Serve Robotics Valuation Multiples

Tesla is a vertically integrated battery electric vehicle automaker and developer of real world artificial intelligence software, which includes autonomous driving and humanoid robots. The company has multiple vehicles in its fleet, which include luxury and midsize sedans, crossover SUVs, a light truck, and a semi truck. Tesla also plans to begin selling a sports car and offer a robotaxi service. Global deliveries in 2025 were nearly 1.64 million vehicles. The company sells batteries for stationary storage for residential and commercial properties including utilities and solar panels and solar roofs for energy generation. Tesla also owns a fast-charging network and an auto insurance business.

General Motors Co. emerged from the bankruptcy of General Motors Corp. (old GM) in July 2009. GM has eight brands and operates under three segments: GM North America, GM International, and GM Financial. The United States now has four brands instead of eight under old GM. The company regained its US market share leadership in 2022, after losing it to Toyota due to the chip shortage in 2021. 2025 US share was 17.4%, up 60 basis points from 2024. The Cruise autonomous vehicle arm, which GM now owns outright, previously operated driverless geofenced AV robotaxi services in San Francisco and other cities, but after a 2023 accident, GM decided that it will focus on personal AVs. GM Financial became the company's captive finance arm in 2010 via the purchase of AmeriCredit.

SAIC Motor Corp Ltd builds and sells passenger cars and commercial vehicles. The company operates its business through two segments: the Vehicle and Parts Segment and the Financial Services Segment. The Vehicle and Parts segment focuses on the manufacturing and sale of automobiles and components. The Financial Services segment is engaged in offering various financial solutions. It generates the majority of its revenue from the Vehicle and Parts Segment.

Founded in 2015, XPeng is a leading Chinese smart electric vehicle company that designs, develops, manufactures, and markets EVs in China. Its products primarily target the growing base of technology-savvy middle-class consumers in the midrange to high-end segment in China’s passenger vehicle market. The company sold over 190,000 EVs in 2024, accounting for about 2% of China’s passenger new energy vehicle market. It is also a leader in autonomous driving technology.

Aurora Innovation Inc delivers self-driving technology safely, quickly, and broadly. The Aurora Driver is a self-driving system designed to operate multiple vehicle types, from freight-hauling trucks to ride-hailing passenger vehicles. It underpins Aurora Horizon and Aurora Connect, its driver-as-a-service products for trucking and ride-hailing. The Company is developing the Aurora Driver, a scalable suite of self-driving hardware, software, and data services designed as a platform to adapt and interoperate among vehicle types and applications.

China Aerospace Times Electronic Co Ltd is a China-based company. It engaged in the manufacturing and distribution of aerospace electronic products. Its products include satellite applications, inertial navigation, Integrated circuit, Drone.

Mobileye Global Inc engages in the development and deployment of ADAS and autonomous driving technologies and solutions. It is building a portfolio of end-to-end ADAS and autonomous driving solutions to provide the capabilities needed for the future of autonomous driving, leveraging a comprehensive suite of purpose-built software and hardware technologies. The company's reportable operating segment are Mobileye and Moovit. Its solutions comprise Driver Assist, Cloud-Enhanced Driver Assist, Mobileye SuperVision Lite, Mobileye SuperVision, Mobileye Chauffeur, Mobileye Drive, Self-Driving System & Vehicles. It derives maximum revenue from Mobileye Segment.

Avic (Chengdu) Uas Co Ltd is engaged in the design, production, repair, sales, leasing, after-sales service and technology development, technology transfer, technical consultation, and technical services of UAV systems, aerospace vehicles and their supporting products.

Ondas Inc designs, develops, manufactures, sells, and supports FullMAX Software Defined Radio (SDR) technology in the United States, Israel, and India. The company operates in two business segments namely Ondas Networks and Ondas Autonomous Systems. The company generates maximum revenue from Ondas Autonomous Systems through the sales of the Optimus system and separately priced support, maintenance, and ancillary services related to the sale of the Optimus system.

Pony AI Inc is an artificial intelligence technology company that is principally engaged in the operation and development of autonomous vehicles. It operates fully driverless robotaxis through the PonyPilot mobile app in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Shenzhen. The company operates a fleet of robotaxis. The Group conducts its operations mainly in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the United States of America (U.S.) through subsidiaries. Key revenue is generated from the People’s Republic of China.

Hesai Group is engaged in the development, manufacture, and sales of three-dimensional light detection and ranging solutions, or LiDAR. Its LiDAR products enable a broad spectrum of applications across passenger or commercial vehicles with enhanced advanced driver assistance systems, or ADAS, autonomous vehicle fleets providing passenger and freight mobility services, or Autonomous Mobility, and other applications such as last-mile delivery robots, street sweeping robots, and logistics robots in restricted areas, or Robotics. Geographically, the company operates in North America, Mainland China, Europe, and Other regions.

