Astro Valuation Multiples

Disney operates in three global business segments: entertainment, sports, and experiences. Entertainment and experiences both benefit from the firm’s ownership of iconic franchises and characters. Entertainment includes the ABC broadcast network, several cable television networks, and the Disney+ and Hulu streaming services. Within the segment, Disney also engages in movie and television production and distribution, with content licensed to movie theaters, other content providers, or, increasingly, kept in-house for use on Disney’s own streaming platform and television networks. The sports segment houses the ESPN family of TV networks and streaming services. Experiences contains Disney’s theme parks, cruises, and vacation destinations and also engages in merchandise licensing.

Comcast is made up of three parts. The core cable business owns networks capable of providing television, internet access, and phone services to 65 million US homes and businesses, or nearly half of the country. The firm provides services to about 47% of the locations in this territory. Comcast acquired NBCUniversal from General Electric in 2011. Following the spinoff of several cable networks, including CNBC, MSNBC, and USA, NBCU now consists of the NBC network, several local NBC affiliates, Bravo, the Peacock streaming platform, Universal Studios, and several theme parks. Finally, Sky, acquired in 2018, is a large television provider in the UK and Italy.

Warner Bros. Discovery operates in three segments: streaming, studios, and linear networks. In 2026, it intends to split its networks from streaming and studios to form two separate companies. The streaming business includes HBO Max, which is rapidly increasing its international footprint in addition to its major presence in the US. Studios include industry leaders in both film and television, which produce movies and television series that are monetized in multiple ways, including theatrical release, sales to third parties, and feeding into Warner's own platforms. global networks consist of basic cable networks like CNN, TNT, TBS, Discovery, HGTV, and The Food Network. The Discovery+ streaming service will remain part of global networks.

Fox operates in two segments: cable networks and television. Cable networks primarily includes Fox News, Fox Business, and several pay TV sports stations. Television primarily includes the Fox broadcast network, 29 owned and operated local television stations, of which 18 are affiliated with the Fox network, and streaming platform Tubi, which is not subscription-based and is completely ad-supported. Fox effectively sold most of its entertainment assets to Disney in 2019, so it no longer creates entertainment content and relies heavily on live news and sports, with nearly all tied to the pay TV bundle. The Murdoch family controls Fox.

BCE provides wireless, broadband, television, and landline phone services in Canada. It is one of the Big Three national wireless carriers, with over 10 million customers constituting about 30% of the market. It is also the incumbent local exchange carrier—the legacy telephone provider—throughout much of the eastern half of Canada, including in the most populous Canadian provinces: Ontario and Quebec. BCE has a media segment that holds television, radio, and digital media assets. BCE licenses the Canadian rights to HBO Max and Starz.

Liberty Media Corp along with its subsidiaries is engaged in the media and entertainment industries in North America and the United Kingdom. The company owns interests in a high-quality portfolio of assets across the media, entertainment and sports industries. The company derives its maximum revenue from United Kingdom.

Rogers Communications is the largest wireless service provider in Canada with more than 11 million subscribers, equating to one-third of the total Canadian market. Rogers' wireless business accounts for more than half of total revenue and has been growing at a higher rate than other segments. The cable segment, which provides about 38% of total revenue after acquiring Shaw, offers home internet, television, and landline phone service to consumers and businesses. Remaining sales come from Rogers' media unit, which owns and operates various television and radio stations and major Toronto sports franchises, including the Blue Jays, Maple Leafs, Raptors, Toronto FC, and Argonauts.

RTL Group SA is a broadcasting television company with interests in television channels, video-on-demand platforms, and radio stations. The company has three main areas of business: broadcast, streaming, content, and digital. Broadcast includes television and radio; content includes content production and distribution, and digital includes online video and advertisement technology. Business segments include Mediengruppe RTL Deutschland, Groupe M6, Fremantle, RTL Nederland, and Other segments. The company's business units operate in Europe, predominantly in Germany, France, the United States, the UK, and Other regions.

