1970. Over the years companies outside of metals and mining have joined the mutual. HDI started providing reinsurance services in the mid-1920s, and individual insurance in the 1950s. HDI owns just over three-quarters of the Talanx share capital.

Arch Capital Group Ltd is a Bermuda company that writes insurance and reinsurance with operations in the United States, Canada, Europe, Australia, and the United Kingdom. The business operates through three underwriting segments: insurance, reinsurance, and mortgage. The insurance segment provides specialty risk solutions to clients across various industries. The reinsurance segment provides reinsurance services which cover property catastrophe, property, liability, marine, aviation and space, trade credit and surety, agriculture, accident, life and health, and political risk. The mortgage business provides risk management and risk financing products to the mortgage insurance sectors through platforms in the U.S., Europe and Bermuda.

Markel's primary business is property and casualty insurance. The company focuses primarily on specialty lines, ranging from areas such as executive liability to commercial equine insurance. The acquisition of Alterra in 2013 added substantial reinsurance operations, which now account for a little over 10% of premiums. The company uses capital generated by its insurance operations to buy noninsurance operations in diverse areas, such as bakery equipment manufacturing and residential homebuilding.

Reinsurance Group of America Inc is an insurance holding company with operations in the United States, Latin America, Canada, Europe, Africa, Asia, and Australia. The core products and services include life reinsurance, living benefits reinsurance, group reinsurance, health reinsurance, financial solutions, facultative underwriting, and product development. The company's operations are divided into traditional and financial solution businesses.

Everest Group Ltd is a Bermuda-based reinsurance and insurance organization. It operates in the Reinsurance and Insurance business. It is a financial services institution focused on diversifying its portfolio and geographic presence. Through direct and indirect subsidiaries operating in the U.S. and internationally. The Insurance operation writes property and casualty insurance directly and through brokers, surplus lines brokers, and general agents within the U.S., Bermuda, Canada, Europe, and South America. The Company conducts business through two reportable segments, Reinsurance and Insurance.

Mapfre SA engaged in insurance activity in its various lines of business, both life and non-life, finance, securities investment, and services. It has Insurance business units in Iberia, Brazil, Latam north, Latam south, North America and Eurasia also Assistance unit, Global risks unit and Reinsurance unit around the world. Key revenue comes from Iberia. Mapfre also provides health and other non-life insurance policies.

RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd provides reinsurance and insurance solutions and related services. The company's core products include property, casualty and specialty reinsurance. Revenue is derived from three sources: net premiums earned from the insurance and insurance products sold; net investment income from the investment of capital funds and cash; and other income from the company's joint ventures, advisory services, and other items. The reportable segments of the company are the Property segment which includes catastrophe and other property reinsurance, and the Casualty and Specialty segment which is comprised of casualty and specialty reinsurance. It derives a majority of its revenue from the Casualty and specialty segment.

Brookfield Wealth Solutions Ltd, formerly Brookfield Reinsurance Ltd operates a capital solutions business providing insurance and reinsurance services to individuals and institutions. Through its subsidiary, the company offers a broad range of insurance products and services, including life insurance and annuities, and personal and commercial property and casualty insurance. The Company's reporting segments are Annuities, P&C, Life Insurance and Corporate and Other. Majority revenue is generated from Annuities segment followed by P&C.

China Taiping Insurance Holdings Co Ltd is a holding company that, through its subsidiaries, sells insurance products and offers a variety of investment management services. The company sells life, property and casualty, reinsurance, and pension insurance products. The firm also operates asset management and real estate management services. The majority of China Taiping Insurance's income is derived from life insurance, with the People's Republic of China contributing a portion of the company's revenue. The Group comprises business segments: the life insurance business, PRC property and casualty insurance business, Overseas property and casualty insurance business, reinsurance business, and Others. The majority of revenue is generated from the life insurance business.

Axis Capital Holdings Ltd is a specialty underwriter and provider of insurance and reinsurance solutions with operations in Bermuda, the United States ("U.S."), Europe, Singapore, and Canada. The company manages its portfolio holistically, aiming to construct an optimum consolidated portfolio of funded and unfunded risks. The company's segment consists of AXIS Insurance and AXIS Reinsurance. The company generates the majority of its revenue from the Insurance segment. Geographically, the company generates the majority of its revenue from the United States.

