Vivendi Valuation Multiples

Netflix’s relatively simple business model involves only one business, its streaming service. It has the biggest television entertainment subscriber base in both the United States and the collective international market, with more than 300 million subscribers globally. Netflix has exposure to nearly the entire global population outside of China. The firm has traditionally avoided a regular slate of live programming or sports content, instead focusing on on-demand access to episodic television, movies, and documentaries. The firm introduced ad-supported subscription plans in 2022, giving the firm exposure to the advertising market in addition to the subscription fees that have historically accounted for nearly all its revenue.

Disney operates in three global business segments: entertainment, sports, and experiences. Entertainment and experiences both benefit from the firm’s ownership of iconic franchises and characters. Entertainment includes the ABC broadcast network, several cable television networks, and the Disney+ and Hulu streaming services. Within the segment, Disney also engages in movie and television production and distribution, with content licensed to movie theaters, other content providers, or, increasingly, kept in-house for use on Disney’s own streaming platform and television networks. The sports segment houses the ESPN family of TV networks and streaming services. Experiences contains Disney’s theme parks, cruises, and vacation destinations and also engages in merchandise licensing.

Comcast is made up of three parts. The core cable business owns networks capable of providing television, internet access, and phone services to 65 million US homes and businesses, or nearly half of the country. The firm provides services to about 47% of the locations in this territory. Comcast acquired NBCUniversal from General Electric in 2011. Following the spinoff of several cable networks, including CNBC, MSNBC, and USA, NBCU now consists of the NBC network, several local NBC affiliates, Bravo, the Peacock streaming platform, Universal Studios, and several theme parks. Finally, Sky, acquired in 2018, is a large television provider in the UK and Italy.

Warner Bros. Discovery operates in three segments: streaming, studios, and linear networks. In 2026, it intends to split its networks from streaming and studios to form two separate companies. The streaming business includes HBO Max, which is rapidly increasing its international footprint in addition to its major presence in the US. Studios include industry leaders in both film and television, which produce movies and television series that are monetized in multiple ways, including theatrical release, sales to third parties, and feeding into Warner's own platforms. global networks consist of basic cable networks like CNN, TNT, TBS, Discovery, HGTV, and The Food Network. The Discovery+ streaming service will remain part of global networks.

Universal Music is the largest of the three major record companies. Recorded music accounts for most of the firm’s revenue, with the segment housing more than a dozen record labels, including notable names like Interscope, Capital Music, Motown Records, and Def Jam. Some of the most successful current artists signed to record deals with Universal include Taylor Swift, Drake, The Weeknd, and Morgan Wallen. Most of Universal’s remaining revenue comes from its publishing segment, which generates revenue for songwriters and composers, including some of Universal’s recording artists as well as songwriters and composers who do not record music themselves or are attached to other labels. Universal’s publishing group has nearly 4.5 million owned or administered titles in its catalog.

Fox operates in two segments: cable networks and television. Cable networks primarily includes Fox News, Fox Business, and several pay TV sports stations. Television primarily includes the Fox broadcast network, 29 owned and operated local television stations, of which 18 are affiliated with the Fox network, and streaming platform Tubi, which is not subscription-based and is completely ad-supported. Fox effectively sold most of its entertainment assets to Disney in 2019, so it no longer creates entertainment content and relies heavily on live news and sports, with nearly all tied to the pay TV bundle. The Murdoch family controls Fox.

BCE provides wireless, broadband, television, and landline phone services in Canada. It is one of the Big Three national wireless carriers, with over 10 million customers constituting about 30% of the market. It is also the incumbent local exchange carrier—the legacy telephone provider—throughout much of the eastern half of Canada, including in the most populous Canadian provinces: Ontario and Quebec. BCE has a media segment that holds television, radio, and digital media assets. BCE licenses the Canadian rights to HBO Max and Starz.

Liberty Media Corp along with its subsidiaries is engaged in the media and entertainment industries in North America and the United Kingdom. The company owns interests in a high-quality portfolio of assets across the media, entertainment and sports industries. The company derives its maximum revenue from United Kingdom.

