Id-entity Valuation Multiples

Alphabet is a holding company that wholly owns internet giant Google. The California-based company derives slightly less than 90% of its revenue from Google services, the vast majority of which is advertising sales. Alongside online ads, Google services houses sales stemming from Google’s subscription services (YouTube TV and YouTube Music, among others), platforms (sales and in-app purchases on Play Store), and devices (Chromebooks, Pixel smartphones, and smart home products such as Chromecast). Google’s cloud computing platform accounts for roughly 10% of Alphabet’s revenue. The firm’s investments in up-and-coming technologies such as self-driving cars (Waymo), health (Verily), and internet access (Google Fiber) make up the rest.

Meta is the largest social media company in the world, boasting close to 4 billion monthly active users worldwide. The firm's "Family of Apps," its core business, consists of Facebook, Instagram, Messenger, and WhatsApp. End users can leverage these applications for a variety of different purposes, from keeping in touch with friends to following celebrities and running digital businesses for free. Meta packages customer data, gleaned from its application ecosystem and sells ads to digital advertisers. While the firm has been investing heavily in its Reality Labs business, it remains a very small part of Meta’s overall sales.

Netflix’s relatively simple business model involves only one business, its streaming service. It has the biggest television entertainment subscriber base in both the United States and the collective international market, with more than 300 million subscribers globally. Netflix has exposure to nearly the entire global population outside of China. The firm has traditionally avoided a regular slate of live programming or sports content, instead focusing on on-demand access to episodic television, movies, and documentaries. The firm introduced ad-supported subscription plans in 2022, giving the firm exposure to the advertising market in addition to the subscription fees that have historically accounted for nearly all its revenue.

Disney operates in three global business segments: entertainment, sports, and experiences. Entertainment and experiences both benefit from the firm’s ownership of iconic franchises and characters. Entertainment includes the ABC broadcast network, several cable television networks, and the Disney+ and Hulu streaming services. Within the segment, Disney also engages in movie and television production and distribution, with content licensed to movie theaters, other content providers, or, increasingly, kept in-house for use on Disney’s own streaming platform and television networks. The sports segment houses the ESPN family of TV networks and streaming services. Experiences contains Disney’s theme parks, cruises, and vacation destinations and also engages in merchandise licensing.

Salesforce provides enterprise cloud computing solutions. The company offers customer relationship management technology that brings companies and customers together. Its Customer 360 platform helps the group deliver a single source of truth, connecting customer data across systems, apps, and devices to help companies sell, service, market, and conduct commerce. It also offers Service Cloud for customer support, Marketing Cloud for digital marketing campaigns, Commerce Cloud as an e-commerce engine, the Salesforce Platform, which allows enterprises to build applications, and other solutions, such as MuleSoft for data integration.

Adobe provides content creation, document management, and digital marketing and advertising software and services to creative professionals and marketers for creating, managing, delivering, measuring, optimizing, and engaging with compelling content multiple operating systems, devices, and media. The company operates with three segments: digital media content creation, digital experience for marketing solutions, and publishing for legacy products (less than 5% of revenue).

AppLovin is a vertically integrated advertising technology company that serves as a demand-side platform for advertisers, a supply-side platform for publishers, and an exchange that facilitates transactions between the two. About 80% of AppLovin’s revenue comes from the DSP, AppDiscovery, while the remainder comes from the SSP, Max. AppLovin’s primary tool for future growth is Axon 2, an ad optimizer within the DSP that lets advertisers place ads based on specified return thresholds.

Paramount Skydance operates in three global business segments: TV media, filmed entertainment, and direct to consumer. The TV media business includes television production studios and various broadcast and cable networks, including CBS, 15 owned CBS affiliates, Paramount, Nickelodeon, MTV, BET, and VH1. Filmed entertainment consists multiple film studios, most importantly Paramount Pictures. The film studios produce and distribute movies that they license to movie theaters and other media outlets. Direct to consumer includes the Paramount+, Pluto TV, and BET+ streaming services. Much of the content on Paramount’s streaming platforms is created by the production studios housed within the firm’s other two business segments.

