CIH Bank Valuation Multiples

JPMorgan Chase is a publicly traded financial services group based in New York that operates through the J.P. Morgan and Chase brands. It serves consumers, small businesses, corporations, institutional investors and government clients in the United States and internationally. Its consumer and community banking activities provide deposit, borrowing and related financial services to individuals and businesses. Commercial and investment banking operations advise clients, arrange capital, extend liquidity, manage financial risk and provide payments and asset-custody services. Asset and wealth management businesses manage investments across multiple asset classes for individuals, financial advisers and institutions. The group earns interest, banking and transaction fees, advisory fees and investment-management income from these activities. It has also made private investments through affiliated vehicles, including the indirect ownership of JPMorgan Private Capital Asia’s investment in Tianrui Cement.

Industrial and Commercial Bank of China was founded in 1984 and is headquartered in Beijing. The bank listed its shares in mainland China and Hong Kong in 2006. It is China's largest by asset scale and by share of lending and deposits. Central Huijin Investment (China's sovereign wealth fund manager) and China's Ministry of Finance are ICBC's two largest shareholders, each with a stake of around 35%. ICBC operates over 15,000 outlets. Of these, 413 outlets are in 49 countries and regions overseas. Corporate banking, retail banking, and wholesale banking accounted for 49%, 39%, and 11% of total revenue, respectively, and 49%, 33%, and 17% of profit before tax in 2025. Overseas banking and other business contributed 14% of total revenue and 9% of profit before tax in 2025.

As one of the Big Four banks, ABC is headquartered in Beijing. The bank evolved from a state-owned specialized bank to a state-controlled commercial bank. It was listed on the Hong Kong and Shanghai Stock Exchanges in 2010. ABC operates a more than 20,000-branch network in China, providing corporate and retail banking products and services, and carries out treasury operations for its accounts or for its customers. Shareholders Central Huijin, China's state-owned investment company, and the Ministry of Finance own 40.14% and 35.29%, respectively. Corporate banking, retail banking, and wholesale banking accounted for 39%, 55%, and 3% of total revenue in 2024, respectively. Rural banking and urban banking contributed 49% and 51%, respectively, of total revenue during the same period.

China Construction Bank, headquartered in Beijing, is China's second-largest bank. It went public on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange in 2005 and listed shares in mainland China in 2007. Central Huijin Investment, China's sovereign wealth fund manager, is the largest shareholder with a 57% share. Fullerton Financial Holdings (a subsidiary of Temasek) is the second-largest shareholder with a 4.99% stake. CCB strives to provide customers with comprehensive financial services. The corporate banking, retail banking, and wholesale banking business segments accounted for 26%, 45%, and 27% of profit before tax, respectively, in 2024.

Bank of America is one of the largest financial institutions in the United States, with more than $3.4 trillion in assets. It is organized into four major segments: consumer banking, global wealth and investment management, global banking, and global markets. Bank of America's consumer-facing lines of business include its network of branches and deposit-gathering operations, retail lending products, credit and debit cards, and small-business services. The company's Merrill Lynch operations provide brokerage and wealth-management services, as does its private bank. Wholesale lines of business include investment banking, corporate and commercial real estate lending, and capital markets operations. Bank of America has operations in several countries but is primarily US-focused.

Founded in 1912 and headquartered in Beijing, Bank of China, or BOC, has evolved through multiple institutional mandates—from central bank to foreign exchange specialist to state-owned trade finance bank—before establishing its current universal banking model. The group was dual-listed on the Hong Kong and Shanghai stock exchanges in 2006. It provides a comprehensive range of financial services to customers across Greater China and overseas. Central Huijin, a Chinese state-owned investment company and BOC's largest shareholder, controls 64%. BOC has the most extensive global reach among Chinese banks, with operations in 64 countries and regions.

HSBC Holdings plc is the London-headquartered parent of the HSBC Group, one of the world's largest banking and financial services organisations, which opened its doors in Hong Kong in March 1865 to finance trade between Europe, Asia and the Americas. Today it serves around 41 million personal, wealth and corporate customers in 56 countries and territories and has about 211,000 employees. It runs four businesses, Hong Kong, the UK, Corporate and Institutional Banking, and International Wealth and Premier Banking, which cover retail and commercial banking, global banking and markets, wealth management and private banking. For 2025 the group reported revenue of $68.3 billion, net interest income of $34.8 billion, profit before tax of $29.9 billion and total assets of $3,233 billion, and CEO Georges Elhedery targets a return on tangible equity of 17% or better, excluding notable items, in each year from 2026 to 2028. Its footprint has been simplified through disposals in Canada and Argentina and the sale of a French retained loan portfolio completed in late 2025, and it privatised Hang Seng Bank with the capital impact falling in January 2026. HSBC shares are listed in London, Hong Kong, New York and Bermuda.