Rogers Communications is the largest wireless service provider in Canada with more than 11 million subscribers, equating to one-third of the total Canadian market. Rogers' wireless business accounts for more than half of total revenue and has been growing at a higher rate than other segments. The cable segment, which provides about 38% of total revenue after acquiring Shaw, offers home internet, television, and landline phone service to consumers and businesses. Remaining sales come from Rogers' media unit, which owns and operates various television and radio stations and major Toronto sports franchises, including the Blue Jays, Maple Leafs, Raptors, Toronto FC, and Argonauts.

Warner Music is the third-largest of the three major record companies. Recorded music accounts for most of the firm’s revenue, with the segment housing notable record labels including Atlantic Records, Warner Records, Elektra Records. Some of the most successful current artists signed to record deals with Warner include Ed Sheeran, Bruno Mars, Cardi B, and Dua Lipa. Warner’s remaining revenue comes from its publishing business, where Warner Chappell represents more than 180,000 songwriters and composers, some of whom are also Warner recording artists but many of whom are not recording artists or are attached to other labels. Warner Chappell controls more than 1 million musical compositions. Access Industries controls 98% of Warner’s voting rights, while holding a 72% economic interest.

TKO Group Holdings Inc is a sports and sports entertainment company that operates combat sports and sports entertainment companies. It owns and manages valuable sports and entertainment intellectual property. The company distributes content and monetizes its intellectual property through four activities: Media rights, production, and content, Live events and hospitality, Partnerships and marketing and Consumer products licensing, The company has two reportable segments, UFC and WWE. The company generates majority of revenue from the UFC segment. The UFC segment revenue consists of media rights fees associated with the distribution of its programming content, ticket sales, and site fees associated with the business's international live events.

Paramount Skydance operates in three global business segments: TV media, filmed entertainment, and direct to consumer. The TV media business includes television production studios and various broadcast and cable networks, including CBS, 15 owned CBS affiliates, Paramount, Nickelodeon, MTV, BET, and VH1. Filmed entertainment consists multiple film studios, most importantly Paramount Pictures. The film studios produce and distribute movies that they license to movie theaters and other media outlets. Direct to consumer includes the Paramount+, Pluto TV, and BET+ streaming services. Much of the content on Paramount’s streaming platforms is created by the production studios housed within the firm’s other two business segments.

Bilibili is a Chinese online entertainment platform best known for its YouTube-like video-sharing site. Founded in 2009, it first focused on long-form content centered around anime, comics, and gaming, catering primarily to Gen Z users. Over time, the platform has broadened its content offerings to include a wider range of interests, successfully attracting a more diverse audience beyond the Gen Z demographic.

Endeavor Group Holdings Inc is an entertainment and sports company. The company owns and operates sports and entertainment properties, including UFC and WWE through its majority ownership of TKO, produces and distributes sports and entertainment content, owns and manages exclusive live events and experiences, and represents top sports, entertainment, and fashion talent, as well as blue chip corporate clients. Its reportable segments are Owned Sports Properties, Events, Experiences & Rights, and Representation. Maximum revenue is generated from its Owned Sports Properties segment, which is comprised of a portfolio of sports and entertainment properties, including UFC, WWE, PBR, and Euroleague. Geographically, it derives key revenue from the United States.

Toho Co Ltd is a diversified media company with interests in the film and theater businesses. The company operates through three primary business segments: movie, theater, and real estate. The movie segment generates the vast majority of its revenue and is involved in the production and distribution of feature films. The theater segment is involved in planning, producing, and performing stage productions. The corporate real estate segment leases land and buildings. The company generates the vast majority of its revenue in Japan.

HYBE is a music-based entertainment lifestyle platform company. The company operates through three segments: Music, Platform, and Technology-based Future Growth. The Music segment focuses on creating artists and music IP. The Platform segment aggregates content and delivers it directly to fans. The Technology-based Future Growth segment explores and develops new business opportunities arising from shifts in the digital and industrial landscape. It generates the majority of its revenue from the Music segment.

RTL Group SA is a broadcasting television company with interests in television channels, video-on-demand platforms, and radio stations. The company has three main areas of business: broadcast, streaming, content, and digital. Broadcast includes television and radio; content includes content production and distribution, and digital includes online video and advertisement technology. Business segments include Mediengruppe RTL Deutschland, Groupe M6, Fremantle, RTL Nederland, and Other segments. The company's business units operate in Europe, predominantly in Germany, France, the United States, the UK, and Other regions.

