IHI Valuation Multiples

SpaceX is an American aerospace manufacturer and space transportation company founded in 2002 by Elon Musk and incorporated in Texas, alongside launch and manufacturing sites in Hawthorne, California, Cape Canaveral, Florida, and Vandenberg Space Force Base. The company designs, builds, and operates the Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy rockets, the Dragon crew and cargo spacecraft, and the fully reusable Starship vehicle, and has accounted for the large majority of global mass launched to orbit in recent years on the strength of reusable-rocket economics and a high launch cadence. Its Starlink division operates a low-Earth-orbit satellite constellation delivering broadband internet to more than ten million subscribers across roughly 160 countries, while the Starshield program supplies satellite and connectivity services to government and defense customers. In February 2026 SpaceX combined with Musk's artificial intelligence firm xAI, the developer of the Grok chatbot, which had itself absorbed the social platform X, consolidating space, connectivity, and AI operations under common ownership. The company completed an initial public offering on June 12, 2026, one of the largest in market history, and is led by Musk as CEO.

Applied Materials is the largest semiconductor wafer fabrication equipment manufacturer in the world. It has a broad portfolio spanning nearly every corner of the WFE ecosystem. Applied Materials holds leading market share in deposition, which entails the layering of new materials on semiconductor wafers. It is more exposed to general-purpose logic chips made at integrated device manufacturers and foundries. It counts the largest chipmakers in the world as customers, including TSMC, Intel, and Samsung.

Caterpillar is the world’s leading manufacturer of construction and mining equipment, off-highway diesel and natural gas engines, industrial gas turbines, and diesel-electric locomotives. Its reporting segments are construction, resource, energy, and transportation. Market share approaches 20% across many products. Caterpillar operates a captive finance subsidiary to facilitate sales. The firm has a global reach that is approximately evenly balanced between the US and the rest of the world. Construction skews more domestic, while the other divisions are more geographically diversified. An independent network of over 150 dealers operates approximately 2,800 facilities, giving Caterpillar reach into about 190 countries for sales and support services.

GE Aerospace is an American aircraft engine maker headquartered in Evendale, Ohio, a suburb of Cincinnati, that designs, builds and services engines for commercial and military aircraft. It is the sole remaining business of General Electric, founded in 1892, whose aircraft-engine operations date to 1917; after the spin-offs of GE HealthCare and, in April 2024, GE Vernova, the company took the GE Aerospace name and kept the NYSE ticker GE. Its products include the CFM LEAP, GE9X, GEnx and the T901 turboshaft, and it builds engines through 50/50 joint ventures including CFM International with Safran, Engine Alliance and GE Honda Aero Engines. CFM holds about 39% of the world commercial aircraft engine market and GE Aerospace a further 14%. With an installed base of close to 80,000 commercial and military engines, it earns most of its profit from services, spare parts and overhauls on engines that fly for decades, alongside sales of new engines to aircraft makers, airlines and defence customers. In 2025 it reported revenue of $45.86 billion and employed about 57,000 people. H. Lawrence Culp Jr. is chairman and chief executive.

RTX is an aerospace and defense manufacturer formed from the merger of United Technologies and Raytheon, with roughly equal exposure across three segments, mostly as a supplier to commercial aerospace and to the defense market: Collins Aerospace, a diversified aerospace supplier; Pratt & Whitney, a commercial and military aircraft engine manufacturer; and Raytheon, a defense prime contractor providing a mix of missiles, missile defense systems, sensors, hardware, and communications technology to the military.

Siemens is a German industrial technology group headquartered in Munich that supplies automation, electrification, rail and healthcare equipment, software and services. It was founded in Berlin on October 1, 1847 by Werner von Siemens and Johann Georg Halske as Telegraphen-Bauanstalt von Siemens & Halske. The group reports through Digital Industries (factory automation and industrial software), Smart Infrastructure (buildings and electrical distribution), Siemens Mobility (rolling stock, signalling and rail systems) and Siemens Financial Services, and holds about 75% of separately listed Siemens Healthineers. It sells mainly to manufacturers, utilities, infrastructure owners, transit operators and hospitals, and in fiscal 2025 generated revenue of €78.9 billion and net income of €10.4 billion with about 327,000 employees. In 2020 it spun off Siemens Energy, keeping a 17.1% stake, and bought Varian Medical Systems for US$16.4 billion; in 2025 it added Altair Engineering for about US$10 billion, its largest acquisition, and Dotmatics for US$5.1 billion. Roland Busch has been chief executive since February 2021, and the shares trade on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange as a DAX member.

