PearlAbyss Valuation Multiples

Microsoft develops and licenses consumer and enterprise software. It is known for its Windows operating systems and Office productivity suite. The company is organized into three equally sized broad segments: productivity and business processes (legacy Microsoft Office, cloud-based Office 365, Exchange, SharePoint, Skype, LinkedIn, Dynamics), intelligence cloud (infrastructure- and platform-as-a-service offerings Azure, Windows Server OS, SQL Server), and more personal computing (Windows Client, Xbox, Bing search, display advertising, and Surface laptops, tablets, and desktops).

Founded in the late 1990s as an internet portal, NetEase has evolved into China’s second-largest online gaming company. Its early success was anchored by the massively multiplayer online role-playing game Fantasy Westward Journey, which laid the foundation for a durable franchise strategy. Over the past decade, the company has expanded its portfolio with successful titles such as Justice, Identity V, Naraka: Bladepoint, and Eggy Party, all of which continue to maintain sizable and engaged player bases.In addition to its in-house development capabilities, NetEase partners with global IP holders such as Microsoft and Marvel to develop and publish titles based on established franchises, including World of Warcraft, Diablo Immortal, and Marvel Rivals, further strengthening its global presence.

Nintendo started its video game console business in 1983 by launching the NES, and started its portable console business in 1989 by launching the Game Boy. Since then, the firm has focused on expanding the gaming population by delivering unique entertainment experiences on its original console systems. However, Nintendo not only makes game consoles, but also owns world-renowned IPs such as Super Mario, Pokemon, and Zelda, which have been a source of cash flow for 40 years.

Electronic Arts is one of the largest global developers and publishers of video games. Its most important franchises are the Madden NFL and FC soccer games, which it releases annually. In 2024, it also relaunched its American college football game. Other major franchises include Apex Legends, Battlefield, and The Sims. Typically, about three quarters of the firm’s sales are from in-game spending, with the remainder coming from initial game sales.

Take-Two is one of the largest global developers and publishers of video games, with labels including Rockstar, 2K, and Zynga. Grand Theft Auto is the firm's biggest franchise, accounting for about 30% of total sales for the past decade. NBA 2K is the industry's dominant basketball video game, with Take-Two releasing a new version annually. Other notable franchises include Red Dead Redemption, Borderlands, and Civilization. Typically, more than three-fourths of the firm's sales are from in-game spending, with the remainder coming from initial game sales. Since acquiring Zynga in 2022, mobile makes up about half of total sales.

Roblox operates a free-to-play online video game platform with nearly 150 million daily active users. This platform has spawned a virtual universe and a Roblox economy based on the Robux currency. The platform houses millions of games from a wide range of creators—spanning from young gamers themselves to professional development studios. Roblox offers creators the tools, publishing abilities, and platform for their games, enabling anyone to create a game. Creators earn money when gamers make optional in-game purchases within their games and by offering space for real-world advertising, and Roblox earns revenue primarily by taking a cut of these earnings.

Konami is a Japanese video game and entertainment company best known for its eFootball, Yu-Gi-Oh!, Powerful Pro Baseball, and Metal Gear franchises. It operates four business divisions—digital entertainment, amusement, gaming and systems, and sports. Overseas sales account for the majority of the company’s revenue.

Zhejiang Century Huatong Group Co Ltd is a China-based company engaged in three main businesses: Internet games, auto parts manufacturing, and artificial intelligence cloud data, as well as brain science research, artificial intelligence, metaverse platform and application development and investment.

Nexon is a South Korean online game developer and publisher, founded in 1994 in Korea by Kim Jung-ju. In 2005, the company moved its headquarters to Tokyo, Japan, and has operations in Korea, the US, Taiwan, and Thailand. The company’s most notable franchises are MapleStory, Dungeon & Fighter, Sudden Attack, and KartRider. Nexon has been the publisher for EA’s FC Online game franchise in Korea and Japan since 2013. Nexon acquired an independent game developer, Embark Studios AB, located in Stockholm, Sweden, in 2019.

Capcom was founded in 1979, originally an arcade game producer, but gradually transitioned to focus on producing console games, with the popularization of console gaming throughout the years. Capcom is currently one of the top video game producers in the world, with several long-lived popular series Resident Evil (since 1996), Monster Hunter (since 2004) and Streetfighter (since 1987). It was the top highly reviewed game publisher in 2019 and 2023 in Metacritic’s Annual Game Publisher Rankings. It also runs several side businesses including arcade operations, slot machines and e-sports.

