IVE Group Valuation Multiples

Publicis Groupe is a French communications group headquartered in Paris and listed on Euronext Paris. Marcel Bleustein-Blanchet founded it in 1926, and it has grown into one of the largest advertising and communications groups in the world. The group provides creative, media planning and buying, digital marketing, data and public relations services to corporate clients through networks such as Publicis, Saatchi & Saatchi, Leo Burnett, Zenith, Starcom and Performics. It operates in more than 100 countries and employs over 100,000 people. In the Czech Republic it ran its agencies through a holding co-owned with local co-founder Martin Stepanek from 1995 until it took full control of that holding in 2016. Revenue comes from fees and commissions on client campaigns and media spend.

Omnicom is a holding company that owns several advertising agencies and related firms. It provides traditional and digital advertising services that include creative design, market research, data analytics, ad placement, and public relations. The firm operates globally, providing services in more than 70 countries; it generates more than one half of its revenue in North America and nearly 30% in Europe.

Focus Media Information Technology Co Ltd is an advertising company. The company's main business is the development and operation of Life Circle media. Its main products are building media (including elevator TV media and elevator poster media) and cinema screen advertising media, etc., covering the work scenes, life scenes, entertainment scenes, and consumption scenes of the mainstream urban consumer groups, and integrating into a life circle media network.

BlueFocus Communication Group Co Ltd provides marketing and brand management services in China and internationally. It offers marketing and brand management services across various disciplines, including strategy, digital, advertising, media, social, PR, design, branding, CRM, data, e-commerce, and mobile solutions to various multinational companies and Chinese enterprises, such as IT, automobile, consumer goods, real estate, finance, and entertainment industries.

Dentsu Group is the top advertising agency in Japan and the fifth-largest advertising network in the world. It is the oldest advertising agency in Japan, with the original company being established in 1901. Over the years, Dentsu expanded its global footprint through mergers and acquisitions. Currently, international sales account for about 60% of total revenue.

JCDecaux SE is an outdoor advertising company. The company focuses on three main business areas namely Street Furniture, Transport advertising, and Billboard advertising. Street furniture advertising relates to bus stop advertising, newspaper kiosks, public benches, and free-standing panels. Transport which focuses on advertising in land transport networks and airports and Billboard Advertising which concerns the marketing of billboards, neon-light billboards, and advertising wraps. The company generates the majority of its revenue from the Street Furniture segment in the form of Advertising. The company has a geographical presence in Europe, Asia-Pacific, France, the Rest of the world, the United kingdom, and North America.

Headquartered in the United Kingdom, WPP is the world’s largest ad holding company based on annual revenue. Its services, which include traditional and digital advertising, public relations, and consulting, are provided worldwide, with over 70% of its revenue coming from more developed regions such as North America, the UK, and Western Europe. WPP is the largest media buying entity in the world.

Outfront Media Inc is a real estate investment trust involved in the ownership of advertising space on its portfolio of billboards and transit displays. The Company generates revenue in the form of rental income by allowing other companies to advertise on its properties and structures under short-term contracts. Outfront Media segments its operations into the United States and International units. Although it also owns assets in Canada and Latin America, the company derives the vast majority of its revenue from billboard advertising agreements in the U.S. Roughly half of the U.S. division's revenue comes from its displays in the New York City and Los Angeles markets. Outfront Media's customers include entities within the retail, television, healthcare, and entertainment industries.

CyberAgent is a prominent Japanese media company founded in 1998. Its core businesses include internet advertising, online broadcasting platforms, and gaming.

Strive Inc is a structured finance company and institutional asset manager focused on disciplined capital allocation and long term value creation. The company has adopted bitcoin as its hurdle rate for capital deployment because of its fiduciary duty to maximize long-term value for stockholders, and compounding purchasing power over time. It operates in two reportable operating segments: the Asset Management segment, which provides investment advisory services and the Corporate & Other segment, which includes the company's bitcoin treasury operations. The majority of the revenue is derived from the Asset Management segment.