Deere is the world’s leading manufacturer of agricultural equipment and a major producer of construction machinery. The company is divided into four reporting segments: production & precision agriculture, or PPA, small agriculture & turf, or SAT, construction & forestry, or CF, and financial services, or FS, its captive finance subsidiary. The core PPA business is the largest contributor to sales and profits by far. Geographically, Deere sales are 60% US/Canada, 17% Europe, 14% Latin America, and 9% rest of the world. Deere goes to market through a robust dealer network that includes over 2,000 dealer locations in North America with reach into over 100 countries. John Deere Financial provides retail financing for machinery to its customers and wholesale financing for dealers.

Airbus is a global aerospace and defense firm that designs, develops, and manufactures commercial and military jets and helicopters, as well as space launch vehicles and satellites. The company operates three divisions: commercial, defense and space, and helicopters. Commercial offers multiple configurations of aircraft ranging from the narrow-body (120-200 seats) A220 and A320 series to the much larger A330 and A350 wide-body models. The defense and space segment supplies governments with military hardware, including transport aircraft, aerial tankers, and the Eurofighter Typhoon multirole jet. The helicopter division manufactures turbine helicopters for the civil and public markets.

Schneider Electric is a French energy technology company headquartered in Rueil-Malmaison, near Paris, whose products cover electrification, automation and digitalisation for buildings, homes, data centers, infrastructure and industry. It sells electrical distribution equipment, switches and sockets, building and home automation, industrial control and process safety systems, grid automation, critical power and cooling for data centers, and energy management and industrial software, under brands including Square D, APC, AVEVA, Clipsal, Merlin Gerin, Telemecanique and Modicon. The company earns most of its revenue from product and system sales to distributors, panel builders, contractors, utilities, data-center operators and industrial customers. It reported revenue of 40.15 billion euros and net income of 4.35 billion euros for 2025 and employed about 177,000 people in 2024. Schneider Electric is registered as a Societas Europaea, trades on Euronext Paris as part of the CAC 40 and Euro Stoxx 50 indices, and is led by chief executive Olivier Blum and chairman Jean-Pascal Tricoire. Its history begins in 1836, when brothers Adolphe and Eugène Schneider took over an iron foundry in Le Creusot and founded Schneider-Creusot, a maker of steel, heavy machinery and transport equipment that later refocused on electrical equipment.

ABB is a Swiss-Swedish electrification and automation group headquartered in Zurich and incorporated in Switzerland as ABB Ltd. It was formed in 1988 by the merger of Sweden's ASEA, founded in 1883, and Switzerland's Brown, Boveri & Cie, founded in 1891, creating a group with about $15 billion of revenue and 160,000 employees at the time. Its roughly 20 divisions sit in four business areas: Electrification, Motion, Process Automation, and Robotics & Discrete Automation. It sells electrical distribution products such as circuit breakers, motors and drives, industrial robots and automation systems to industrial, utility, building and infrastructure customers. ABB sold its power grids business to Hitachi in 2020, spun off its turbocharging business in 2022, and in October 2025 agreed to sell its industrial robotics unit, with about 7,000 employees and $2.3 billion of 2024 revenue, to SoftBank Group for $5.4 billion. Major 21st-century acquisitions include Baldor Electric, Thomas & Betts and GE Industrial Solutions. The shares are listed on the SIX Swiss Exchange and Nasdaq Stockholm, and Morten Wierod has been chief executive since August 2024.