TBS Holdings Inc is a Japanese media and broadcasting holding company that operates television businesses through its subsidiaries. The company operates through three reportable segments: Media & Content Business, Lifestyle Business, and Real Estate & Other Business. The Media & Content Business includes television and radio broadcasting, event planning, video software production, and distribution. The Lifestyle Business handles general merchandise retail, beauty and wellness services, private tutoring, and early childhood education. The Real Estate & Other Business segment involves land and building rentals. It generates the majority of its revenue from the Media & content business segment.

Nexstar is the largest television station owner-operator in the United States with over 200 stations in 116 markets, reaching 220 million people. Of its 200 stations, 155 are affiliated with the four national broadcast networks: CBS, Fox, NBC, and ABC. Pending approval, Nexstar’s merger with Tegna would bring Nexstar’s station total to 259 in 133 markets, reaching 80% of the US population. Nexstar also owns NewsNation (formerly WGN), a cable news network, 75% of the fifth national broadcaster, the CW, and a 31% stake in Food Network and Cooking Channel.

Beijing Enlight Media Co Ltd is a China-based company engages in the provision of multimedia video content services. Its main business is TV programs and film investment, making and distributing. TV programs including regular TV programs and acting activities broadcasted on television. Acting activities generally are broadcasted on television, belonging to the special type of TV program and drama series.

Sphere Entertainment Co is a live entertainment and media company. The firm creates, writes, casts, produces, and tours shows and events. The group has two reportable segments: Sphere and MSG Networks. Sphere is a next-generation entertainment medium, and MSG Networks operates two regional sports and entertainment networks, as well as a direct-to-consumer (DTC) and authenticated streaming product.

Mango Excellent Media Co Ltd is a China-based company engaged in the provision of E-commerce services through Television, Internet, Catalogs, and other multimedia channels. The company operates three main business segments. The Mango Television Internet Video Business segment delivers content such as variety shows, TV dramas, films, movies, animations, and short videos. The New Media Interactive Entertainment Content Production Business segment covers the creation and operation of dramas, variety programs, and games, alongside artist management, music copyrights, and game development. The Media Retail Business segment focuses on TV shopping, media e-commerce, and overseas-related operations. The company generates maximum revenue from the Mango Television internet video business segment.

Graham Holdings Company is a diversified holding company with operations spanning educational services, television broadcasting, healthcare, manufacturing, automotive dealerships, and other businesses. The Company's education activities are conducted through Kaplan, whose services include academic preparation programs for international students, English-language programs, exam preparation, and career and academic advisement. These services are provided to students, schools, and colleges, both domestically and outside the United States. It operates through seven reportable segments: Kaplan International, Kaplan Higher Education, Kaplan Supplemental Education, Television Broadcasting, CSI, Manufacturing and Automotive, with key revenue coming from the Education and Automotive segments.

Oriental Pearl Group Co Ltd operates a media integration and distribution platform in China. The various business units of the company comprise Channel Products Operation, Video Shopping, and E-Commerce, Culture and Entertainment Themed Tourism, Mobile Transmissions and Video Games among others.

Banijay Group NV media and entertainment company. It has over 130 production companies across 23 territories, a multi-genre catalogue boasting over 185,000 hours of original standout programming, and a complementary live entertainment business.

Nippon Television Holdings Inc is a broadcasting and television company. It is engaged in media, content, life and health-related, and real estate businesses. The company operates through three reportable segments: the Media and Content Business, which handles television advertising, video distribution, pay-TV, retail, and film production; the Life and Health Related Business, which operates comprehensive sports clubs; and the Real Estate Related Business, which manages real estate rental, building operations, and solar power generation. It generates the majority of its revenue from the Media and Content Business segment.

ITV PLC is a broadcasting television company that owns, creates, and distributes the content on its platforms. The company's international content business, ITV Studios, produces programming for ITV's channels as well as other British broadcasters. The company's segment includes ITV Studios and Media and Entertainment. It generates maximum revenue from the ITV Studios segment.