Universal Music is the largest of the three major record companies. Recorded music accounts for most of the firm’s revenue, with the segment housing more than a dozen record labels, including notable names like Interscope, Capital Music, Motown Records, and Def Jam. Some of the most successful current artists signed to record deals with Universal include Taylor Swift, Drake, The Weeknd, and Morgan Wallen. Most of Universal’s remaining revenue comes from its publishing segment, which generates revenue for songwriters and composers, including some of Universal’s recording artists as well as songwriters and composers who do not record music themselves or are attached to other labels. Universal’s publishing group has nearly 4.5 million owned or administered titles in its catalog.

Publicis Groupe is a French communications group headquartered in Paris and listed on Euronext Paris. Marcel Bleustein-Blanchet founded it in 1926, and it has grown into one of the largest advertising and communications groups in the world. The group provides creative, media planning and buying, digital marketing, data and public relations services to corporate clients through networks such as Publicis, Saatchi & Saatchi, Leo Burnett, Zenith, Starcom and Performics. It operates in more than 100 countries and employs over 100,000 people. In the Czech Republic it ran its agencies through a holding co-owned with local co-founder Martin Stepanek from 1995 until it took full control of that holding in 2016. Revenue comes from fees and commissions on client campaigns and media spend.

Most of Baidu's revenue comes from Baidu core, with the rest coming from video-streaming subsidiary iQiyi. The firm’s main businesses include online marketing services from its search engine, AI cloud infrastructure, AI applications, AI marketing, and autonomous driving.

Liberty Media is an American media and motorsport holding company headquartered in Englewood, Colorado, whose shares trade on Nasdaq as Formula One Group tracking stocks. Its main assets are Formula One, which it acquired in January 2017, and MotoGP organiser Dorna Sports, in which it took an 84% stake in July 2025. Both series earn revenue from race promotion fees paid by circuit hosts, media rights sold to broadcasters and streamers, and sponsorship, hospitality and licensing. In 2025 Formula One revenue rose 14% to $3.9 billion with operating income of $632 million, and MotoGP revenue rose 14% to $573 million. The original Liberty Media was spun off from Tele-Communications Inc. in 1991 under John Malone, who is now chairman emeritus; Robert Bennett is chairman and Derek Chang chief executive. The group has repeatedly reshaped itself through tracking stocks and spin-offs, splitting off the Atlanta Braves in 2023, combining its SiriusXM interest into a separate listed company in September 2024 and separating Liberty Live, holder of its Live Nation stake, in December 2025.

Omnicom is a holding company that owns several advertising agencies and related firms. It provides traditional and digital advertising services that include creative design, market research, data analytics, ad placement, and public relations. The firm operates globally, providing services in more than 70 countries; it generates more than one half of its revenue in North America and nearly 30% in Europe.

Warner Music is the third-largest of the three major record companies. Recorded music accounts for most of the firm’s revenue, with the segment housing notable record labels including Atlantic Records, Warner Records, Elektra Records. Some of the most successful current artists signed to record deals with Warner include Ed Sheeran, Bruno Mars, Cardi B, and Dua Lipa. Warner’s remaining revenue comes from its publishing business, where Warner Chappell represents more than 180,000 songwriters and composers, some of whom are also Warner recording artists but many of whom are not recording artists or are attached to other labels. Warner Chappell controls more than 1 million musical compositions. Access Industries controls 98% of Warner’s voting rights, while holding a 72% economic interest.