Hitachi Ltd is engaged in diverse businesses spanning industries, energy, IT, and real estate. The company operates through four business segments. The Connective Industries segment covers elevators, escalators, home appliances, air conditioning, semiconductor manufacturing equipment, medical analyzers, industrial and distribution solutions, water and environmental solutions, and industrial equipment. The Digital Systems & Services segment offers system integration, consulting, cloud services, IT products, software, and ATMs. The Green Energy & Mobility segment focuses on power grids, renewable energy, nuclear power, and railway systems. The Others include real estate management, sales, and leasing. It generates the majority of its revenue from the Green Energy & Mobility segment.

Founded in 1911 by Joseph Eaton, the eponymous company began by selling truck axles in New Jersey. Eaton has since become an industrial powerhouse largely through acquisitions in various end markets. Eaton’s portfolio can broadly be divided into two parts: its electrical and industrial businesses. Its electrical portfolio (representing around 70% of company revenue) sells components within data centers, utilities, and commercial and residential buildings, while its industrial business (30% of revenue) sells components within commercial and passenger vehicles and aircraft. Eaton receives favorable tax treatment as a domiciliary of Ireland, but it generates over half of its revenue within the US.

Lockheed Martin is the world's largest defense contractor and has dominated the Western market for high-end fighter aircraft since it won the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter program in 2001. Aeronautics is Lockheed’s largest segment, which derives upward of two-thirds of its revenue from the F-35. Lockheed’s remaining segments are rotary and mission systems, mainly encompassing the Sikorsky helicopter business; missiles and fire control, which creates missiles and missile defense systems; and space systems, which produces satellites and receives equity income from the United Launch Alliance joint venture.

Rolls-Royce operates three core business segments: civil aerospace, power systems, and defense. The civil aerospace segment builds engines powering wide-body aircraft, regional and business jets, and offers aftermarket services. Twenty years ago, the firm pioneered full-service flight hour contracts with the TotalCare package. Power systems provides power solutions to multiple end markets (defense, agriculture, marine, and power generation) while the defense business provides military, ground vehicle and naval propulsion solutions.

Boeing is a major aerospace and defense firm operating in three segments: commercial airplanes; defense, space, and security; and global services. Boeing's commercial airplanes segment competes with Airbus in the production of aircraft that can carry more than 130 passengers. Boeing's defense, space, and security segment competes with defense contractors such as Lockheed Martin and Northrop Grumman to create military aircraft, satellites, and weaponry. Global services provides aftermarket support to airlines.

Safran is a Paris-listed aerospace and defence group formed in 2005 from the merger of Snecma and Sagem. Its propulsion division produces aircraft and helicopter engines and provides parts and maintenance over their operating lives. Other businesses supply landing gear, nacelles, electrical systems, avionics, defence equipment and aircraft interiors. Safran participates with GE Aerospace in CFM International, a major supplier of engines for narrow-body commercial aircraft. Airlines, airframers, armed forces and government customers buy the group’s products and services worldwide. Revenue comes from original equipment, aftermarket parts, maintenance and long-term service contracts. Safran acquired Indian test-systems specialist Captronic from Axon Partners in August 2022.

Siemens Energy manufactures a wide range of equipment used to generate and transmit energy. The group is a product of the spinout from Siemens in 2020, consisting of the power and gas segment and Siemens Gamesa, although its operations go back over 150 years. Approximately one-sixth of global electricity generation is based on its technology.

Founded in 1902, Air Liquide is one of the leading industrial gas companies in the world, serving over 3.8 million customers in 78 countries. The company generated approximately EUR 27.9 billion of revenue in 2025, serving a wide range of industries, including chemicals, energy, healthcare, food and beverage, and electronics. Air Liquide employs approximately 65,000 people.

Parker Hannifin started out in 1917 as Parker Appliance, selling pneumatic brakes. Through the acquisition of branded components, the firm has expanded into aerospace engines, agricultural and construction machinery, freight and passenger vehicles, and industrial automation equipment. Within these larger systems, Parker sells a wide array of small, critical pieces such as hydraulic, electromechanical, climate control, and filtration components. Many of its products are designed to work together, resulting in a high rate of cross-selling.