Royal Bank of Canada is one of the two largest banks in Canada, with around CAD 2.5 trillion in assets at the end of July 2026. It is a diversified financial services company, offering personal and commercial banking, wealth management, insurance, corporate banking, and capital markets services. The bank is concentrated in Canada and has dominant market shares. RBC also has wealth and capital markets businesses in the US, UK, and other countries. RBC is a top 15 investment bank globally.

Wells Fargo is a United States financial-services company headquartered in San Francisco. It provides consumer and small-business banking, commercial banking, corporate and investment banking, and wealth and investment management. Customers include individuals, households, small businesses, large companies and institutional investors. The company earns revenue from interest on loans, service fees, investment and advisory activities and other banking products. Its operations are concentrated primarily in the United States and include branches, digital banking and corporate financial services. Wells Fargo completed the acquisition of First Interstate Bancorp in April 1996, combining two large western banking networks and creating substantial branch overlap. The current listed company has undergone later corporate combinations, but the existing record represents the buyer identity used for the historical First Interstate transaction.

Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group is the largest bank in Japan in terms of market capitalization and assets, with an 8.4% share of all domestic loans as of March 2025. It is the largest non-Chinese bank group globally and has a balance sheet slightly larger than those of JPMorgan Chase and HSBC Holdings. MUFG’s operations in Japan account for around half of profit, banking in Thailand and Indonesia for around 15%, and equity-method earnings from Morgan Stanley most of the rest.

The Toronto-Dominion Bank (TD Bank Group) is a Canadian multinational bank headquartered in Toronto, formed on February 1, 1955 by the merger of the Bank of Toronto, founded in 1855, and The Dominion Bank, founded in 1869. It serves more than 28 million customers through Canadian personal and commercial banking under the TD Canada Trust brand, US retail banking through TD Bank, N.A., wealth management and insurance, and wholesale banking. TD Canada Trust serves about 15 million customers through roughly 1,060 branches, while TD Bank, N.A. serves more than 10 million customers through about 1,100 branches in 15 US states and Washington, D.C. In fiscal 2025 the bank reported revenue of CAD 67.78 billion, net income of CAD 20.54 billion and total assets of CAD 2.095 trillion, with approximately 102,000 full-time equivalent employees. It earns net interest income on loans and deposits plus fees from wealth management, insurance, cards and capital markets activity. TD was the largest shareholder of TD Ameritrade from 2006 until Charles Schwab acquired it in 2020, and in 2025 it announced the sale of its roughly 10.1% stake in Schwab for about USD 14.6 billion after a USD 3 billion anti-money-laundering settlement with US regulators in October 2024. Raymond Chun is chief executive.

Citigroup is a global financial services group whose banking businesses serve corporations, institutional investors, governments and individual customers. Its core activities encompass Services, Markets, Banking, Wealth and United States consumer cards. Services provides cash management, payments, trade and working capital solutions, together with securities and issuer services across the group’s international network. Markets supplies trading and related financial products, while Banking supports corporate financing and investment banking transactions. Wealth serves investment and financial planning needs, and the consumer card business provides credit products to individuals. The group earns income from lending, transaction and advisory services, investment activities and client asset management, using its cross-border network to connect customers with financial markets and banking services.

Commonwealth Bank is Australia's largest bank with operations spanning Australia, New Zealand, and Asia. Its core business is the provision of retail, business, and institutional banking services. The bank has emphasized its focus on banking in recent years with a numbers of asset divestments in wealth management and insurance.

Santander runs five global businesses: retail and commercial banking, corporate and investment banking, wealth management and insurance, payments, and a digital platform Openbank. Spain is the largest single profit contributor, followed by Brazil, the United States, Mexico and the United Kingdom.

China Merchants Bank was founded in 1987 and is headquartered in Shenzhen. The bank is China's seventh-largest listed bank by assets, with the largest distribution network among China's joint-stock banks. CMB's network has been expanding rapidly. Its outlets are located mainly in China's more developed areas, including the Pearl River and Yangtze River deltas. The firm has 18% and 82% of its shares listed on the Hong Kong and Shanghai exchanges, respectively. It has no foreign strategic investors. China Merchants Group is its largest shareholder, with a 30% stake. Retail banking, corporate banking, and wholesale banking accounted for 49%, 51%, and 0% of total profit before tax, respectively, and 40%, 58%, and 2% of total revenue in 2024.