TKO Group Holdings Inc is a sports and sports entertainment company that operates combat sports and sports entertainment companies. It owns and manages valuable sports and entertainment intellectual property. The company distributes content and monetizes its intellectual property through four activities: Media rights, production, and content, Live events and hospitality, Partnerships and marketing and Consumer products licensing, The company has two reportable segments, UFC and WWE. The company generates majority of revenue from the UFC segment. The UFC segment revenue consists of media rights fees associated with the distribution of its programming content, ticket sales, and site fees associated with the business's international live events.

HubSpot develops a cloud-based customer platform built around customer-relationship-management data. Its applications cover marketing, sales, customer service, content, commerce, operations and related automation. Businesses subscribe to individual products or an integrated suite and use the platform to attract customers, manage pipelines and support ongoing relationships. Brian Halligan and Dharmesh Shah founded the company in 2006 after identifying a shift toward inbound digital marketing. HubSpot later broadened its product set beyond marketing into an artificial-intelligence-enabled customer platform and Smart CRM. The company serves scaling organizations globally and earns most of its revenue from software subscriptions. A person affiliated with HubSpot participated as an angel in Flare's 2026 round; the employer was not announced as a corporate investor.

Focus Media Information Technology Co Ltd is an advertising company. The company's main business is the development and operation of Life Circle media. Its main products are building media (including elevator TV media and elevator poster media) and cinema screen advertising media, etc., covering the work scenes, life scenes, entertainment scenes, and consumption scenes of the mainstream urban consumer groups, and integrating into a life circle media network.

Snap Inc. is a publicly listed United States technology company founded in 2012 and headquartered in Santa Monica, California. Its principal product is Snapchat, a visual messaging and social-media application supported mainly by advertising revenue. The company also develops augmented-reality software, camera technology and Spectacles hardware. Snap launched the Yellow Accelerator in 2018 as an in-house programme for creative and technology startups. Selected companies received capital, mentorship and access to Snap teams, and the programme invested USD 150,000 in each company in the reviewed cohorts. Those accelerator investments belong to Snap Inc., not to the unrelated Spanish venture fund that adopted the Yellow name in 2023. Snap remains a separate public operating company and the correct participant for the 26 pre-2023 rows in this packet.

Founded in 1932, Toho traces its roots to Kobayashi Ichizo's Takarazuka Revue enterprise, building the Tokyo Takarazuka Theater as its flagship stage for musical theater. Today, Toho is Japan's largest film distribution and exhibition company, operating the Toho Cinemas chain and best known for its Godzilla franchise. In 2012, Toho launched an in-house anime unit. Toho also runs a real estate segment, earning stable income mainly from office, retail, and hotel properties in prime central Tokyo locations such as Hibiya and Yurakucho.

Zeta Global Holdings Corp is an omnichannel data-driven cloud platform that provides enterprises with consumer intelligence and marketing automation software. It serves enterprise customers across multiple industries, including financial services, insurance, telecommunications, automotive, travel and hospitality, and retail. Its Zeta Marketing Platform, or ZMP, is an omnichannel marketing platform with identity data at its core. The ZMP can analyze billions of structured and unstructured data points to predict consumer intent by leveraging sophisticated machine learning algorithms and the industry's opted-in data set for omnichannel marketing. The company operates in U.S, where it generates maximum revenue and Internationally as well.

Amdocs Ltd is a provider of software and services to communications, entertainment, and media service providers. The Company operates in a single segment and designs, develops, markets, supports, implements, and operates open and modular cloud offerings. Its portfolio includes solutions across digital business systems and legacy business and operational support systems, supporting multiple lines of business such as wireless, broadband, cable, fiber, satellite, and digital services. The Company leverages artificial intelligence to support digital transformation, cloud adoption, and intelligent network automation. Geographically, it derives a majority of its revenue from North America and also operates in Europe and the rest of the world.