Zhongji Innolight Co Ltd is a China-based company engaged in the research & development, production, and sales of high-end optical communication transceiver modules, 5G wireless networks, telecom transmission, and fixed network access. The company pays attention to technology research and development and promotes products with high speed, Miniaturization, low power consumption, and low cost that are developed to provide cloud data centers of high-speed Optical transceivers for telecom equipment manufacturers 5G Fronthaul, midhaul, and backhaul optical modules are used to transmit optical on metro, backbone, and core networks modules as well as applications for fixed networks.

Mitsubishi Corp. is Japan’s largest general trading house, or sogo shosha, a type of conglomerate unique to Japan. Its core role is that of a trading intermediary in a variety of industrial sectors, including resources businesses like energy and metals as well as non-resources businesses, both industrial ones like automotive and non-industrial ones like food, healthcare, and retail. In addition to acting as a trading intermediary (including midstream processing functions to convert inputs into final products), Mitsubishi also participates in upstream production businesses and downstream distribution businesses.

General Dynamics is a defense contractor and business jet manufacturer. The firm’s segments are aerospace, marine, combat systems, and technologies. General Dynamics' aerospace segment manufactures Gulfstream business jets and operates a global aircraft servicing operation. Combat systems produces land-based combat vehicles such as the M1 Abrams tank and Stryker armored personnel carrier, as well as munitions. The marine segment builds and services nuclear-powered submarines, destroyers, and Navy support ships. The technologies segment contains two main units: an IT business that primarily serves the government market and a mission systems business focusing on electronics that provide command, control, computing, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance capabilities to the military.

Emerson Electric is an American industrial technology company headquartered in St. Louis, Missouri, that makes automation and control systems, measurement and analytical instruments, test equipment, industrial software and professional tools. Its products serve process and discrete industries such as oil and gas, power generation, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, water treatment and heating and air conditioning in more than 150 countries, and it also makes radar and avionics equipment for aerospace and defence. The company was founded on September 24, 1890 by John Wesley Emerson as Emerson Electric Manufacturing Co. to build electric motors, and in 1892 became the first to sell electric fans in the United States. Over the past decade it has reshaped itself around automation: it sold its Network Power business, now Vertiv, to Platinum Equity in 2016, sold its climate technologies business to Blackstone in stages between 2022 and 2024, and bought National Instruments for $8.2 billion in 2023; Aspen Technology is also a subsidiary. Emerson earns its revenue mainly by selling equipment, systems and software to industrial customers. In 2025 it reported revenue of $18.02 billion, operating income of $2.475 billion and net income of $2.293 billion, with about 71,000 employees. It is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is led by chief executive Lal Karsanbhai and chairman Jim Turley.

Vertiv has roots tracing back to 1946 when its founder, Ralph Liebert, developed an air-cooling system for mainframe data rooms. As computers started making their way into commercial applications in 1965, Liebert developed one of the first computer room air conditioning, or CRAC, units, enabling the precise control of temperature and humidity. The firm has slowly expanded its data center portfolio through internal product development and the acquisition of thermal and power management products like condensers, busways, and switches. Vertiv has global operations today; its products can be found in data centers in most regions throughout the world.

3M is a Minnesota-based diversified technology and manufacturing company, founded on 13 June 1902 as the Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company in Two Harbors, Minnesota, and headquartered in Maplewood, a suburb of Saint Paul, since 1962. It makes roughly 60,000 products including adhesives, abrasives, laminates, passive fire protection and personal protective equipment, and consumer brands such as Scotch Tape, Post-it notes and Nexcare bandages. It reported revenue of $24.9 billion and net income of $3.25 billion in 2025 and employed about 60,500 people. In July 2022 it announced the separation of its health care business, which became the independent public company Solventum on 1 April 2024, with 3M initially keeping a 19.9% stake. In 2019 it bought wound care company Acelity for about $6.7 billion.