WeRide Inc operates in the autonomous driving industry. The company has developed a universal autonomous driving technology platform that integrates full-stack software algorithms, modularized hardware solutions, and a cloud-based infrastructure platform. The company provides autonomous driving products and services from L2 to L4 vehicles. The products of the company includes Robotaxi, Robobus, Robovan, Robosweeper, and others. The company earns its revenue from the People's Republic of China.

KPIT Technologies Ltd is a technology company that provides embedded software for the Automobile and Mobility industry. The company provides solutions for autonomous driving, connected vehicles, vehicle engineering and design, electric and conventional powertrains, and integrated diagnostics. Geographically, the company generates maximum revenue from the United Kingdom and Europe, and the rest from the Americas and the Rest of the world.

Droneshield Ltd develops and sells hardware and software for drone detection and security. The principal activity of the company is the development, commercialization, and sales of hardware and software technology for drone detection and security. It has four products: Dismounted, which include RfPatrol Mk2, DroneGun Mk4, Immediate Response Kit (IRK), DroneGun Tactical; On-The-Move includes DroneSentry-X Mk2, Expeditionary Fixed Site (EFS) Kit; Fixed Site includes DroneSentry; and Software includes DroneSentry-C2, Tactical DroneSentry-C2, and DroneOptID. The company provides its solutions to the intelligence community, Government, law enforcement, critical infrastructure, and airports globally. Its geographical segments are the United States and Australia.

HL Mando Corp is engaged in the business of manufacturing automobile parts. Its products consist of brake systems, including brake comer modules, caliper brakes, drum brakes, master cylinders, boosters, proportioning valves, steering, suspension system, driver assistance system, and sensors. Geographically, the group operates in Korea, India, America and other countries.

Robosense Technology Co Ltd is a company whose business is focused on full-stack systems incorporate LiDAR sensors, proprietary system on a chip and cutting-edge perception software. By integrating hardware and software, companies have differentiated themselves from LiDAR companies in the market who only focus on hardware. Combined with visual or other sensors, LiDAR forms perception solutions that endow automobiles and robots with perception capabilities. Comapny develop its solutions based on chipdriven LiDAR hardware and AI perception software, expanding application scenarios and realizing large-scale commercialization in the industry.

Aeva Technologies Inc through its Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) sensing technology, designs a 4D LiDAR-on-chip that, along with its proprietary software applications, has the potential to enable the adoption of LiDAR across broad applications from automated driving to consumer electronics, consumer health, industrial automation, and security application. The company operates in North America, EMEA, and Asia. The company derives the majority of its revenue from North America.

Shandong Extreme Vision Technology Co Ltd is an AI computer vision solution provider in China, delivering end-to-end solution development, deployment and management services to enterprises across diverse industries. It specializes in delivering AI computer vision solutions and large model solutions to enterprises: AI Computer Vision Solutions, Large Model Solutions. Computer vision solution, as a vital branch of AI solution, is a technological solution that simulates the human visual system to enable computers to extract information from images or videos and analyze, make decisions and interact based on this information.

Red Cat Holdings Inc is a drone technology company integrating robotic hardware and software for military, government, and commercial operations. Red Cat’s suite of solutions includes the Arachnid family of ISR and precision strike drones, which includes the Black Widow, a small unmanned ISR system; and WEB (Warfighter Electronic Bridge) GCS, designed to command and control an entire drone family of systems for military operations. Its other offerings include Edge 130 Blue drone systems, Trichon, a fixed-wing VTOL for extended endurance and range, and FANG FPV drones optimized for military operations with precision strike capabilities.

Kodiak AI Inc is a provider of artificial intelligence (AI)-powered autonomous vehicle technology. This technology addresses the needs of the long-haul trucking, industrial trucking, and defense industries. The company's core offering, the Kodiak Driver, is a single-platform virtual driver that combines advanced AI software with modular hardware for customer deployments. All company operations are conducted in the United States.

Elsight Ltd development and commercialisation of the Halo platform for mission-critical applications across defence, homeland security (HLS), and uncrewed systems markets. Provides proprietary software and hardware technology solutions enabling reliable connection confidence for unmanned aerial and ground systems, including drones, robots, and other uncrewed systems. Products include Halo for the Military, Halo for HLS/Public Safety, Halo for Commercial Use, AllSight Management Platform, and HeatSight. Serves Agriculture, Construction and Surveying, Firefighting, First Responders, Mining, Military & Defense, Oil & Gas, Electric & Water Utilities, and Deliveries. Operates in Europe with maximum revenue, Israel, United States of America, and Other foreign countries.

People & Technology Inc is engaged in manufacturing of special-purpose machinery. It operates the business through film division, battery division, copper division, non-woven division, and water division. Its products include li-ion battery sequential both-side coater, electronic deposition machine, non-woven auto turret winding machine.