Open Text Corp is engaged in the design, development, marketing, and sale of Information Management software and solutions. Its software allows clients to archive, aggregate, retrieve, and search unstructured information (such as documents, e-mail, and presentations). Its platform and services provide secure and scalable solutions for enterprises, SMBs, governments, and consumers around the world. The company's solutions are marketed and delivered on the OpenText Cloud Platform, which is a comprehensive Information Management platform consisting of six business clouds; Content Cloud, Cybersecurity Cloud, Application Automation Cloud, Business Network Cloud, IT Operations Management Cloud, and Analytics Cloud. Geographically, it derives maximum revenue from the United States.

Dentsu Group is the top advertising agency in Japan and the fifth-largest advertising network in the world. It is the oldest advertising agency in Japan, with the original company being established in 1901. Over the years, Dentsu expanded its global footprint through mergers and acquisitions. Currently, international sales account for about 60% of total revenue.

BlueFocus Communication Group Co Ltd provides marketing and brand management services in China and internationally. It offers marketing and brand management services across various disciplines, including strategy, digital, advertising, media, social, PR, design, branding, CRM, data, e-commerce, and mobile solutions to various multinational companies and Chinese enterprises, such as IT, automobile, consumer goods, real estate, finance, and entertainment industries.

TBS Holdings Inc is a Japanese media and broadcasting holding company that operates television businesses through its subsidiaries. The company operates through three reportable segments: Media & Content Business, Lifestyle Business, and Real Estate & Other Business. The Media & Content Business includes television and radio broadcasting, event planning, video software production, and distribution. The Lifestyle Business handles general merchandise retail, beauty and wellness services, private tutoring, and early childhood education. The Real Estate & Other Business segment involves land and building rentals. It generates the majority of its revenue from the Media & content business segment.

Headquartered in the United Kingdom, WPP is the world’s largest ad holding company based on annual revenue. Its services, which include traditional and digital advertising, public relations, and consulting, are provided worldwide, with over 70% of its revenue coming from more developed regions such as North America, the UK, and Western Europe. WPP is the largest media buying entity in the world.

The Trade Desk provides a self-service platform that helps advertisers and ad agencies programmatically find and purchase digital ad inventory (display, video, audio, and social) on devices like computers, smartphones, and connected TVs. The firm's platform is referred to as a demand-side platform in the digital ad industry, and it generates revenue from fees based on a percentage of what its clients spend on advertising, referred to as a take rate.

JCDecaux SE is an outdoor advertising company. The company focuses on three main business areas namely Street Furniture, Transport advertising, and Billboard advertising. Street furniture advertising relates to bus stop advertising, newspaper kiosks, public benches, and free-standing panels. Transport which focuses on advertising in land transport networks and airports and Billboard Advertising which concerns the marketing of billboards, neon-light billboards, and advertising wraps. The company generates the majority of its revenue from the Street Furniture segment in the form of Advertising. The company has a geographical presence in Europe, Asia-Pacific, France, the Rest of the world, the United kingdom, and North America.

Klaviyo Inc is a technology company that provides a software-as-a-service (SaaS) platform to enable its customers to send the right messages at the right time across email, short message service, and push notifications, more accurately measure and predict performance, and deploy specific actions and campaigns. The platform combines proprietary data and application layers into one solution with machine learning and artificial intelligence capabilities. It is focused on marketing automation within eCommerce as its first application use case. It generates revenue through the sale of subscriptions to its customers for the use of its platform. Geographically, the company generates the majority of its revenue from the Americas, followed by EMEA and APAC.

Braze Inc is a customer engagement platform that powers customer-centric interactions between consumers and brands. The company provides solutions for Retail & E-commerce, Media & Entertainment, Financial Services, and Travel & Hospitality related industries. The company offers a single, vertically integrated platform that encompasses the various functionalities, or layers, required for modern customer engagement: data ingestion, classification, orchestration, personalization, and action, all of which is supported by Sage AI by Braze, its AI engine designed to power AI functionality across all layers of this stack. It generates the majority of its revenue from the United States.