Lionsgate Studios Corp is a motion picture and television studio operations aligned with the STARZ premium subscription platform to bring a varied portfolio of entertainment to consumers around the world. The group has two reportable business segments: the Motion Picture and Television Production reportable segments. Motion Picture consists of the development and production of feature films, the acquisition of North American and world-wide distribution rights. Television Production consists of the development, production, and world-wide distribution of television productions, including television series, television movies and mini-series, and non-fiction programming.

China Film Group Co Ltd is engaged in film and television production, film distribution, film screening, and film and television service business. The company's business includes six sectors: creation, distribution, screening, technology, services, and innovation, covering film and TV series production, post-product management; domestic and imported film promotion and distribution; cinema investment, theater chain management; film technology research and development, film and television equipment production and sales and technical services; film and television production, ticketing platform and financial leasing services and other fields.

Perfect World Co Ltd is an entertainment company based in China, engaging in the production, distribution, and marketing of film and television content, content related advertising and merchandising business, as well as talent management business.

FUJI Media Holdings Inc operates as a certified broadcasting holding company engaged in media, content, and related businesses. The company has two reportable segments: Media & Content Business, which involves broadcasting, film and animation production, music publishing, advertising, and mail-order sales; and Urban Development & Tourism Business, which engages in building rental, real estate transactions, and hotel and resort management. The company earns the majority of its revenue in Japan.

Canal+ SA is media and entertainment company and also operates short-form video streaming platforms with Dailymotion. It operates in three business segments, Europe, Africa and Asia, and Content Production, Distribution and Other. Key revenue is generated from Europe which includes subscription-TV, advertising-based television and OTT businesses across France, the Overseas Territories, Poland and also in Central Europe and the Benelux through M7, and the Group’s FTTH business in the Overseas Territories.

China Literature Ltd is an investment holding company. The company along with its subsidiaries provides online reading services, copyright commercialization, writer cultivation and brokerage, and operation of text work reading. It generates its revenue from Online reading through self-owned platform products. it operates in two segments: Online business and Intellectual property operations and others. The Online business segment that derives the majority of revenue comprises online paid reading, online advertising, and game publishing. The Intellectual property operations and other segment include licensing and distribution of film and television properties, copyrights licensing, sales of adaptation rights and scripts, sales of physical books, and in-house online games operations.

Tegna Inc is a media company with a portfolio of broadcast stations and digital sites. The firm has television stations and radio stations in approximately U.S. markets. The company owns multicast networks of True Crime Network, Twist, and Quest. Each television station also has a robust digital presence across online, mobile, connected television, and social platforms, reaching consumers on all devices and platforms used to consume news content. It generates key revenue from advertising and marketing services, subscriptions, political advertising, and other services.

Toei Animation Co Ltd is a Japanese animation company. It is engaged in the planning and production of animation products for theaters and televisions (TVs), the sale of broadcasting rights, as well as the sale of packaged software rights of the Company's animation products with a focus on digital versatile discs (DVDs). The company develops characters into diverse types of merchandise such as toys, games, stationery goods, food products, clothing, and for campaigns and promotions. It produces works of animation mainly of television series along with other types of work such as theatrical features and original video animation.

MFE-MediaForEurope is a commercial TV operator in the Italian and Spanish commercial TV sector, offering free-to-air television programming on general interest channels (Canale 5, Italia 1 and Rete 4 in Italy, and Tele5 and Cuatro in Spain) and a wide portfolio of semigeneralist and thematic channels available in linear and on-demand OTT services comprising a broad range of cinema, TV series and children’s channel content. The group generates maximum revenue from TV advertising, and the rest from sales of TV rights and productions, pay streaming service, movie distribution, construction, rental, and maintenance of TV equipment, etc. Its operating segments are: Italy, which is its key revenue-generating market, and Spain.

Jiangsu Broadcasting Cable Information Network Corp Ltd is a China-based company engaged in the construction and operation of broadcasting and television networks, the development and operation of radio and television program transmission, data broadband services and digital TV value-added services.

Damai Entertainment Holdings Ltd is a technology-powered entertainment company rooted in real-world experiences. While delivering premium films and performances, it harnesses technology to craft inventive experiences for the cultural and entertainment industry, offering users high-quality real-world entertainment. It stands as a full-fledged real-world entertainment platform with businesses spanning content production, marketing and distribution, live performances, IP licensing and integrated operations, as well as cinema ticketing management and data services.