Atlas Copco is a 140-year-old Swedish company that pioneered air compression technology and remains a leading air compressor manufacturer. Atlas Copco is also a leading manufacturer of vacuum pump equipment, industrial power tools, and portable power and air compression equipment. The company's operations match the geographic breadth of its customers, with a presence in 180 countries. Atlas Copco's revenue is derived from three sources: initial equipment sales, spare parts, and maintenance.

BAE Systems is a British global defense, security, and aerospace company and Europe’s largest defense contractor. It is one of six prime contractors to the US Defense Department. It reports in five segments: Electronic systems provides electronic warfare, avionics, precision weapons, and space systems; cyber and intelligence supplies intelligence, cyber, and security services; platforms and services produces combat vehicles, artillery, munitions, and US ship repair services; air covers combat air production and support, Saudi operations, and interests in Eurofighter, MBDA, and GCAP; and maritime comprises UK warships, submarines, land activities, and the Australian business. From 2027, cyber and intelligence will be integrated into the other segments.

Founded in 1912, Illinois Tool Works has become a diversified industrial manufacturer through acquisitions and innovations that follow customer needs. ITW operates through seven business segments, with no segment representing more than one-fifth of revenue. ITW’s automotive OEM segment sells vehicle components; its food equipment segment sells commercial kitchen appliances; its test and measurement and electronics segment sells inspection and analysis equipment; its welding segment sells welding equipment and consumables; its polymers and fluids segment sells industrial and consumer adhesives, solvents, and coatings; its construction products segment sells building fasteners and tools; and its specialty products segment sells medical, packaging, HVAC, and airport ground equipment.

Northrop Grumman is a diversified defense contractor providing aeronautics, defense, and space systems. The company’s aerospace segment produces autonomous and piloted aircraft such as Global Hawk drones and the B-21 bomber, creates the fuselage for the massive F-35 program, and maintains and upgrades numerous other military aircraft. Defense systems makes artillery and missile ammunition and guidance systems, long-range missiles, and missile defense systems. Mission systems creates and integrates a variety of radar, navigation, and communication systems for avionics, weapons control, and countermeasures on a range of platforms from helicopters to destroyers. Space systems produces satellites, sensors, space structures, and rocket motors.

Howmet Aerospace Inc offers engineered solutions for the aerospace and transportation industries. The company's products and solutions include investment castings for jet engines and industrial gas turbines; seamless rolled rings for jet engines; fastening systems for aerospace, industrial and commercial transportation applications; forged jet engine components (e.g., jet engine disks); machined and forged aircraft parts; and forged aluminum commercial vehicle wheels, all of which are sold directly to customers or through distributors. It has four reportable segments: Engine Products, which derives key revenue, Fastening Systems, Engineered Structures, and Forged Wheels. Geographically, the company derives maximum revenue from the USA, followed by France, Japan, Germany, and other markets.

Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd is engaged in the manufacturing and sale of ships, industrial machinery, and aircraft. The segments of the company are Energy; Plants and Infrastructure Systems; Logistics, Thermal and Drive Systems; and Aircraft, Defense, and Space. The company earns maximum revenue from the energy segment, which handles clean gas, steam power systems, nuclear power systems, compressors, and marine machinery. The Plants and Infrastructure Systems segment of the company deals with commercial ships, engineering, machine tools, and machinery systems; Logistics, Thermal, and Drive Systems provide material handling systems, engines, HVAC systems, and automotive air-conditioners; and the Aircraft, Defense, and Space cover commercial aircraft, defense aircraft, and others. The group also develops nuclear reactor technology and associated engineering capabilities. Its United States advanced pressurised water reactor design was selected for the proposed Comanche Peak expansion in Texas. A subsidiary participated in the development joint venture with Luminant, separately from the existing operating nuclear units.

Cummins is a leading manufacturer of diesel and other engines used in heavy- and medium-duty commercial trucks, off-highway equipment, and locomotives, in addition to prime power and standby generators. The company also sells powertrain components, which include filtration products, transmissions, turbochargers, aftertreatment systems, and fuel systems. Sales are approximately 60% US and Canada and 40% rest of the world. Much of Cummins’ foreign sales (China, India, and so forth) are through joint ventures. The company operates 650 distributors and over 19,000 dealer locations across 190 countries. Cummins’ business model is unique as it competes with many of its heavy-duty truck manufacturer customers, which also make their own engines.