Outfront Media Inc is a real estate investment trust involved in the ownership of advertising space on its portfolio of billboards and transit displays. The Company generates revenue in the form of rental income by allowing other companies to advertise on its properties and structures under short-term contracts. Outfront Media segments its operations into the United States and International units. Although it also owns assets in Canada and Latin America, the company derives the vast majority of its revenue from billboard advertising agreements in the U.S. Roughly half of the U.S. division's revenue comes from its displays in the New York City and Los Angeles markets. Outfront Media's customers include entities within the retail, television, healthcare, and entertainment industries.

Founded in 1983, Pegasystems provides a suite of solutions for customer engagement and business process management. The company’s key offering is the Pega Infinity platform, which combines business process management with customer relationship management applications. The company focuses on enterprise-size customers in the financial, insurance, and healthcare industries.

Bilibili is a Chinese online entertainment platform best known for its YouTube-like video-sharing service. Founded in 2009, it initially focused on long-form content centered around anime, comics, and gaming, or ACG, catering primarily to Generation Z users. Over time, the platform has expanded its content ecosystem to cover a broader range of interests, successfully attracting a more diverse audience beyond its original Gen Z base.

Nexstar is the largest television station owner-operator in the United States with over 200 stations in 116 markets, reaching 220 million people. Of its 200 stations, 155 are affiliated with the four national broadcast networks: CBS, Fox, NBC, and ABC. Pending approval, Nexstar’s merger with Tegna would bring Nexstar’s station total to 259 in 133 markets, reaching 80% of the US population. Nexstar also owns NewsNation (formerly WGN), a cable news network, 75% of the fifth national broadcaster, the CW, and a 31% stake in Food Network and Cooking Channel.

RTL Group SA is a broadcasting television company with interests in television channels, video-on-demand platforms, and radio stations. The company has three main areas of business: broadcast, streaming, content, and digital. Broadcast includes television and radio; content includes content production and distribution, and digital includes online video and advertisement technology. Business segments include Mediengruppe RTL Deutschland, Groupe M6, Fremantle, RTL Nederland, and Other segments. The company's business units operate in Europe, predominantly in Germany, France, the United States, the UK, and Other regions.

HYBE is a music-based entertainment lifestyle platform company. The company operates through three segments: Music, Platform, and Technology-based Future Growth. The Music segment focuses on creating artists and music IP. The Platform segment aggregates content and delivers it directly to fans. The Technology-based Future Growth segment explores and develops new business opportunities arising from shifts in the digital and industrial landscape. It generates the majority of its revenue from the Music segment.

Beijing Enlight Media Co Ltd is a China-based company engages in the provision of multimedia video content services. Its main business is TV programs and film investment, making and distributing. TV programs including regular TV programs and acting activities broadcasted on television. Acting activities generally are broadcasted on television, belonging to the special type of TV program and drama series.

Nippon Television Holdings Inc is a broadcasting and television company. It is engaged in media, content, life and health-related, and real estate businesses. The company operates through three reportable segments: the Media and Content Business, which handles television advertising, video distribution, pay-TV, retail, and film production; the Life and Health Related Business, which operates comprehensive sports clubs; and the Real Estate Related Business, which manages real estate rental, building operations, and solar power generation. It generates the majority of its revenue from the Media and Content Business segment.

China Film Group Co Ltd is engaged in film and television production, film distribution, film screening, and film and television service business. The company's business includes six sectors: creation, distribution, screening, technology, services, and innovation, covering film and TV series production, post-product management; domestic and imported film promotion and distribution; cinema investment, theater chain management; film technology research and development, film and television equipment production and sales and technical services; film and television production, ticketing platform and financial leasing services and other fields.

CyberAgent is a prominent Japanese media company founded in 1998. Its core businesses include internet advertising, online broadcasting platforms, and gaming.