TBS Holdings Inc is a Japanese media and broadcasting holding company that operates television businesses through its subsidiaries. The company operates through three reportable segments: Media & Content Business, Lifestyle Business, and Real Estate & Other Business. The Media & Content Business includes television and radio broadcasting, event planning, video software production, and distribution. The Lifestyle Business handles general merchandise retail, beauty and wellness services, private tutoring, and early childhood education. The Real Estate & Other Business segment involves land and building rentals. It generates the majority of its revenue from the Media & content business segment.

Sphere Entertainment Co is a live entertainment and media company. The firm creates, writes, casts, produces, and tours shows and events. The group has two reportable segments: Sphere and MSG Networks. Sphere is a next-generation entertainment medium, and MSG Networks operates two regional sports and entertainment networks, as well as a direct-to-consumer (DTC) and authenticated streaming product.

Nexstar is the largest television station owner-operator in the United States with over 200 stations in 116 markets, reaching 220 million people. Of its 200 stations, 155 are affiliated with the four national broadcast networks: CBS, Fox, NBC, and ABC. Pending approval, Nexstar’s merger with Tegna would bring Nexstar’s station total to 259 in 133 markets, reaching 80% of the US population. Nexstar also owns NewsNation (formerly WGN), a cable news network, 75% of the fifth national broadcaster, the CW, and a 31% stake in Food Network and Cooking Channel.

Graham Holdings Company is a diversified holding company with operations spanning educational services, television broadcasting, healthcare, manufacturing, automotive dealerships, and other businesses. The Company's education activities are conducted through Kaplan, whose services include academic preparation programs for international students, English-language programs, exam preparation, and career and academic advisement. These services are provided to students, schools, and colleges, both domestically and outside the United States. It operates through seven reportable segments: Kaplan International, Kaplan Higher Education, Kaplan Supplemental Education, Television Broadcasting, CSI, Manufacturing and Automotive, with key revenue coming from the Education and Automotive segments.

Beijing Enlight Media Co Ltd is a China-based company engages in the provision of multimedia video content services. Its main business is TV programs and film investment, making and distributing. TV programs including regular TV programs and acting activities broadcasted on television. Acting activities generally are broadcasted on television, belonging to the special type of TV program and drama series.

Mango Excellent Media Co Ltd is a China-based company engaged in the provision of E-commerce services through Television, Internet, Catalogs, and other multimedia channels. The company operates three main business segments. The Mango Television Internet Video Business segment delivers content such as variety shows, TV dramas, films, movies, animations, and short videos. The New Media Interactive Entertainment Content Production Business segment covers the creation and operation of dramas, variety programs, and games, alongside artist management, music copyrights, and game development. The Media Retail Business segment focuses on TV shopping, media e-commerce, and overseas-related operations. The company generates maximum revenue from the Mango Television internet video business segment.

Nippon Television Holdings Inc is a broadcasting and television company. It is engaged in media, content, life and health-related, and real estate businesses. The company operates through three reportable segments: the Media and Content Business, which handles television advertising, video distribution, pay-TV, retail, and film production; the Life and Health Related Business, which operates comprehensive sports clubs; and the Real Estate Related Business, which manages real estate rental, building operations, and solar power generation. It generates the majority of its revenue from the Media and Content Business segment.

Oriental Pearl Group Co Ltd operates a media integration and distribution platform in China. The various business units of the company comprise Channel Products Operation, Video Shopping, and E-Commerce, Culture and Entertainment Themed Tourism, Mobile Transmissions and Video Games among others.

ITV PLC is a broadcasting television company that owns, creates, and distributes the content on its platforms. The company's international content business, ITV Studios, produces programming for ITV's channels as well as other British broadcasters. The company's segment includes ITV Studios and Media and Entertainment. It generates maximum revenue from the ITV Studios segment.

FUJI Media Holdings Inc operates as a certified broadcasting holding company engaged in media, content, and related businesses. The company has two reportable segments: Media & Content Business, which involves broadcasting, film and animation production, music publishing, advertising, and mail-order sales; and Urban Development & Tourism Business, which engages in building rental, real estate transactions, and hotel and resort management. The company earns the majority of its revenue in Japan.