Scor is the world’s sixth-largest reinsurer, selling nonlife and life reinsurance. Scor Global Life insures life insurance and annuities. This means in its co-insurance agreements Scor shares in premiums and claims of life insurance contracts that have been sold by a primary insurer. In its excess of loss agreements, Scor reimburses a primary insurer for claims that are filed above an agreed amount. Scor also sells property and casualty reinsurance in coinsurance and excess of loss. Historically, Scor has been better in specialist lines and not as good in lines where there is a large potential for loss.

China Reinsurance (Group) Corp is mainly engaged in property and casualty reinsurance, life and health reinsurance, primary property and casualty insurance, asset management and other businesses. Its operating and reportable segments are Property and casualty reinsurance segment offers a wide variety of reinsurance products; Life and health reinsurance segment offers a wide range of reinsurance products; Primary property and casualty insurance segment offers a wide variety of insurance products and other businesses including motor, property and liability insurance; Asset management segment offers asset management services; and Other segments of which majority of revenue comes from Primary property and casualty insurance.

General Insurance Corp of India is a reinsurance company. It provides reinsurance for business lines, including fire (property), marine, motor, Personal Accident, engineering, agriculture, aviation/space, health, liability, credit, financial, and life insurance. The group provides services in Domestic and International market.

Hamilton Insurance Group Ltd is a specialty insurance and reinsurance company. It operates globally, with underwriting operations in London, Dublin, Bermuda, and the United States. It operates three principal underwriting platforms (Hamilton Global Specialty, Hamilton Select, and Hamilton Re) that are categorized into two reporting business segments: International and Bermuda.

Santam Ltd is a South African general insurance group. The company offer a range of policies against eventualities such as property damage, motor accidents, loss of income, crop losses and catastrophe events, as well as reinsurance. The company helps mitigate risk to protect and grow financial wellbeing, and clients’ insured losses are paid out of invested premiums.

SiriusPoint Ltd provides property and casualty reinsurance coverage to insurance and reinsurance companies in the United States, Canada, Bermuda, the United Kingdom, and Europe. The company operates through two operating segments: Reinsurance and Insurance & Services. The company's product portfolio consists of reinsurance contracts for property insurance including both residential and commercial properties, workers' compensation, personal automobile, businesses' general liability insurance, professional liability insurance to protect professional advisors and service providers, agriculture insurance, and mortgage insurance. The majority of the revenue is generated from its Insurance & Services segment.

Coface SA is a property and casualty insurance company. The vast majority of its revenue is generated by its group reinsurance business. Majority of the company's sales are generated in Europe. The company offers credit insurance products to protect companies against potentially uncollected payments from their customers. Coface's plan focuses on risk management. The company considers merger and acquisition investment as a component of its operational growth Plan..

Al-Rajhi Co For Cooperative Insurance is engaged in the provision of cooperative insurance and reinsurance services. The purpose of the company is to conduct cooperative insurance operations and all related activities including re-takaful and agency activities. Its operating segments include Medical; Motor; Property and Casualty; and Protection and Savings. The company generates the majority of its revenue from the Motor segment.

Lancashire Holdings Ltd is a provider of specialty reinsurance products with operations in London, Bermuda, the United States, and Australia. The company has two principal segments: reinsurance and insurance. The company generates the majority of its revenue from the Insurance segment. The Group's reinsurance segment comprises property reinsurance, specialty reinsurance, and casualty reinsurance. The insurance segment is usually written on a direct or facultative basis and comprises aviation insurance, casualty insurance, energy and marine insurance, property insurance, and specialty insurance. Geographically, the company generates the majority of its revenue from the United States and Canada.

Fidelis Insurance Holdings Ltd is a specialty insurer that leverages strategic partnerships to offer tailored insurance solutions. The company classifies its business into two segments, Insurance and Reinsurance. A majority of its revenue is generated from the Insurance segment, which comprises a portfolio of property, marine, aviation and aerospace, political risk, violence and terror, energy, cyber, and other insurance risks. The Reinsurance segment consists of an actively managed property reinsurance book, providing reinsurance and a limited amount of retrocession coverage across the world on a proportional or excess-of-loss basis. Geographically, the company derives its key revenue from the United Kingdom, followed by Bermuda and the Republic of Ireland.