DBS Group is a Singapore-based banking group offering a full range of services to consumers, small to midsize enterprises, and corporations and institutions. Its main presence is in Singapore and Greater China. The acquisition of Lakshmi Vilas Bank has strengthened DBS' operations in India, and the acquisition of Citibank’s Taiwan operation should bring additional growth in Greater China. DBS' wealth management division is one of the largest in Asia, with assets under management of SGD 488 billion as of December 2025.

Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group is roughly tied with Mizuho Financial Group for the status of Japan’s second-largest bank after Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group. As of March 2025, its market share of domestic loans was 7.3%, compared with 8.4% for MUFG. It has a larger consumer finance business than the other two megabanks, owning 100% of the Promise business and SMBC Card. It also controls one of Japan’s largest leasing companies and SMBC Aviation Capital, one of the top five aircraft lessors globally. In securities, its SMBC Nikko unit is Japan’s third-largest retail broker, although SMFG has lagged somewhat in institutional securities business and asset management.

UBS Group is a publicly listed Swiss banking and wealth-management group headquartered in Zurich. Its businesses span global wealth management, personal and corporate banking in Switzerland, asset management and investment banking. The group serves individuals, family offices, corporations and institutional investors across major financial markets. Revenue comes from advisory and asset-management fees, net interest income, securities trading and underwriting, and other banking services. UBS had controlled UBS Securities since increasing its interest above 50% in 2018. The 2025 acquisition of BSAM's remaining 33% raised UBS's ownership of the mainland Chinese securities company from 67% to 100%. That purchase consolidated a regulated operating subsidiary rather than representing a passive portfolio trade.

Despite its Spanish origins, Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria generates only around one-fourth of its profits in Spain. We expect that on a normalized basis, BBVA's market-leading Mexican bank should contribute half of its earnings, while its Turkish operation should account for another 15%. The balance of BBVA's earnings comes from smaller operations in South America. BBVA is overwhelmingly a retail and commercial bank, with corporate and investment banking forming a minor part of the overall business. BBVA also offers insurance and investment products through its banking networks.

HDFC Bank Ltd company engaged in providing a range of banking and financial services including retail banking, wholesale banking and treasury operations. Its segments are Treasury, Retail banking, Wholesale banking, and Other banking Operations. Majority of incomes if from Retail Banking which consists of digital banking segment which represents business by Digital Banking Units (DBUs) of the Bank. The said DBUs serves retail customers through the Bank's digital network and other online channels; and Non-Digital Banking which serves retail customers through the Bank's branch network and other channels. The bank generates majority of income from Domestic market. Its products are Personal Loan, Car Loan, Business Loan, Two Wheeler Loan, Gold Loan, Home Loan, Pre-Verified Properties, etc.

UniCredit is a pan-European banking group headquartered in Milan, with retail, corporate, investment and private banking operations in Italy, Germany, Austria and Central and Eastern Europe. The group was formed in 1998 through the merger of Credito Italiano and Unicredito and traces its origins to Banca di Genova, founded in 1870. It operates in Germany through HypoVereinsbank and in Austria through Bank Austria, and serves more than 15 million clients. UniCredit is listed on the Borsa Italiana and the Frankfurt Stock Exchange. It reported revenue of EUR 24.8 billion and net income of EUR 9.7 billion in 2024. Its acquisitions include HVB in 2005, Capitalia in 2007, Aion Bank and Vodeno in 2025 and its Italian life insurance joint ventures, and it has built stakes in Commerzbank and Alpha Bank. Andrea Orcel is chief executive.

ICICI Bank Ltd provides banking services. The company's operating segments include Retail Banking; Wholesale Banking; Treasury, Life insurance, Other Banking Business, and Others. The company generates maximum revenue from the Retail Banking segment which includes exposures of the Bank, which satisfy the four qualifying criteria of a regulatory retail portfolio as stipulated by RBI guidelines on the Basel III framework as well as includes income from credit cards, debit cards, third party product distribution, and the associated costs. Geographical segments include Domestic operations and Foreign operations. The company generates the majority of its revenue from the domestic operations.

Bank of Montreal is a diversified financial-services provider based in North America with over CAD 1.47 trillion in assets by the end of fiscal 2025. BMO operates four business segments: Canadian personal and commercial banking, US personal and commercial banking, wealth management, and capital markets. The bank's operations are primarily in Canada, with a material portion also in the US.