Krafton Inc is a South Korea-based game developer and publisher engaged in creating and distributing PC, mobile, and console games. Its activities also extend to game software services, mobile app development, video content production, and related investment and consulting work. The company manages multiple studios, including PUBG Studio, Bluehole, RisingWings, Striking Distance Studios, Dreamotion, and Unknown Worlds, and is known for titles such as PUBG: Battlegrounds, New State Mobile, BGMI, Defense Derby, The Callisto Protocol, Ronin: The Last Samurai, Road to Valor, Moonbreaker, and Subnautica.

CD Projekt SA is the holding company of CD Projekt capital group. The firm with its subsidiary develops and publishes videogames for hardware platforms such as Steam, PlayStation Store, Xbox Games Store, Nintendo, App Store, Humble Bundle, Origin, and its own proprietary GOG.com platform. It is also involved in international digital videogame distribution. The firm has CD Projekt Red and GOG.com segments. It derives the majority of its revenues from CD Projekt Red segment.

International Games System Co Ltd plans, designs, researches, develops, manufactures, markets, and services commercial electronic arcade games, related software and hardware products, online games and mobile games. It offers arcade game, online game, mobile game, simulator machine games and online games. All the business activity is operated through Taiwan. There are two segments namely: Arcade game division, which derives maximum revenue and Online game division.

Square Enix is a Japanese video game publisher and entertainment company that was formed in 2003 through the merger between Square and Enix. The company is best known for its role-playing game franchises such as Final Fantasy, Dragon Quest, Kingdom Hearts, and Nier. The company also operates publishing, merchandise, and amusement businesses.

Kingnet Network Co Ltd is a Chinese-based online game company. The company's main business covers research and development as well as the operation and publishing of quality entertainment content, including mobile games, web games, and PC games. It also engages in the operation of web game platforms and mobile app distribution platforms.

Oriental Pearl Group Co Ltd operates a media integration and distribution platform in China. The various business units of the company comprise Channel Products Operation, Video Shopping, and E-Commerce, Culture and Entertainment Themed Tourism, Mobile Transmissions and Video Games among others.

Kingsoft Corp Ltd is a Chinese software and Internet services company. The company's operating segment includes entertainment software and others and office software and services. It generates maximum revenue from the entertainment software and others segment. The entertainment software and others segment is engaged in the research and development of games, and the provision of online games, mobile games and casual game services. Geographically, it derives a majority of revenue from Mainland China, and also has its presence in Hong Kong, and Other Countries.

Koei Tecmo Holdings is a Japanese video game, amusement, and anime company created in 2009 by the merger of Koei and Tecmo, best known for their Nobunaga’s Ambition, Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Nioh, and Atelier game franchises. The company also creates games based on third-party franchises, such as Nintendo’s The Legend of Zelda and Fire Emblem, and Kodansha’s Attack on Titan.

XD Inc is engaged in the development, operation, publishing, and distribution of mobile and web games and the provision of information services in China and overseas. It also operates TapTap, a game community and platform in China. It has two operating segments. The game segment, which is the key revenue driver, offers game publishing and operating services on its own and via other distribution channels. Revenues from this segment are derived from game publishing and operating services. The TapTap platform segment offers online marketing services to game developers, game publishers, or their agents. Revenues from this segment are derived from performance-based online marketing services. Its geographic areas are Mainland China and Other areas.

Micro-Star International Co Ltd is a manufacturer and distributor of computer hardware products, particularly gaming laptops and hardware. Its other products include laptops, motherboards, graphics cards, all-in-one PCs, mobile workstations, barebone computers, servers, multimedia peripherals to vehicle infotainment solutions, smart cleaning robots, and Wi-Fi cameras.

Sega Sammy Holdings was established as a holding company in 2004, when video game developer Sega and pachislot and pachinko vendor Sammy merged. The company currently derives majority of its sales revenue from entertainment content and its pachislot and pachinko machine business, which contributed 75% and 23% of total revenue in fiscal 2024, respectively.

Hangzhou Shunwang Technology Co Ltd develops and sells Internet entertainment networking platforms. It focuses mainly on internet cafe technology development. It offers IcafeMavin, a software platform for Internet café management; system virtual disk, an operating system solution for diskless Internet cafes; and Game virtual disk, a game virtual service software for Internet cafes, as well as other Internet café integration solutions.