Honeywell traces its roots to 1885 with Albert Butz’s firm, Butz Thermo-Electric Regulator, which produced a predecessor to the modern thermostat. Other inventions by Honeywell include biodegradable detergent and autopilot. Today, Honeywell is a global multi-industry behemoth with one of the largest installed bases of equipment. It operates through four business segments: aerospace technologies, industrial automation, energy and sustainability solutions, and building automation. Recently, Honeywell has made several portfolio changes to focus on fewer end markets and align with a set of secular growth trends. The firm is working diligently to expand its installed base, deriving around one third of its revenue from recurring aftermarket services.

LG Energy Solution is the third-largest battery maker for electric vehicles with about 11% global share in 2024, according to SNE Research. The EV battery segment is the largest revenue contributor, which accounted for more than 60% of total revenue in 2024. LGES also manufactures batteries for mobility, mobile phones, laptops, electrical devices, and energy storage systems. The company was spun off from LG Chem’s battery division in December 2020 and listed on the Korea Exchange in January 2022. It has global manufacturing facilities in Korea, China, Poland, and the United States. Key customers include General Motors, Tesla, Volkswagen, Hyundai, and Stellantis.

Based in Toronto, Barrick is one of the world's largest gold miners. In 2025, the firm sold about 3.3 million attributable ounces of gold and about 220,000 metric tons of copper. At end-2025, Barrick had about two decades of gold reserves along with significant copper reserves. After buying Randgold in 2019 and combining its Nevada mines in a joint venture with competitor Newmont later that year, it operates mines in the Americas, Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. The company also has growing copper exposure, driven by the expansion of its Lumwana mine in Zambia and the development of its Reko Diq copper and gold project in Pakistan. It intends to undertake an IPO of its joint venture stakes in Nevada Gold Mines and Pueblo Viejo along with its Fourmile deposit later in 2026.

TransDigm manufactures and services a broad set of specialized parts for commercial and military aircraft. The firm has three segments: power and control, airframes, and a small nonaviation segment, which serves mostly off-road vehicles and mining equipment. It is an acquisitive holding company focused on buying up smaller firms that make proprietary aerospace products with substantial aftermarket revenue. TransDigm regularly employs financial leverage to amplify its operating results.

Honeywell Aerospace Inc operates as an aerospace and defense supplier of systems and technologies that enable the production, maintenance, and safe operation of aerospace and defense platforms. Its products support original equipment manufacturer (OEM), government, defense prime contractor, and aircraft operator customers across the Commercial Air Transport, Business Aviation, and Defense and Space end markets. The company has three operating segments: Electronic Solutions (ES), Engines & Power Systems (E&PS), and Control Systems (CS ). The majority of revenue is derived from the Electronic Solutions segment, which offers Avionics, Navigation and Sensors, Electromagnetic Defensive Solutions, and Space systems. Geographically, the maximum revenue is generated from the United States.

Elite Material Co Ltd is engaged in the manufacturing and selling of printed circuit boards, copper-clad laminates, electronic-industrial specialty chemicals, raw materials, work-in-progress, and finished goods of electronic components. The Group has three reportable segments: The domestic segment produces and sells different types of printed circuit board products, electronic-industrial specialty chemicals, and electronic components, the Foreign segment produces and sells prepreg for printed circuit board and copper-clad laminate, and the Other segment includes investment and product exchange business. Geographically, it operates in Taiwan, China, and Other countries.

Larsen & Toubro Ltd is a technology, engineering, manufacturing, and financial services conglomerate operating globally. It enters into contracts to construct various facilities, develop solutions for offshore and onshore hydrocarbon projects, serve power plants, build ships, and perform other engineering projects. Its integrated capabilities help customers throughout the entire value chain, from design to delivering a project. The company's operating segments are: Infrastructure projects, Energy projects, Hi-Tech Manufacturing, IT & Technology services, Financial services, Development projects, and other segments. A majority of its revenue is generated from the Infrastructure projects segment. Geographically, the group generates maximum revenue from its operations in India.