BaoViet Holdings is a Vietnam-based company that provides financial and securities investment services. The firm's services are classified on the basis of five major segments which include Life insurance, Non-life insurance, financial services, Banking services and Real estate operation and other activities. Further, the company has established relations with world-class insurers and reinsurers, including Munich Re, Swiss Re, CCR, Hannover Re, AON, Arthur Gallagher, and Marsh. It is engaged in offering securities brokerage services, underwriting services, custody services, investment advice to investors and trading of securities. The majority of the revenue for the company is generated through interest, dividends and appropriated profits.

Qatar Insurance Company SAQ is engaged in the business of insurance, reinsurance, real estate asset management and information technology-related services. The Group is organised into six business segments, namely, Marine and Aviation Insurance, Property and Casualty Insurance, Health and Life insurance, Real Estate, Advisory, and Investments. The majority of its revenue is derived from the Property and Casualty Insurance segment. The Company operates in Qatar and Other International Countries.

Pozavarovalnica Sava DD is a Slovenia based company engaged in the reinsurance business. It provides reinsurance services such as capacity, capital relief, catastrophe support, and creativity. The group operates through the business segments of the reinsurance business, non-life insurance business, life insurance business, pensions and asset management, and other segment. It generates majority of its revenue from reinsurance business segment. The company carries out its operations in Slovenia and internationally.

Grupo Nacional Provincial S A B is a diversified insurance company offering insurance solutions in Mexico. It is engaged in the provision of life risk protection services, accidents and illnesses, damages, reinsurance and rebounding.

Saudi Reinsurance Co is engaged in providing insurance and reinsurance related services. It operates its business in two reportable segments Property and Casualty and Life and Health. Property and Casualty provide coverage for property and casualty risks, including Engineering, Fire, Marine, General Accident, Specialty, IDI, Motor and other business segments (Whole Accounts, Aviation, Energy, Agriculture and Political Risk etc). Life and Health segment includes Health and Life insurance business lines. These products provide coverage for personal well-being, healthcare expenses, and life protection.

International General Insurance Holdings Ltd is an international specialist commercial insurer and a reinsurer, underwriting a diverse portfolio of specialty lines. The company operates in a portfolio of Energy, Property, Construction, Engineering, Ports and terminals, Financial Institutions, General Aviation, Professional Indemnity, Casualty, Directors and Officers, Political Violence, Forestry, and Treaty Reinsurance. Its operating segment includes Specialty Longtail; Specialty Short tail and Reinsurance.

Conduit Holdings Ltd operates in the insurance industry engaged in providing reinsurance products and services to its clients around the world. It operates in three segments property, casualty and specialty. The majority is from the property division. Geographically, the majority is from the United States and also has its presence in Europe, and other countries across the globe.

Anadolu Hayat Emeklilik AS is engaged in the provision of insurance services in Turkey. The activities of the company involve providing individual and group insurance and reinsurance services relating to group life, individual life, retirement and related personal accident branches, establishing retirement funds, developing internal rules and regulations related to these funds. It also engages in portfolio management, custody contracts and establishes retirement funds.

Greenlight Capital Re Ltd offers property and casualty reinsurance. Its customers are property and casualty insurers, and Greenlight takes on some of their risk in exchange for insurance premiums. It operates through one operating segment: property and casualty reinsurance. It generates revenue through premiums from reinsurance on property and casualty business assumed and income from investments.

Malibu Life Holdings Ltd operates as a annuity reinsurance company. The company has partnered with insurers by providing asset-intensive reinsurance solutions supported by integrated asset management capabilities.

Societe Tunisienne D Assurances & de Reassurances- Star provides insurance and reinsurance. It includes services for both physical and material or immaterial. The company offers a range of life and non-life policies for individual and corporate clients.

Pena Verde SAB offers insurance and reinsurance services. The company also offers direct life, health, casualty, third-party liability, agricultural, fire, automotive, aircraft and boats insurance & reinsurance policies.

Arab Insurance Group BSC is an international insurance company. The company is involved in the provision of general (non-life) and life reinsurance and related service activities. Its Non-Life business consists of property; engineering; marine; accident; whole account and others. Life business mainly involves short-term and long-term policies. The company derives a majority of its revenue from the non-life segment.

AGMA provides insurance and reinsurance broking services. The services provided by the company include automobile, housing and property insurance, assistance, and education annuity.

Dunav Re a.d is a joint-stock reinsurance company. It provides reinsurance protection. It operates in countries such as Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Albania, Turkish part of Cyprus, Germany, Russia, Bulgaria, North Africa (Morocco, Algeria), Asia-Emirates.