Yoozoo Interactive Co Ltd is a game-based interactive entertainment company. The company implements the strategies of big data, globalization, and quality products to achieve integrated development across four major areas namely globalized game research and development and publishing, IP management, big data and intelligent technology, and pan-entertainment industry investment. It operates using a 'film-game integration' model to deliver a series of products such as films, games, cartoons, fiction, and commercial property, building a globalized ecosystem for the pan-entertainment industry.

Modern Times Group MTG AB invests in esports, mobile games and other digital entertainment. The group’s companies offer a wide range of games available to audiences all over the world. MTG’s portfolio of IP spans across both the casual and mid-core segments of the gaming market. A vast majority of games are available to consumers on a free-to-play basis, and the group generates revenues from in-app purchases and in-app advertising. The Group operates in Europe, Singapore, USA, India and New Zealand.

Alpha Group produces animated movies and television series as well as producing and distributing toys. It designs, develops, manufactures, and operates competitive toys, remote-controlled toys, and smart digital series and girl toy series. The company conducts its business in the Chinese and international markets.

Embracer Group AB is a parent company of businesses led by entrepreneurs in PC, console, mobile, and board games and other related media. The Group has an extensive catalog of several owned or controlled franchises and has a presence in various regions through its operative groups namely THQ Nordic, Plaion, Coffee Stain, Amplifier Game Invest, and others. Its operating segments are; PC/Console Games, Mobile Games, Tabletop Games, and Entertainment & Services. The company generates key revenue from the development and publishing of games for PC, Console, and Mobiles. Geographically, it derives maximum revenue from the United States of America and the rest from Europe (excluding Sweden), Sweden, and other regions.

Paradox Interactive AB is a Swedish company. It is engaged in the development and publishing of PC-based games. The company's product portfolio includes franchise brands such as Stellaris, Europa Universalis, Hearts of Iron, Crusader Kings, Cities, Skylines, Tyranny and Magicka. Paradox is also involved in the publishing and internal development of games and licensing of White Wolf's brands. The company distributes its games through the digital platform Steam as well as on Apple, Google Play, and Sony stores. It operates its business across the world. The majority of the company's revenue comes from the United States.

Playtika Holding Corp is engaged in developing mobile games. Some of its games include Board Kings, House of Fun, Poker Heat, Slotomania, and Bingo Blitz. The company has built live game operations services and a proprietary technology platform to support its portfolio of games. It derives revenue from the sale of virtual items associated with online games. Geographically, the group has a business presence in the USA, EMEA, APAC, and Other regions of which key revenue is derived from the USA. It offers both Mobile and Web-based platforms.

Sichuan Xun You Network Technology Co Ltd is an online game accelerator. The company solves the problem that players encounter excessive delays in online games, difficulty in login, and easy to drop.

Shift Up Corp is a game design and development studio that covers a wide range of areas from game production to promotional videos and music production, based on illustrations and solid planning and programming capabilities.

Guangxi Xinxunda Technology Group Co Ltd is engaged in Game software development, game operation and promotion, Internet performing arts and telecommunications business, etc.

Shenzhen Bingchuan Network Co Ltd engages in the development and operation of integrated network online games. Its business activities include the development and sales of computer software and hardware; and provision of computer programming services. The company's products mainly are a personal computer (PC) online games, mobile games.

DoubleUGames Co Ltd is a Korea-based game development company. It offers multiple gaming products such as DoubleU casino game and DoubleU bingo game and others. The company also provides Wookie Casino, a social casino game, as well as bingo, and slot machines games. In addition, it distributes its products domestically and in international markets.

NHN Entertainment Corp is engaged in the business of electronic gaming and multimedia. Its primary activity is to develop and sells online and mobile game software such as web board, massively multiplayer online role-playing game, sports games, arcade games, puzzle games, among others. The company also manages affiliated companies in the fields of e-commerce and payment, game operation and support, security and technology, game development studio and operation.

GungHo Online Entertainment Inc is a Japanese company that plans, develops, and distributes online video games. These games include smartphone platforms, online computer games, and console games. The company operates through its Personal Computer (PC) online segment, which is involved with distributing, operating, and licensing online games, and Mobile Consumer segment, which is involved with planning, development, and delivery of smartphone, consoles, and portable gaming machines.