Hakuhodo is the second-largest advertising agency in Japan, and one of the oldest advertising agencies, founded in 1895. Over the years, Hakuhodo has acquired many international companies, and overseas revenue currently accounts for 15% of total sales.

Stroeer SE & Co KGaA is a Germany-based holding company focused on promotional media services outside of the home. It operates in three main business segments, Out of Home (OOH) Media which generates key revenue, Digital & Dialog Media, and DaaS & E-commerce. The OOH Media segment encompasses the Group's entire OOH advertising business, comprising the Classic OOH, Digital OOH, and OOH services product groups. Digital & Dialog Media segment provides solutions for online advertising in the context of proprietary and third-party content. The scalable products marketed on this basis range from branding and storytelling to performance, native advertising, and social media. Geographically, it generates the majority of its revenue from Germany.

Founded in 2008 as a media content platform, Autohome is the leading online automobile platform in China, ranking first among automotive service platforms in terms of mobile daily active users, according to QuestMobile. Through its two websites, autohome.com.cn and che168.com, Autohome delivers comprehensive, independent, and interactive content and tools to automobile consumers as well as a full suite of services to automakers and dealers. According to iResearch, the company was the largest online automotive advertising and lead-generation service provider in China's online auto platform media advertising market, in terms of media services and lead-generation revenue.

Stagwell Inc is the challenger holding company built to transform marketing. It delivers scaled creative performance for the world's ambitious brands, connecting culture-moving creativity with a technology to harmonize the art and science of marketing. The company's segments include Integrated Agencies Network; Brand Performance Network; and Communications Network. It generates maximum revenue from the Integrated Agencies Network segment. Geographically, it derives a majority of its revenue from the United States.

Havas NV is a communications group providing integrated advertising, media, and healthcare-focused communication services. Its has three business lines: (i) Havas Creative, which delivers creative services, from advertising, brand strategy and business transformation to digital and social media solutions as well as public relations and events; (ii) Havas Media, which is dedicated to delivering comprehensive media experiences, through media planning and buying, fan engagement, retail media and e-commerce, as well as data analytics services to optimize client advertising investments; and (iii) Havas Health, which focuses on healthcare and wellness communications, providing specialized marketing services to pharmaceutical companies. The majority of revenue is derived from Havas Creative.

Guangdong Advertising Group Co Ltd is a advertising and marketing company. It provides professional marketing services.

4imprint Group PLC is engaged in the sale and distribution of promotional products. The company operates in two geographical segments; North America and the United Kingdom and Ireland, Out of which a majority of its revenue is derived from the North American segment. Its products comprise apparel, stationery, technology, and food products among others. The company's plan of action involves achieving organic growth. This implies the use of data-driven, offline, and online direct marketing techniques thereby capturing large and fragmented promotional product markets.

Zhewen Interactive Group Co Ltd is engaged in digital marketing, with technology and data driving traffic operations, and digging into the value of traffic. It provides corporate marketing planning, corporate image planning, exhibition and display services; design, production, agency, and advertising.

Hunan TV & Broadcast Intermediary Co Ltd operates in the advertising industry.

CHEIL Worldwide Inc is a Korean-based advertising and media firm. The company mainly provides strategic, creative, experimental, digital and creative solutions. Its services involve brand activation and retail marketing. It also provides its clients around the world with integrated marketing solutions.

Plan B Media PCL is principally engaged in providing advertising media production, advertising space, and airtime rental services. The group has two principal reportable segments, which are the Out-of-home media segment comprising advertising media production, advertising space and airtime rental services, and Engagement marketing segment comprising sports marketing and artist management. The majority of its revenue is derived from the Out-of-home media segment.