Paccar is a leading manufacturer of medium- and heavy-duty trucks under the premium nameplates Kenworth and Peterbilt, which are primarily sold in the Americas and Australia, and DAF, which primarily services Europe and South America. The trucks segment (74% sales) goes to market through a network of 2,200 independent dealers. Paccar maintains an internal finance subsidiary that provides retail and wholesale financing for customers and dealers (6% sales). In recent years, Paccar has aggressively expanded its parts business (20% of sales), including engines, axles, and transmissions for its own truck brands as well as independent producers. The company commands 30% of the Class 8 market share in North America and 15% of the heavy-duty market share in Europe.

Thales is a French aerospace and defense industrial and one of Europe’s largest defense contractors. The company has three segments: defense and security provides sensors, mission systems, communications, and control systems to European and export defense customers; aerospace sells avionics and satellites to the civil, defense, and governmental markets; and digital identity and security provides biometric, data, and identity security solutions, payments services, and the manufacturing of SIM cards.

Sumitomo Corp. is a general trading house, or sogo shosha, a type of conglomerate unique to Japan. Its core role is that of a trading intermediary in a variety of industrial sectors, including resource businesses such as energy and metals as well as nonresource businesses, both industrial ones like machinery and nonindustrial ones like food, media, and retail. In addition to acting as a trading intermediary (including midstream processing functions to convert inputs into final products), Sumitomo also participates in upstream production businesses and downstream distribution businesses.

With roots tracing back to the early 1900s, Rockwell Automation is the successor to Rockwell International, which spun off its avionics segment in 2001. It is a pure-play industrial automation company that operates through three segments. Its largest segment by revenue, intelligent devices, sells factory floor-level devices such as motors, drives, sensors, relays, and actuators. Its software and control segment sells visualization, simulation, and human-machine interface software and control products such as programmable controllers, computers, and operator terminals. Its smallest segment, lifecycle services, offers digital consulting, engineered-to-order services, and other outsourced services such as remote monitoring, cybersecurity, and asset and plant maintenance and optimization.

In addition to its legacy software-defined radio franchise, L3Harris Technologies has through a series of acquisitions established franchises producing uncrewed aerial vehicles, sensors, avionics, space-based systems, missiles, and solid rocket motors. It also adapts civilian aircraft for military use and provides military and commercial training services, and maintains the US Federal Aviation Administration's communications infrastructure.

Coherent Corp is a vertically integrated manufacturing company that develops, manufactures, and markets lasers, transceivers, and other optical and optoelectronic devices, modules, and systems, as well as engineered materials, for use in the communications, industrial, instrumentation, and electronics markets. Its reporting segments are Datacenter Communications and Industrial. Its geographic areas are North America, Europe, China, Japan, and the rest of the world.

Sandvik is a manufacturer of specialized tools and mining equipment used predominantly by global mining, engineering, and automotive customers. The group is composed of three segments: mining and rock solutions, rock processing, and machining. Sandvik was founded in 1862 and listed on the Nordic Exchange in Stockholm in 1901.

ASM International is a Dutch company that supplies deposition equipment for chip fabrication. It is the leader in atomic layer deposition, a precise deposition technique that is required in the most advanced semiconductors. ASM’s main clients are logic foundries TSMC, Samsung, and Intel, as well as memory foundries SK Hynix and Micron Technology. Foundries and wafer fab equipment providers like ASM work closely, which gives the firm insight into the customer’s innovation and product roadmaps. Once a machine is established in a fab, it can generate service revenue for decades.

Komatsu, headquartered in Tokyo, is the world’s second-largest manufacturer of construction, mining, and utility equipment, with a legacy dating back to 1921. Operating in over 150 countries, Komatsu delivers a full suite of heavy machinery, intelligent solutions, and lifecycle services across infrastructure, energy, natural resources, and industrial sectors.