Ubisoft develops and publishes top-quality video games for play on gaming consoles, PCs, and mobile devices. Its major franchises include Assassin’s Creed, Rainbow Six, Far Cry, Just Dance, The Crew, and Skull & Bones. It also has a license to release games under the Star Wars and Avatar banners, as well as use the Tom Clancy name. The firm also holds the game streaming rights to Activision's existing catalog and any games it develops through 2038. Typically, about half of the firm’s sales come from North America, and 35% from Europe. Furthermore, about 40% of sales are classified as recurring—from in-game purchases—while about 60% are nonrecurring, from the initial game sales.

Kakao Games Corp is engaged in the business of developing and publishing Mobile and PC games.

NetDragon Websoft Holdings Ltd is an investment holding company. Along with its subsidiaries, it operates in the following reportable segments: gaming and application services, the Mynd.ai business, and the property development business. Its gaming and application services segment, which generates maximum revenue, includes Internet and technology-enabled services, including gaming and software, and related or ancillary services. The mynd.ai business is mainly an overseas education business. Geographically, the group generates maximum revenue from Mainland China and the rest from the United States of America, Europe, and other regions.

Shenzhen Zqgame Network Co Ltd is an online gaming company. The company focuses on the development, distribution and operation of online games, especially mobile game products. It provides entertainment experiences across online, mobile, and tablet platforms for the hardcore gamer.

Everplay Group PLC is a holding company. Along with its subsidiaries, it is engaged in the development and publishing of independent (Indie) premium video games, working simulation games, and the development of educational entertainment apps for children. It is involved in identifying, developing, publishing, distributing, and licensing a mix of first-party and third-party IP games, with some of its IPs being Construction Simulator, Police Simulator, Bus Simulator, and Firefighting Simulator etc. The group's operating segments are Games Label, which develops and publishes video games for the digital and physical market; Simulation, which develops and publishes simulation games for the digital and physical market; and Edutainment, which develops educational entertainment apps for children.

Hangzhou Electronic Soul Network Technology Co Ltd is an electronic gaming and multimedia company. It is the mainly engaged in the research and development and operation of online game products. The company's revenue is mainly derived from the end-game product Dream Three Kingdoms.

Coffee Stain Group AB is a video game developer and publisher known for titles such as Goat Simulator and Satisfactory. The company is engaged in game development and publishing services focused on PC, console, and mobile markets. Its game portfolio includes Games Fellowship, Into the Unwell, Teardown, As We Descend, Satisfactory, Goat Simulator: Remastered, Songs of Conquest, Goat Simulator 3, Valheim, Deep Rock Galactic, Midnight Ghost Hunt, Huntdown, and others.

Soft-World International Corp is engaged in the digital content point service platforms, production and publication of computer game magazines, commercial advertising services and the retail sale of entertainment products and accessories for game software. The Corporation also acts as an agent for games and commercial software. Its segments include Soft-World International Corporation; Chinese Gamer International Corporation; Game Flier International Corporation; Neweb Technologies; Efun Corporation; and Others. It operates in China, Taiwan and other countries. The company derives maximum revenue from Soft-World International Corporation segment.

Wemade Co Ltd is a Korea-based company develops online and mobile game software. It offers online games such as ICARUS, Legend of Mir2, Legend of Mir3 and Chunryongki and it offers mobile game such as Wind runner, God's martial arts and Wind soul. The amazing library of games not only provides fun and enjoyment for customers in Korea but also all over the world. In addition, the group is also engaged in the publishing activities.

PlayWay SA is a producer and publisher of computer and mobile games in Poland. The company provides with various games including Out of Reach: Treasure Royale, Car Manufacture, Schizm 3: Nemezis And Split among others.

GRAVITY Co Ltd is an online and mobile games developer and publisher based in Korea. Its principal product, Ragnarok Online, is an online game which is available in more than 91 markets. Its games include Ragnarok Online, Requiem, Dragonica (Dragon Saga), Ragnarok Online II, Requiem Online, and R.O.S.E. Online. The company generates revenue from online games, mobile games and other sources including character based merchandise and animation.

GuangZhou Wahlap Technology Co Ltd is engaged in the design, research and development, production, sales, and operation of game entertainment equipment.

Sohu.com Ltd provides online media, games, and search products and services on PCs and mobile devices in China. The company operates in Sohu and Changyou segments. Sohu is an online media content and services provider. Through its social features, Sohu also enables users to generate and distribute content, as well as interact with each other on a platform. Changyou is an online game developer and operator. It generates maximum revenue from the Changyou segment.