APG SGA SA is a Swiss out-of-home advertising media company. As a media company, it transports advertising messages into public and private areas with posters, screens, and related media as promotions and mobile advertising. This media performance is generated in streets, city centers, pedestrian zones, railway stations, shopping centers, airports, tourist resorts, and on the outside and inside of public transport vehicles. The company's regional segments are Switzerland, and Serbia, out of which a majority of its revenue comes from Switzerland.

Ciwen Media Co Ltd is a China-based company engaged in the investment, manufacture, and publication of movie and television plays. It is also engaged in the research, development, and promotion of games, artist brokerage business and the provision of information technology. The company distributes its products within domestic market and to overseas markets.

Vector Inc is a Japanese-based company involved in four main businesses which are public relation (PR), Digital PR, Facebook marketing and Facebook marketing business. The company provides various services as per the requirements of companies and consumers. In addition, it also offers other services covering areas such as management, finance, accounting, human resources, administration, internal controls, and audits.

OOh media operates a network of out-of-home advertising sites with a commanding 35% share of the Australian market, and also has a sizable presence in New Zealand. It boasts a diverse portfolio of locations to service the needs of out-of-home marketers, and is particularly strong in the roadside billboard, street furniture and rail, and retail (shopping malls) segments. OOh!media offers these advertising services by entering into space lease arrangements with owners of out-of-home sites, and extracting margins on those lease concessions from firms advertising on those sites. oOh!media is effectively an intermediary allowing site owners to monetize their visible space in high-traffic areas.

Arabian Contracting Services Co is an outdoor advertising solution provider, offering clients expertise across a multitude of platforms and disciplines. It is mainly engaged in establishing and operating outdoor advertising billboards, including roadside and indoor advertisements. The group's operating segments are Advertising and Others. The Advertising segment, which generates a majority of its revenue, is engaged in the provision of indoor and outdoor advertisements. The Others segment includes all types of printing work and retail sales by mail. Geographically, the group derives maximum revenue from its business in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and also has a presence in the Arab Republic of Egypt and the United Arab Emirates.

FILA-Fabbrica Italiana, known as F.I.L.A., is an Italian manufacturer of art, craft and school supplies founded in 1920 and headquartered in Milan. It is listed on Euronext Milan and sells coloring, drawing, modelling, writing and painting tools under brands that include Giotto, Das, Lyra, Canson, Daler-Rowney, Dixon Ticonderoga and Maimeri. The group has grown through a series of acquisitions, among them Adica Pongo, Dixon Ticonderoga, Lyra, Lapiceria Mexicana, Lycin, Daler-Rowney Lukas, Canson and Pacon, and in January 2026 it took control of Seven, a school backpack and stationery maker. It reported 2024 group revenue of 612.6 million euros with normalized EBITDA of 118.2 million euros, and holds a minority stake in the Indian listed company Doms Industries.

Entravision Communications Corp owns and operates Spanish language television and radio stations in the United States. The Company also owns and operates a smaller group of television stations that broadcast English language programming and has operations that provide programmatic advertising technology and services. The Company has organized its operations into two reportable segments. Its media segment includes its television, radio, and digital marketing operations. Its advertising and technology services segment provides programmatic advertising and technology services. The company generates the majority of its revenue from the Media segment. Geographically, the company generates the majority of its revenue from the United States.

FS Development Investment Holdings is a Chinese marketing-communications group headquartered at Oriental Plaza in Beijing and listed on the ChiNext board of the Shenzhen Stock Exchange (stock code 300071); it was formerly named Spearhead Integrated Marketing Communication Group (Huayi Jiaxin). Its services fall into three lines: digital marketing, covering content, social-media, video, live-stream and private-domain marketing and influencer placement; experiential marketing built around brand events and interactive activities; and public relations and advertising, including brand strategy, media relations and crisis management. It runs its own AIGC tools, the DS AI Chain platform and the FlinkAI full-funnel marketing platform, and its public-relations subsidiary ranked 21st in PRovoke Media's 2024 global top 250 PR agencies. Clients are brand owners that pay fees for campaigns; carmakers supplied about 45% of 2024 revenue, with brands such as Changan Mazda, Ford, Wuling, Honor and Vivo among its award-winning accounts. In 2024 the group reported revenue of 1.22 billion yuan, down 11.5%, a net loss attributable to shareholders of 130.5 million yuan, and 787 employees. The company was founded in January 2003 and listed on 21 April 2010, raising 325 million yuan at 25 yuan a share. Chen Yongliang, its actual controller with a 10.2% stake, has been chairman since November 2020.