Toei Animation Co Ltd is a Japanese animation company. It is engaged in the planning and production of animation products for theaters and televisions (TVs), the sale of broadcasting rights, as well as the sale of packaged software rights of the Company's animation products with a focus on digital versatile discs (DVDs). The company develops characters into diverse types of merchandise such as toys, games, stationery goods, food products, clothing, and for campaigns and promotions. It produces works of animation mainly of television series along with other types of work such as theatrical features and original video animation.

Freshworks Inc provides software as a service platform that enables small and medium-sized businesses to support customers through e-mail, phone, website, and social networks. It offers solutions that serve the needs of users in the CS and ITSM categories and has also expanded its offering with Sales and Marketing automation products. These product offerings enable organizations to acquire, engage, and serve their customers and employees. The group derives revenue from North America, Europe, the Middle East and Africa, Asia Pacific, and Other regions. It derives maximum revenue from North America.

Banijay Group NV media and entertainment company. It has over 130 production companies across 25 territories, a multi-genre catalogue boasting over 226,000 hours of original standout programming, and a complementary live entertainment business. It produces both scripted and non-scripted content across all genres, including reality, entertainment and talk shows, game shows, factual entertainment, documentary, drama, animation (or kids) and comedy.

Lionsgate Studios Corp. is a Canadian-American film and television production and distribution conglomerate, domiciled in Vancouver, British Columbia, and primarily based in Santa Monica, California. It was formed on 14 May 2024, when Starz Entertainment, formerly known as Lionsgate, spun off its film and television businesses and merged them with Screaming Eagle Corporation. Lionsgate was an early backer of Immortals: its Interactive Ventures president Peter Y. Levin was among the investors who helped found the esports team in October 2015. It remained an existing shareholder in the Series B. Immortals Gaming Club, the esports and gaming holding company formerly called Immortals LLC, closed a $30 million Series B in May 2019 and bought the Brazilian matchmaking platform Gamers Club; it also owns the teams Immortals, Los Angeles Valiant and MIBR.

Oriental Pearl Group Co Ltd operates a media integration and distribution platform in China. The various business units of the company comprise Channel Products Operation, Video Shopping, and E-Commerce, Culture and Entertainment Themed Tourism, Mobile Transmissions and Video Games among others.

FUJI Media Holdings Inc operates as a certified broadcasting holding company engaged in media, content, and related businesses. The company has two reportable segments: Media & Content Business, which involves broadcasting, film and animation production, music publishing, advertising, and mail-order sales; and Urban Development & Tourism Business, which engages in building rental, real estate transactions, and hotel and resort management. The company earns the majority of its revenue in Japan.

WillScot Holdings Corporation (Nasdaq: WSC) is a leading provider of turnkey temporary space solutions in North America, headquartered in Scottsdale, Arizona. It leases modular office complexes, mobile offices, classrooms, blast-resistant modules, clearspan structures, portable storage containers and climate-controlled units, plus value-added products such as furniture, power and connectivity, to customers across 15 end markets, led by commercial and industrial (43% of 2025 revenue) and construction and infrastructure (42%). At December 31, 2025 it had about 260 branch locations across the US, Canada and Mexico, a lease fleet of over 304,000 units, more than 85,000 customers and approximately 4,700 employees. Revenue comes mainly from lease rentals, supplemented by delivery and installation, value-added products and sales of new and used units; full-year 2025 revenue was $2.3 billion, with adjusted EBITDA of $971 million. The business has roots dating back more than 80 years; the current holding company took shape when Double Eagle Acquisition Corporation acquired Williams Scotsman International in 2017, merged with Mobile Mini in 2020 and was renamed from WillScot Mobile Mini Holdings Corp. in July 2024. Tim Boswell became chief executive on January 1, 2026.

Wix.com is a software-as-a-service content management system platform that allows users to create, customize, and manage websites for themselves, or for clients. Wix is best known for its Wix Editor service for self-creators, but in recent years has invested heavily and introduced its Wix Studio offering for partners, who are agencies and developers. Wix also offers a range of business solutions such as payment services and marketing products.