Canal+ SA is media and entertainment company and also operates short-form video streaming platforms with Dailymotion. It operates in three business segments, Europe, Africa and Asia, and Content Production, Distribution and Other. Key revenue is generated from Europe which includes subscription-TV, advertising-based television and OTT businesses across France, the Overseas Territories, Poland and also in Central Europe and the Benelux through M7, and the Group’s FTTH business in the Overseas Territories.

Tegna Inc is a media company with a portfolio of broadcast stations and digital sites. The firm has television stations and radio stations in approximately U.S. markets. The company owns multicast networks of True Crime Network, Twist, and Quest. Each television station also has a robust digital presence across online, mobile, connected television, and social platforms, reaching consumers on all devices and platforms used to consume news content. It generates key revenue from advertising and marketing services, subscriptions, political advertising, and other services.

MFE-MediaForEurope is a commercial TV operator in the Italian and Spanish commercial TV sector, offering free-to-air television programming on general interest channels (Canale 5, Italia 1 and Rete 4 in Italy, and Tele5 and Cuatro in Spain) and a wide portfolio of semigeneralist and thematic channels available in linear and on-demand OTT services comprising a broad range of cinema, TV series and children’s channel content. The group generates maximum revenue from TV advertising, and the rest from sales of TV rights and productions, pay streaming service, movie distribution, construction, rental, and maintenance of TV equipment, etc. Its operating segments are: Italy, which is its key revenue-generating market, and Spain.

Vivendi SE is an integrated content, media, and communications group. The company has established itself as a key player in content, media, and entertainment by developing a portfolio of listed and unlisted assets, each a leader in its market. It is present in the video game sector with Gameloft, and also holds a certain percentage of stakes in other companies such as Universal Music Group, Banijay, TIM, MediaForEurope, Telefonica, and Prisca. Its business segments include Gameloft, which derives maximum revenue, and Share of UMG, Corporate, and Other. Geographically, the group generates maximum revenue from North America, followed by EMEA (Europe, the Middle East, Africa), Asia Pacific, and Latin America.

Jiangsu Broadcasting Cable Information Network Corp Ltd is a China-based company engaged in the construction and operation of broadcasting and television networks, the development and operation of radio and television program transmission, data broadband services and digital TV value-added services.

Cyfrowy Polsat SA operates in Poland as a provider of a paid digital satellite platform under the name of ‘Polsat Box’ and paid digital terrestrial television as well as the telecommunication services provider. The group operates in the following four segments that includes B2C and B2B services segment which relate to the provision of services to the general public, including digital television transmission signal, mobile services, internet access services, mobile TV services, online TV services, and set-top box production, Media segment consists mainly of production, acquisition, and broadcasting of information and entertainment programs, and TV series. Real Estate segment consists construction, sale, rental, and management of own or leased real estate and Green energy segment.

MBC Group Co is a media company in the Middle East and North Africa, having principal activities consisting of information, communication, education, arts, entertainment, and recreation. Its operating segments include Broadcasting and other commercial activities, Shahid, and Media and Entertainment. The Group generates its revenue from: advertising revenue, predominantly from advertisers placing advertisements on its free-to-air TV channels, radio channels, and on the Group’s advertising-video-on-demand streaming platform (AVOD); revenue from subscriptions of the Group’s Shahid VIP subscription-video-ondemand (SVOD) service; and ancillary revenue from its other business operations.

Damai Entertainment Holdings Ltd is a technology-powered entertainment company rooted in real-world experiences. While delivering premium films and performances, it harnesses technology to craft inventive experiences for the cultural and entertainment industry, offering users high-quality real-world entertainment. It stands as a full-fledged real-world entertainment platform with businesses spanning content production, marketing and distribution, live performances, IP licensing and integrated operations, as well as cinema ticketing management and data services.