Innocean Worldwide Inc is a Korea-based company that conducts its business as an advertising agency. The company is engaged in the production of commercial advertising and promotional materials, and other related business activities. The group has a single segment of advertising agencies, from where it generates its entire revenue.

Beijing Quanshi World Online Network Information Co Ltd is engaged in providing customers with integrated internet marketing services and enterprise-level SaaS marketing services.

Italian Exhibition Group is an Italian trade fair and congress organiser formed in 2016 by the merger of Rimini Fiera and Fiera di Vicenza and listed on Euronext Milan since 2019. It runs exhibition and congress venues in Rimini and Vicenza and organises events in food and beverage, jewellery and fashion, tourism and hospitality, wellness and sport, and green technology. The group has expanded abroad through joint ventures and acquisitions in the United States, the Middle East, Brazil, Mexico and China. For 2025 it reported revenues of 266.4 million euros and adjusted EBITDA of 70.9 million euros. Corrado Peraboni is managing director and chief executive. Revenue comes from stand space rental, services to exhibitors and visitors, congress hosting and venue management.

INTAGE HOLDINGS Inc is engaged in the provision of marketing research and consulting system solutions, and healthcare development support in Japan.

Next 15 Group PLC is a digital marketing company in the United Kingdom. The company segments include Retail Media; Data & Research; Digital Transformation, Marketing & Communications, and Creative Services . It generates maximum of its revenue from the Marketing & Communications segment.

S4 Capital PLC is a company whose principal business activities are focused on the provision of new age/new era digital advertising and marketing services. It builds a purely digital advertising and marketing services business for multinational, regional, and local clients and millennial-driven influencer brands. The company integrates businesses in three practice areas: First-Party Data, Content, and Programmatic. The company operates in three reportable segments: Content, Data & Digital Media, and Technology Services. The company generates the majority of its revenue from the Content segment. Geographically, the company generates the majority of its revenue from the Americas, followed by Europe, the Middle East & Africa, and then Asia Pacific.

Advantage Solutions Inc is a omnichannel retail solutions agency in North America, uniquely positioned at the intersection of consumer-packaged goods (CPG) brands and retailers.

Digital Network SA consists in selling advertising time through digital outdoor advertising in Poland.

Cairo Communication is an Italian media and publishing group based in Milan, founded in 1995 by Urbano Cairo as Cairo Pubblicita and listed on Borsa Italiana, where its shares trade on the FTSE Italia Small Cap and STAR indices. Urbano Cairo controls about 50 percent of the company through UT Communications. The group publishes weekly and monthly magazines through Cairo Editore, owns the television network La7 and controls RCS MediaGroup, publisher of the newspaper Corriere della Sera, in which it holds about 59.7 percent. Its advertising sales are handled by the concessionaire CairoRCSMEDIA, created in December 2020 from Cairo Pubblicita and RCS Pubblicita. The group reported revenue of about 1.17 billion euros in 2022 and had 2,909 employees. In the first half of 2025 Cairo Editore held about 29 percent of newsstand weekly copies sold in Italy. Besides the 2013 purchase of La7 and the 2016 takeover of RCS MediaGroup, it took a 14.10 percent stake in the publisher Editoriale Genesis in 2026.