Intesa Sanpaolo is an Italian banking group headquartered in Turin, formed on 1 January 2007 through the merger of Banca Intesa and Sanpaolo IMI. It is the largest banking group in Italy, with more than 2,600 branches and about 13.9 million customers there, and it has subsidiary banks in several other European countries. At the end of 2023 the group had 20.8 million customers and 94,400 employees, total assets above 964 billion euros and net income of 7.7 billion euros for the year. Its businesses cover retail and corporate banking in Italy, corporate and investment banking through IMI Corporate and Investment Banking, private banking through Fideuram, asset management through Eurizon and insurance. Its acquisitions include UBI Banca in 2020, the Mooney payments group in 2021 and First Bank in Romania in 2024, and its corporate venture vehicle Neva Finventures makes minority investments in fintech startups. Carlo Messina has been managing director and chief executive since 2013, and the shares are listed on Borsa Italiana.

Capital One Financial is a diversified financial services holding company headquartered in McLean, Virginia. Originally a spinoff of Signet Financial’s credit card division in 1994, the company is now primarily involved in credit card lending, auto loans, and commercial lending. Following the acquisition of Discover in 2025, the firm also has a modest personal loan business, though credit card lending provides the majority of the bank's revenue.

Mizuho Financial Group is roughly tied with megabank peer Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group for the status as Japan’s second-largest bank after Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group. In Japan, Mizuho has more of a corporate focus than SMFG, which has a larger retail business. Its overseas weighting is slightly smaller than that of MUFG. Mizuho expanded in recent years beyond its traditional Japanese borrowers, mainly through its core banking and securities units, focusing on the financing needs of global multinational corporations.

The Bank of Nova Scotia is a global financial services provider with over CAD 1.46 trillion in assets as of the end of fiscal 2025. The bank has four major business segments: Canadian banking, international banking, global wealth management, and global banking and markets. It offers a range of advice, products, and services, including personal and commercial banking, wealth management and private banking, corporate and investment banking, and capital markets. The bank's international operations span numerous countries and are more concentrated in the Latin America region.

BNP Paribas is a French banking group headquartered in Paris, formed when the merger of Banque Nationale de Paris and Paribas was completed on 22 May 2000. Its roots go back to the Comptoir National d'Escompte de Paris, created in 1848, and to the Banque de Paris et des Pays-Bas, created in 1872. It operates in more than seventy countries with roughly 180,000 employees and is organised around Retail Banking and Services and Corporate and Institutional Banking. It is the largest banking group in France and the euro zone and among the ten largest banks in the world by assets. Its subsidiaries include BNP Paribas Fortis, Banca Nazionale del Lavoro, Cetelem, Arval and Hello bank!. It took part in the EUR 25 million financing of the hydrogen-station maker Atawey in January 2023.

Bank of Communications, or Bocom, is the only nationwide state-owned bank with its headquarters in Shanghai. As one of China's four oldest banks, Bocom became China's first state-owned shareholding commercial bank in 1987. Today, Bocom is amid a strategic transformation, building itself into a global wealth-management bank with wide-ranging financial operations, including insurance, brokerage, trust, and asset management.It operates a comprehensive financial services platform that includes corporate finance, personal finance, and money market operations. Bocom is known for its strategic importance in the process of RMB internationalization, particularly with its role as one of the first banks involved in the Cross-Border Interbank Payment System, or CIPS.

Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce, or CIBC, is a Canadian multinational banking and financial services corporation headquartered in Toronto, Ontario. It was created on 1 June 1961 by the merger of the Canadian Bank of Commerce, established in 1867, and the Imperial Bank of Canada, established in 1873, the largest merger between chartered banks in Canadian history. It operates through four strategic business units: Canadian Personal and Business Banking, Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, and Capital Markets. For 2025 it reported revenue of C$29.13 billion, net income of C$8.45 billion, total assets of C$1.117 trillion and C$431 billion of assets under management, with 49,824 employees and 15 million clients. It earns net interest income and fees. Harry Culham is chief executive. CIBC was part of the consortium that bought Aeroplan from Aimia in 2019.

State Bank of India is a bank in India. The bank's business segments include Treasury; Corporate/Wholesale Banking; Retail Banking and Other Banking businesses. The bank generates maximum revenue from the Retail Banking segment. The Retail Banking Segment comprises retail branches, which include Personal Banking activities including lending activities to corporate customers having banking relations with these branches. This segment also includes the agency business and ATMs. Geographically, the Company derives a majority of its revenue from India, It also operates in Foreign Countries.