Merlin Inc is focused on developing autonomous flight software for legacy and next-generation airborne systems. Its aircraft-agnostic, AI-based software supports takeoff-to-landing autonomous operations for military and civil aviation programs. The company aims to build an AI-based operating software platform intended to support autonomous flight operations across a range of aircraft types.

Minieye Technology Co Ltd is an intelligent driving and cabin solutions provider, offering solutions for critical aspects of the driving experience, including piloting, parking, and in-cabin functions. It manufactures and sells intelligent driving products in the market and generates revenue from sales of driving assistance products (iSafety), intelligent navigation assistance products (iPilot), intelligent cabin products (iCabin), and also provides related spare parts and maintenance services. In addition, the group offers services and vehicle infrastructure cooperative systems to customers. Geographically, it generates a majority of its revenue from the People's Republic of China.

Swarmer Inc is a provider of autonomous drone swarm software and AI solutions, specializing in vendor-agnostic technologies. It develops software platforms and artificial intelligence systems for defence applications, enabling military organisations to deploy and coordinate large-scale unmanned and autonomous systems. Its offerings include swarm coordination software, multi-domain unmanned systems integration, collaborative autonomy solutions, and command-and-control software for distributed robotic operations. Its key software and AI systems include: i) STYX AI Command & Control System, ii) MINAS Autonomy and Collaboration AI and iii) TRIDENT Embedded Drone Operating System. The company generates revenue through software license sales.

Altinay Savunma Teknolojileri AS is a company which has has been providing products and solutions in the fields of Motion Control Systems, Unmanned Systems, Stealth Systems, Weapon Systems, Ammunition Destruction, and Production Systems to various stakeholders in the government, private sector, and international markets.

Volatus Aerospace Inc. is a leader in globalized aerial solutions for intelligence and cargo. With deep technological and subject matter expertise and over 100 years of combined institutional knowledge in aviation, Volatus provides meaningful aerial solutions for end users across various industries using piloted and remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPAS or drones). It is committed to enhancing operational efficiency, safety, and sustainability through innovation, real-world aerial solutions.

Palladyne AI Corp is a software company focused on autonomy for robotic systems and solutions. Its artificial intelligence and machine learning software seeks to revolutionize the capabilities of robots, enabling them to observe, learn, reason, and act in structured and unstructured environments. AI and ML software platform of the company empowers robots to perceive variations or changes in the real-world environment, enabling them to autonomously maneuver and manipulate objects accurately in response. Palladyne AI software has wide application, including in industries such as automotive, aviation, construction, defense, general manufacturing, infrastructure inspection, logistics and warehousing.

Microvision Inc is engaged in developing a lidar sensor to be used in automotive safety and autonomous driving applications. Its lidar sensor uses laser beam scanning (LBS) technology, which is based on systems that include micro-electrical mechanical systems (MEMS), laser diodes, opto-mechanics, electronics, algorithms, and software. The company has also developed solutions for Augmented Reality, Interactive Displays, and Consumer Lidars.

Innoviz Technologies Ltd is a provider of solid-state LiDAR and perception solutions that feature technological breakthroughs across core components and bring enhanced vision and superior performance to enable safe autonomous driving at a mass scale. The company provides a complete and comprehensive solution for OEMs and Tier-1 partners that are developing and marketing autonomous driving vehicles to the passenger cars and other relevant markets, such as robotaxis, shuttles, delivery vehicles, buses and trucks and other industries that require 3-dimensional high resolution sensors. Company's solutions can enable safe autonomy for industries like logistics, drones, robotics, construction and other industrial applications, agriculture, smart city, smart infrastructure, security and mapping.

Kudan Inc is a Computer Vision Technology company. It is accelerating the evolution of AR/MR/VR and automobile/drone/robot by developing computer software algorithms for Artificial Perception. The objective of the group is to embed an AR and computer vision engine into a computer module chip, which enables various devices to use the AR engine while enabling online update and maintenance of the devices.

iMotion Automotive Technology (Suzhou) Co Ltd is an autonomous driving solution provider in China with a focus on AD domain controllers. It offers autonomous driving solutions and products, and also provides OEMs with various AD domain control units. The company's autonomous driving domain controller (AD domain controller) solutions typically include (i) AD domain controller; (ii) associated sensors, which the company procure from third-party suppliers and integrate into its solutions; (iii) integrated software, algorithms and functions; and (iv) relevant services such as sensor implementation, vehicle systems integration, and function testing and validation. The company generates the majority of its revenue from Autonomous driving solutions and products.

Saverone 2014 Ltd provides driver protection solutions. The company develops and deploys ADAS technologies for transportation safety and driver assistance. The company's product restricts the driver from surfing, communicating, and receiving alerts while driving. The company has developed a system that provides a solution to the problem of distracted driving caused by cell phone use, which endangers the driver, passengers, other drivers on the road and pedestrians. Geographially, it operates in Israel and Europe, out of which it derives maximum revenue from Israel.