The Smarter Web Company PLC is a UK-based technology company operating a Bitcoin treasury alongside its web services business. The Company holds Bitcoin as its primary treasury reserve asset to build long-term shareholder value and operates one of the public Bitcoin treasuries in the UK. Through its agencies, Squarebird and Smarter Web Operations, it provides web design, development, hosting, and digital marketing services to organisations of all sizes in the UK and internationally. The Company intends to acquire additional web and digital marketing businesses to expand its balance sheet and service offerings.

Squirrel Media is a Spanish communications and audiovisual group listed on the Madrid stock exchange, formerly known as Vertice 360. It is organised in four areas: advertising, content, media and telecommunications services. Advertising includes IKI Group, Best Option Media and AdsPlanning, content includes Vertice Cine, BF Distribution and Comercial TV, media includes channels such as NET TV, BOM Cine and Nautical Channel and the radio station BOM Radio, and telecommunications services include M3 Satcom and Itesa. The group operates as the third television operator in Spain and is chaired by Pablo Pereiro Lage, who built it through his holding Squirrel Capital. It earns revenue from advertising, the production and distribution of audiovisual content, and technology and telecommunications services, and it grows through acquisitions.

M&C Saatchi PLC is an advertising and marketing group. Activities carried out by the group include research agency services, direct marketing, digital advertising, mobile marketing, branding, corporate PR, TV production, and sports sponsorship, among others. The group operated under two segments: Advertising and High Growth Specialisms, excluding Group Central Costs. The group's business has its presence in the United Kingdom, Europe, the Middle East and Africa, Asia and Australia, and the Americas. It derives the majority of its revenue from the United Kingdom.

Brightcom Group Ltd is an Indian service company engaged in providing digital marketing services and developing computer software and services both locally and internationally. The company operates through two segments: Digital Marketing and Software Development. Brightcom provides digital marketing solutions to businesses, agencies, and online publishers internationally. Additionally, it offers enterprise solutions, specializing in enterprise resource planning (ERP), Microsoft, and open-source system development. The company generates revenue from the sale of domestic services, export services, and software exports, with the majority of its revenue coming from the Digital Marketing segment, mainly through the sale of service exports.

Cmc Corp is engaged in the Information technology services and other services related to computers; Software production, providing software and content services and solutions; Manufacturing, trading, repairing machinery, electronic equipment, communications and information technology; Real estate business, land use rights of owners, service users for rent; and Telecommunications activities.

National CineMedia Inc is a cinema advertising platform in the U.S. It derives revenue from the sale of advertising to national, regional and local businesses through The Noovie Show, the cinema advertising and entertainment show seen on movie screens across the U.S., on LEN, a series of strategically-placed screens located in movie theater lobbies, as well as other forms of advertising and promotions in theater lobbies.

Samba Digital SGPS SA is an international sports and entertainment marketing agency. The company specializes in sports brands digital internationalization.

Ceres Inc is engaged in the mobile service business and financial service business.

Solocal is a French digital advertising and local marketing group previously known as PagesJaunes Groupe. Its business connects consumers looking for local products and services with businesses seeking customers, building on the PagesJaunes directory franchise. During the period covered by its 2013 annual report, the group supplied online advertising, local search, website services and other digital marketing products to business customers. It also operated print directory activities while shifting a growing share of its business towards internet services. Revenue came from businesses paying for visibility, advertising placements and related marketing services, rather than primarily charging consumers to search for information. The portfolio at that time included directories, mapping and specialised information and property services. This historical perimeter included businesses subsequently sold or reorganised and should not be read as a statement that every former brand remains owned today.

Roctec Global PCL is principally engaged in the provision of system integration and advertising services. Its reportable segments are System installation service and Advertising. The majority of its revenue is generated from the System installation service segment, which covers consulting, system design, system implementation, and import of information and communication technology-related hardware and software. Its ICT solutions include data network infrastructure solutions, cybersecurity solutions, and technology solutions. The Advertising segment is engaged in providing services related to outdoor advertising and other advertising media.