Visual China Group Co Ltd is engaged in providing digital visual content and visual solutions to customers in media, commercial, and consumer sectors. It services include Copyright removal, rights protection agent, Sports, Entertainment and Digital marketing, and Special shooting.

Cyfrowy Polsat SA operates in Poland as a provider of a paid digital satellite platform under the name of ‘Polsat Box’ and paid digital terrestrial television as well as the telecommunication services provider. The group operates in the following four segments that includes B2C and B2B services segment which relate to the provision of services to the general public, including digital television transmission signal, mobile services, internet access services, mobile TV services, online TV services, and set-top box production, Media segment consists mainly of production, acquisition, and broadcasting of information and entertainment programs, and TV series. Real Estate segment consists construction, sale, rental, and management of own or leased real estate and Green energy segment.

Toei Co Ltd engaged in the production of theatrical movies, TV dramas, direct-to-video productions, and anime, as well as a diverse range of businesses based on film production. The company releases both domestic and foreign movies, including its own films directly managed theaters and cinema complexes operated by the subsidiary T-Joy Co., Ltd. It also offers a digital cinema system providing packaged video software, such as DVD and Blu-ray discs. Its video distribution services engage in the sales of content to distribution media and the distribution of movies on iTunes in Japan. It operates more than ten official mobile websites via three major carriers namely NTT DOCOMO, au, and SoftBank.

MBC Group Co is a media company in the Middle East and North Africa, having principal activities consisting of information, communication, education, arts, entertainment, and recreation. Its operating segments include Broadcasting and other commercial activities, Shahid, and Media and Entertainment. The Group generates its revenue from: advertising revenue, predominantly from advertisers placing advertisements on its free-to-air TV channels, radio channels, and on the Group’s advertising-video-on-demand streaming platform (AVOD); revenue from subscriptions of the Group’s Shahid VIP subscription-video-ondemand (SVOD) service; and ancillary revenue from its other business operations.

Zhejiang Huace Film & TV Co Ltd operates as a film and television production company. It focuses on the creation of TV dramas, films, and various kinds of fine arts.

Imax Corp is a technology platform for entertainment and events. Through its proprietary software, auditorium architecture, patented intellectual property, and specialized equipment, IMAX offers end-to-end solution to create superior, immersive content experiences for which the IMAX brand is globally renowned. The Company has two reportable segments being Content Solutions and Technology Products and Services. The Company leverages its proprietary technology and engineering in all aspects of its business, which principally consists of the IMAX film remastering and the sale or lease of premium IMAX theater systems.

Sun TV Network Ltd is a media and entertainment company. The group owns and operates a series of television networks across four languages in the news, music, action, life, movies, kids, and comedy genres. It also airs FM stations in several Indian languages. Its business activities are reported under a single segment, being Media and Entertainment. The company generates revenues from advertising, broadcasting fees, International subscriptions, other subscriptions, movie distribution, and content trading. Geographically, the group is focused on the Indian market with a few operations outside India.

Xinhua Winshare Publishing & Media Co Ltd is engaged in integrated cultural operations specializing in the creative content production of publications, education services, cultural consumption services, supply chain services, and capital operation. Its activities are editorial and publishing of publications, sales of publications in physical stores and the internet, distribution of textbooks and supplementary materials, education information and equipment services, etc. It is through two operating segments; the Publication segment, which includes publishing books, periodicals, and audiovisual products, and the Distribution segment, which comprises the distribution of textbooks and supplementary materials. The group generates a majority of its revenue from the Distribution segment.

PT Elang Mahkota Teknologi Tbk is an Indonesian integrated group engaged in services, trading, construction, and industry. The group is engaged in media, health, aviation support services, and other business segments through its investments in several subsidiaries. Media segment includes five Free-to-Air (FTA) television stations: SCTV, Indosiar, Mentari TV, Ajwa TV, and Moji; Health segment operates in the health sector by managing private hospitals, aviation support services, ground handling, cargo handling, aircraft dispatch, maintenance, catering, and flight training. The others include connectivity, provision of banking services, financial services, infrastructure technology, internet solutions, investment, and other initiatives. It derives maximum revenue from the Media segment.

Hengdian Entertainment Co Ltd operates as a film production company. It offers film production, film marketing and other services. The activities are carried out through the region of China.