Sun TV Network Ltd is a media and entertainment company. The group owns and operates a series of television networks across four languages in the news, music, action, life, movies, kids, and comedy genres. It also airs FM stations in several Indian languages. Its business activities are reported under a single segment, being Media and Entertainment. The company generates revenues from advertising, broadcasting fees, International subscriptions, other subscriptions, movie distribution, and content trading. Geographically, the group is focused on the Indian market with a few operations outside India.

TV Asahi Holdings Corporation is a Japanese multimedia group. Ranging from its primary business of broadcast TV, the company owns and manages music publishing and miscellaneous businesses. The Television Broadcasting segment is involved in the production and broadcasting of TV programs. The Music Publishing segment attends to music copyrights and related rights as well as the artist management and recording businesses and through the Others segment, it is engaged in event management and the sale of digital goods such as DVDs. The company derives its revenue from TV Broadcasting Business.

Zhejiang Huace Film & TV Co Ltd operates as a film and television production company. It focuses on the creation of TV dramas, films, and various kinds of fine arts.

PT Elang Mahkota Teknologi Tbk is an Indonesian integrated group engaged in services, trading, construction, and industry. The group is engaged in media, health, aviation support services, and other business segments through its investments in several subsidiaries. Media segment includes five Free-to-Air (FTA) television stations: SCTV, Indosiar, Mentari TV, Ajwa TV, and Moji; Health segment operates in the health sector by managing private hospitals, aviation support services, ground handling, cargo handling, aircraft dispatch, maintenance, catering, and flight training. The others include connectivity, provision of banking services, financial services, infrastructure technology, internet solutions, investment, and other initiatives. It derives maximum revenue from the Media segment.

Metropole Television SA is a media holding company that owns several television channels, magazines, publications, and movie production firms. Metropole Television SA's flagship channel is M6, a multimedia television network that displays a wide variety of content and includes dramas, news, comedies, films, and documentaries. Furthermore, Metropole owns production houses and operates digital content publications. It has four reportable segments which includes Television, Radio, Production & Audiovisual Rights and Diversification involves distribution of niche products, other online revenues, Interactions division. The company generates the vast majority of its revenue from France and also from Television segment.

Wasu Media Holding Co Ltd is a China-based company, engages in the Internet, media, and cable television industry services. It offers interactive TV, mobile TV, Internet TV and Internet audio-visual content, technical services, and operations. It also offers cable television, digital television network, digital communications, advertising, and media information services. The company operates throughout China.

Television Francaise 1 SA is a television broadcasting company. The firm operates numerous television channels, including TF1, which is the company's flagship channel that broadcasts a variety of television programming. Additionally, the company controls other channels such as LCI, which focuses on news and current events, and Eurosport, the company's sports broadcasting segment. It is also involved in television and film production, publishing, as well as social media services. The company derives maximum revenue through Television. The company generates the vast majority of its revenue in France.

Guizhou Broadcasting & TV Information Network Co Ltd provides radio and television program ratings services, digital TV value-added business development & management, data services and cable TV-related transmission services.

Televisa is one of the leading telecom firms in Mexico. Its cable arm, Izzi, holds networks that pass 20 million Mexican homes and provide broadband service to nearly 6 million customers. The firm is also one of the largest pay-television providers in Mexico, with nearly 4 million customers. Televisa owns Sky Mexico, the country’s only satellite-TV provider, serving about 4 million customers. After merging its traditional media business into Univision, Grupo Televisa owns a 43% stake in the combined entity TelevisaUnivision. Grupo Televisa spun off several smaller businesses, including magazine publishing, three of Mexico's professional soccer teams, and Azteca Stadium in February 2024, under the name Ollamani.

Beijing Gehua CATV Network Co Ltd is engaged in the development and maintenance of radio and television networks. It is involved in the transfer and transmission of radio and television programs, video on demand, network information service business, internet access services based on cable television networks, internet data transmission value-added services, domestic IP telephony services, and cable television advertising design, production, and distribution services. The service scope covers cities, districts, streets, communities and other levels, covering education, finance, medical care, environmental protection, transportation, commerce, safety supervision and other fields.