BNY, formerly BNY Mellon and legally The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation, is a US financial services holding company headquartered at 240 Greenwich Street in New York City. It provides custody, securities servicing, clearing, collateral and liquidity management, payments, asset management and wealth management through businesses such as BNY Pershing, BNY Investments and BNY Wealth. Its clients are mainly institutions, including asset managers, banks, corporations, pension plans and governments, and BNY says it serves 94% of the Fortune 100 and 96% of the top 100 investment managers worldwide; its wealth business also serves individuals. At the end of 2025 BNY had $59.3 trillion in assets under custody and/or administration and $2.2 trillion in assets under management. For 2025 it reported record revenue of $20.1 billion, of which $14.4 billion was fee revenue and $4.9 billion net interest income, and net income applicable to common shareholders of $5.3 billion. The Bank of New York was founded in 1784 with Alexander Hamilton among its founders, merged with Mellon Financial on July 1, 2007 in a $16.5 billion deal, and adopted the shorter BNY brand in June 2024. Its shares trade on the NYSE, under the ticker BNY since May 2026.

Al Rajhi Bank is an Islamic bank with a network of over 500 branches. Its segments include the Retail segment which includes accepting individual customer deposits, providing credit facilities, customer debit current accounts, fees from banking services, and remittance business; the Corporate segment which incorporates deposits of VIP, corporate customer deposits, credit facilities, and debit current accounts, Treasury segment through which it offers treasury services, Murabaha with SAMA and international Mutajara portfolio; and Investment services and brokerage and other that incorporates investments of individuals and corporate in mutual funds, local and international share trading services and investment portfolios.

Postal Savings Bank of China Co Ltd is headquartered in Beijing. The bank provides personal and corporate banking services that include savings business, micro loan, bank cards, settlement businesses, and others.

OCBC Bank is a Singaporean multinational banking and financial services group headquartered at OCBC Centre in Singapore. It was formed on 31 October 1932 through the merger of Chinese Commercial Bank, Ho Hong Bank and Oversea Chinese Bank, led by Tan Ean Kiam and Lee Kong Chian, whose family remains the largest shareholder with about 28%. OCBC provides consumer and business banking, corporate and institutional banking and securities brokerage, private banking through Bank of Singapore, asset management through Lion Global Investors, and life and health insurance through Great Eastern Holdings, in which it raised its stake to 93.72% in October 2024 after a privatisation offer. With S$625.1 billion in assets at the end of 2024, it was the second-largest bank in Southeast Asia by assets. It operates more than 400 branches and representative offices in 19 countries, with major subsidiaries including OCBC Bank (Malaysia), PT Bank OCBC NISP in Indonesia, OCBC China and OCBC Bank (Hong Kong). Bank of Singapore was formed in 2010 from OCBC's purchase of ING Asia Private Bank, and in 2017 OCBC bought National Australia Bank's private wealth business in Singapore and Hong Kong. The bank carries Aa1 and AA credit ratings from Moody's and Standard & Poor's.

With assets of around $695 billion, U.S. Bancorp is one of the largest regional banks in the US with its footprint in 26 states. The bank’s branch network is mostly in Midwestern and Western markets. U.S. Bancorp has a comprehensive product set, with offerings in retail and commercial banking, credit cards, mortgages, payment services, trust, wealth, and capital market services.

CaixaBank SA is a Spanish bank that combines banking, insurance, and equity investment businesses. Its operations include retail banking, corporate banking, cash management, surplus management, and the allocation of income from financing the equity investment business. It consists of business segments of the Banking and insurance business, BPI, and Corporate center. The majority of its revenue comes from the Banking and insurance business. The company has a geographic presence in Spain, Portugal, America, the Rest of the European Union, and the Rest of the world. In which Spain generates the majority of its revenue.

The merger of the Dutch postal bank and NN Insurance in 1991 created ING. Through a series of further acquisitions, ING has built up a global footprint. The 2008 financial crisis forced ING to seek government support—a precondition of which was that ING should separate its banking and insurance activities, which saw ING revert to being solely a bank. ING has market-leading banking operations in the Netherlands and Belgium, and a range of digital banks across Europe and Australia. Its global wholesale banking operation is primarily focused on lending.