Arbe Robotics Ltd is a provider of 4D Imaging Radar solutions enabling driver-assist systems while paving the way for fully autonomous driving. It is a research and development company in the field of chips for Advanced radar systems, which are mainly intended to be used as Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) adapted for autonomous vehicles as well as for non-automotive uses. Its geographical segments include Sweden, China, Germany, Hong Kong, USA, Israel, Switzerland, Italy, and others.

Venhub Global Inc is engaged in designing and building autonomous Smart Stores that operate 24/7 without on-site staff. Each store combines robotic automation, real-time inventory tracking, and mobile-based checkout to provide secure, convenient retail access.

Xtract One Technologies Inc is a technology-driven company focused on AI-powered physical security solutions. The principal business of the company is the development and commercialization of an integrated, layered, AI powered threat detection gateway solutions to enhance public health and safety. The main revenue streams of the company are the upfront commercial sales and subscription sales. Its Geographic segments include the United States, Japan, Canada, France, and the United Kingdom, with the majority of the revenue being generated from the United States.

Safe Pro Group Inc operates to acquire security and protection products. Its emphasis is on the development of a cloud-based ecosystem for analyzing drone imagery and data utilizing proprietary artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, deep learning, and applied computer vision software for hyper-scalable processing, analysis, and reporting. The company operated in three reportable business segments which consisted of: the business of Safe-Pro USA, the business of Airborne Response, and the business of Safe Pro AI. Key revenue is generated from Airborne Response.

AEye Inc is a provider of high-performance, active lidar systems for vehicle autonomy, driver-assistance systems (ADAS), and robotic vision applications. The company's software-definable 4Sight Intelligent Sensing Platform combines solid-state active lidar, an optionally fused low-light HD camera, and integrated deterministic artificial intelligence to capture more intelligent information with less data, enabling faster, more accurate, and more reliable perception of the surroundings. Majority of the Company's revenue is generated from customers located in the United States followed by Europe, and Asia-Pacific.

CreateAI Holdings Inc is an applied artificial intelligence (AI) company that leverages research and integrates cutting-edge solutions with end-market applications to deliver tangible commercial value. It has developed AI solutions for autonomous trucking expertise to develop digital entertainment content for an audience. The Company has developed and launched its proprietary image-to-video model, Ruyi. This model continues to be developed and optimized for anime, comics, and gaming content development. It is also developing other generative AI tools that support its video games and anime projects.

Arrive AI Inc is a technology company. Its patented Autonomous Last Mile (ALM) platform enables secure, efficient delivery to and from a smart, AI-powered mailbox-whether by drone, ground robot, or human courier. The platform provides real-time tracking, smart logistics alerts, and advanced chain-of-custody controls to support shippers, delivery services, and autonomous networks. By combining artificial intelligence with autonomous technology, Arrive AI makes the exchange of goods between people, robots, and drones frictionless and convenient. Its system integrates with smart home devices such as doorbells, lighting, and security systems to streamline the entire last-mile delivery experience.

Terranet AB develops software for radio-based solutions and three-dimensional image analysis for driver-assistance systems and autonomous vehicles (ADAS and AV). It is pioneering breakthrough safety technology for the ADAS and AV industries in Lund, Sweden, and its development sites in Kiev, Ukraine, and Stuttgart, Germany.

Tonner Drones SA is engaged in the developing and marketing of security and surveillance solutions intended for the military field as well as private and public security: the ISS SPOTTER Wired captive surveillance drone, the automatic drone for surveillance of sensitive sites ISS SPOTTER Automatic or even trailers SPOTTER BOT mobile video security systems.

JiaChen Holding Group Ltd is engaged in the manufacturing and sales of access flooring products and provides related installation services. Its segments consist of Steel access flooring plates and Calcium-sulfate access flooring plates. Its access flooring products have been applied in office buildings in China with characteristics of cable management (wires and cables are managed and organized underfloor with flexibility to accommodate any electronic devices); short installation time; high compressive strength and fire-resistance characteristics; and high bearing capacity. The geographical presence of the company is in Hong Kong, PRC, and Other countries and regions. It generates the majority of its revenue from the PRC.

Semilux International Ltd is a company that operates through its subsidiaries which is an optical and 3D sensing technology company that is involved in the customization, design and supply of optical components and integrated chip for various industries including autonomous driving, intelligent lighting, as well as unmanned aerial vehicles. In collaboration with clients, TCO conceptualizes and produces high precision optics and sensing modules that are specifically customized to clients’ needs for ease of integration in overall design and production. Applications for TCO’s products include automotive laser headlight systems, adaptive driving beams (ADB) as well as light detection and autonomous driving systems (LiDAR).