Atresmedia Corporacion de Medios de Comunicacion SA is a diversified media company primarily operating in the television, radio, and cinema industries. The company has three primary business segments that include television, radio, and other. The television segment operates a network of television channels, while its radio segment operates a chain of radio stations. The company’s other business segment produces television shows and television films, promotes events, and offers advertising services. The company generates the majority of its revenue in Spain.

Jishi Media Co Ltd operates in the broadcasting and television network industry. The company provides radio and television transmission basic services such as live channels, digital broadcasting, consulting and program guide services; digital television value-added services including paid channels, high definition broadcast channels, and interactive on-demand services. It also provides broadband two-way interactive services.

Hicon Network Technology (Shandong) Co Ltd exclusively operate the operating business related to Shandong IPTV integrated broadcast control.

Guangdong South New Media Co Ltd media service operator in China. It offers service related to telecommunications, radio and television and satellite transmission.

Zee Entertainment Enterprises Ltd is a broadcasting television company that provides media and entertainment services. Zee generates revenue from advertisements, subscriptions, theatrical revenue, the sale of media content, transmission revenue, and commissions. The company controls a suite of television channels that broadcast in many different languages. Furthermore, Zee Entertainment produces and distributes feature films, develops digital online offerings, and produces and sells live entertainment events. It operates in a single segment, Content and Broadcasting. The company earns the vast majority of its revenue in India.

Newsmax Inc is a multi-platform media company. The company provides original news and lifestyle updates from its linear cable television and over-the-top (OTT) news channels, websites, proprietary database, publishing products, and e-commerce products. The Company uses original news and editorial content to draw large numbers of readers to its media outlets to sell advertising, print, and online information products. The Company’s business operations are conducted through two operating segments, Broadcasting and Digital. The company generates maximum revenue from the Broadcasting Segment.

Nine Entertainment is the largest media conglomerate in Australia. It operates Nine Network, a free-to-air TV network across five capital cities, as well as in a number of regional areas. It owns 9Now, a leading broadcast video on demand, or BVOD, business. Its publishing unit is the second-largest newspaper group in Australia with key mastheads such as Australian Financial Review, Sydney Morning Herald, and The Age. Nine also operates a leading domestic-owned subscription video on demand, or SVOD, business in Australia called Stan, and a talk-based radio network. In January 2026, Nine announced a plan to buy outdoor advertising entity QMS Media for AUD 850 million.

Sinclair Inc. is the owner-operator of the second largest portfolio of television stations in the United States, with 185 full power stations in 86 markets, covering 40% of US households. Of the firm's roughly 600 channels, 150 are affiliated with the four national broadcasters—Fox, ABC, CBS, and NBC—with over 80 other channels aligned with The CW (Nexstar) and MyNetworkTV (Fox). Sinclair owns the Tennis Channel and stakes in Marquee Sports Network and YES Network, providing their premium sports content to pay-TV distributors.

ProSiebenSat 1 Media SE is a German mass media and digital company that operates in three segments: Entertainment, which derives maximum revenue, Dating & Video, and Commerce & Ventures. The Entertainment segment represents the core of the company's business with a focus on the Seven.One Entertainment Group, which provides multi-platform digital media to audiences in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. The Dating & video segment offers a range of online matchmaking services and other social entertainment. The Commerce & Ventures segment supports young companies by offering media-for-revenue or media-for-equity partnerships through its TV reach. Geographically, it derives key revenue from Germany, Austria and Switzerland (DACH), followed by the United States of America and other regions.

China Television Media Ltd is a China-based company engaged in the movies and televisions (TVs) businesses. The movies and TV-related businesses mainly include the development and operations of movies and TV bases, the producing and publishing of movies and TV dramas, among others. The company is also involved in the advertising businesses, as well as the movies and TV bases tourism businesses. The company is also engaged in the provision of related technology services through its subsidiaries.

Huawen Media Group operates in the media industry. Its business activities include financial media platforms, regional information media and related extension services, advertising consisting of radio advertising and building media.

Huayi Brothers Media Corp is engaged in the media business. The company's reportable segments are film and television entertainment, TV dramas, artist brokerage and others.