PNC Financial is one of the three super-regional banks in the US, with around $574 billion in total assets at the end of Dec. 30, 2025. Headquartered in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, PNC Financial has a coast-to-coast branch network, with a strong presence in the US Midwest and Northeast. It closed its acquisition of FirstBank in January 2026, which added around $26 billion in assets to its balance sheet, and PNC is currently expanding in the Southern and Western regions of the US. The bank provides a diversified set of financial services in retail banking, commercial banking, card and treasury management, asset management, and investment banking. PNC derived around 38% of revenue from fee income and 62% from net interest income in 2025.

Itau Unibanco is a Brazilian financial group headquartered in Sao Paulo and the largest private bank in Brazil. It was formed in 2008 by the merger of Banco Itau and Unibanco, and its shares trade on the Sao Paulo stock exchange under ITUB4 and on the New York Stock Exchange. The group offers retail and commercial banking, credit cards, insurance, asset management, private banking and investment banking through Itau BBA, and it operates in Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay, Colombia and other markets in Latin America. It has grown through acquisitions, among them BankBoston in 2006, Redecard in 2012 and a stake in XP in 2017, and through minority investments in fintechs such as Avenue, Prex and Handy. In 2025 its private banking arm passed R$1 trillion of assets under management and administration.

Westpac is Australia’s oldest bank and financial services group, with a significant franchise in Australia and New Zealand in the consumer, small business, corporate, and institutional sectors, in addition to its major presence in wealth management. Westpac is among a handful of banks around the globe currently retaining very high credit ratings. The bank benefits from a large national branch network and significant market share, particularly in home loans and retail deposits.

National Australia Bank is the most business-focused of the four major banks, holding the largest share of business loans and the number-three spot in home loans. National Australia Bank is currently the second-largest bank by market capitalization, with the franchise covering consumer, small business, corporate, and institutional sectors. Under the UBank brand the bank also owns one of Australia’s largest digital-only banks. Offshore operations in New Zealand round out the group.

ANZ Group is the owner of one of Australia's four major banks and provides retail, business, and institutional banking services to customers in Australia, New Zealand, and Asia-Pacific. The super-regional Asian strategy was de-emphasized, with management focusing on the higher-returning businesses in Australia and New Zealand. ANZ Bank still retains a tilt to its Asia-centric strategy, but is now more balanced, better capitalized, and a simpler bank.

The Netherlands accounts for around 90% of ABN Amro's operating profit. Operationally, retail and commercial banking contributes the majority of the company's operating profit, while ABN Amro continues to reduce its exposure to corporate and investment banking. It views private banking as one of its key growth areas.

Barclays is a universal bank headquartered in the United Kingdom. It operates via five principal segments; Barclays UK (retail), UK corporate bank, private bank and wealth management, investment bank, and US consumer bank. In its UK segment, the bank provides current accounts, mortgages, savings and investment management services, credit cards, and business banking services to retail clients and small and medium-size enterprises. The US consumer bank includes a co-branded credit card and unsecured lending business. The investment bank offers global markets, financing, and advisory services.

Lloyds is a retail and commercial bank headquartered in the United Kingdom. The bank operates via three business segments: retail, commercial banking, and insurance and wealth. In retail, Lloyds offers primarily mortgages (66% of loan portfolio), credit cards, and current accounts to its customers. Its commercial banking operation provides lending, transaction banking, working capital management, and debt capital market services to large companies and financial institutions in the UK. Insurance and wealth round out the product lineup with life and property insurance as well as pension solutions and high-net-worth asset management services.

China Citic Bank, headquartered in Beijing, ranks as China's ninth-largest commercial lender. The bank operates a nationwide network of 1,459 branches across 153 cities, supplemented by offshore presence in Hong Kong, Macao, New York, Los Angeles, and Singapore as of mid-2024. Founded in 1987, it serves as a core subsidiary of Citic Group, a premier state-owned conglomerate.

Japan Post Bank Co Ltd is the successor of the postal-savings system dating to the Meiji era. It was partially privatized in 2015, when the government sold to the public an 11% stake in parent company Japan Post Holdings, which in turn sold 11% stakes in Japan Post Bank and Japan Post Insurance to the public. Japan Post Bank is now 64% owned by Japan Post Holdings, which is majority owned by the government. The law requires Japan Post Holdings to divest itself of Japan Post Bank eventually. Japan Post Bank has 235 direct branches and also accepts deposits and sells investment products at more than 24,000 post offices across the country through a sales-agency agreement with Japan Post (an unlisted subsidiary of Japan Post Holdings).