Specificity Valuation Multiples

Headquartered in France, Publicis is the world’s second-largest ad holding company based on revenue. Publicis’ services, which include traditional and digital advertising, public relations, and consulting, are provided worldwide, with over 80% of its revenue coming from more-developed regions such as North America and Europe.

Omnicom is a holding company that owns several advertising agencies and related firms. It provides traditional and digital advertising services that include creative design, market research, data analytics, ad placement, and public relations. The firm operates globally, providing services in more than 70 countries; it generates more than one half of its revenue in North America and nearly 30% in Europe.

Focus Media Information Technology Co Ltd is an advertising company. The company's main business is the development and operation of Life Circle media. Its main products are building media (including elevator TV media and elevator poster media) and cinema screen advertising media, etc., covering the work scenes, life scenes, entertainment scenes, and consumption scenes of the mainstream urban consumer groups, and integrating into a life circle media network.

BlueFocus Communication Group Co Ltd provides marketing and brand management services in China and internationally. It offers marketing and brand management services across various disciplines, including strategy, digital, advertising, media, social, PR, design, branding, CRM, data, e-commerce, and mobile solutions to various multinational companies and Chinese enterprises, such as IT, automobile, consumer goods, real estate, finance, and entertainment industries.

QMMM Holdings Ltd is a digital advertising and marketing production services company. It operates through its two wholly owned subsidiaries: ManyMany Creations and Quantum Matrix. It has used interactive design, animation, art-tech and virtual technologies in over 500 commercial campaigns. The company has worked with large domestic and international banks, real estate developers, amusement parks, top international athletic apparel and footwear brands, and luxury cosmetic products and international brands for their advertising and creation work in Hong Kong. Its clients include local and international banks, real-estate developers, luxury brands, high fashion houses, and theme parks.

Outfront Media Inc is a real estate investment trust involved in the ownership of advertising space on its portfolio of billboards and transit displays. The Company generates revenue in the form of rental income by allowing other companies to advertise on its properties and structures under short-term contracts. Outfront Media segments its operations into the United States and International units. Although it also owns assets in Canada and Latin America, the company derives the vast majority of its revenue from billboard advertising agreements in the U.S. Roughly half of the U.S. division's revenue comes from its displays in the New York City and Los Angeles markets. Outfront Media's customers include entities within the retail, television, healthcare, and entertainment industries.

Dentsu Group is the top advertising agency in Japan and the fifth-largest advertising network in the world. It is the oldest advertising agency in Japan, with the original company being established in 1901. Over the years, Dentsu expanded its global footprint through mergers and acquisitions. Currently, international sales account for about 60% of total revenue.

JCDecaux SE is an outdoor advertising company. The company focuses on three main business areas namely Street Furniture, Transport advertising, and Billboard advertising. Street furniture advertising relates to bus stop advertising, newspaper kiosks, public benches, and free-standing panels. Transport which focuses on advertising in land transport networks and airports and Billboard Advertising which concerns the marketing of billboards, neon-light billboards, and advertising wraps. The company generates the majority of its revenue from the Street Furniture segment in the form of Advertising. The company has a geographical presence in Europe, Asia-Pacific, France, the Rest of the world, the United kingdom, and North America.

CyberAgent is a prominent Japanese media company founded in 1998. Its core businesses include internet advertising, online broadcasting platforms, and gaming.

Headquartered in the United Kingdom, WPP is the world’s largest ad holding company based on annual revenue. Its services, which include traditional and digital advertising, public relations, and consulting, are provided worldwide, with over 70% of its revenue coming from more developed regions such as North America, the UK, and Western Europe. WPP is the largest media buying entity in the world.

Hakuhodo is the second-largest advertising agency in Japan, and one of the oldest advertising agencies, founded in 1895. Over the years, Hakuhodo has acquired many international companies, and overseas revenue currently accounts for 15% of total sales.

Stroeer SE & Co KGaA is a Germany-based holding company focused on promotional media services outside of the home. It operates in three main business segments, Out of Home (OOH) Media which generates key revenue, Digital & Dialog Media, and DaaS & E-commerce. The OOH Media segment encompasses the Group's entire OOH advertising business, comprising the Classic OOH, Digital OOH, and OOH services product groups. Digital & Dialog Media segment provides solutions for online advertising in the context of proprietary and third-party content. The scalable products marketed on this basis range from branding and storytelling to performance, native advertising, and social media. Geographically, it generates the majority of its revenue from Germany.

Zhewen Interactive Group Co Ltd is engaged in digital marketing, with technology and data driving traffic operations, and digging into the value of traffic. It provides corporate marketing planning, corporate image planning, exhibition and display services; design, production, agency, and advertising.

Guangdong Advertising Group Co Ltd is a advertising and marketing company. It provides professional marketing services.

Founded in 2008 as a media content platform, Autohome is the leading online automobile platform in China, ranking first among automotive service platforms in terms of mobile daily active users, according to QuestMobile. Through its two websites, autohome.com.cn and che168.com, Autohome delivers comprehensive, independent and interactive content and tools to automobile consumers as well as a full suite of services to automakers and dealers. According to iResearch, the company was the largest online automotive advertising and lead generation service provider with 30% market share, in terms of media services and lead generation revenue, in China’s online auto platform media advertising market.

Havas NV is engaged in global communications and marketing, providing end-to-end services across the industry. Its has three primary business lines: (i) Havas Creative, which delivers creative services, from advertising, brand strategy and business transformation to digital and social media solutions as well as public relations and events; (ii) Havas Media, which is dedicated to delivering comprehensive media experiences, through media planning and buying, fan engagement, retail media and e-commerce, as well as data analytics services to optimize client advertising investments; and (iii) Havas Health, which focuses on healthcare and wellness communications, providing specialized marketing services to pharmaceutical companies.

Hunan TV & Broadcast Intermediary Co Ltd operates in the advertising industry.

Stagwell Inc is the challenger holding company built to transform marketing. It delivers scaled creative performance for the world's ambitious brands, connecting culture-moving creativity with a technology to harmonize the art and science of marketing. The company's segments include Integrated Agencies Network; Brand Performance Network; and Communications Network. It generates maximum revenue from the Integrated Agencies Network segment. Geographically, it derives a majority of its revenue from the United States.

Arabian Contracting Services Co is an outdoor advertising solution provider, offering clients expertise across a multitude of platforms and disciplines. It is mainly engaged in establishing and operating outdoor advertising billboards, including roadside and indoor advertisements. The group's operating segments are Advertising and Others. The Advertising segment, which generates a majority of its revenue, is engaged in the provision of indoor and outdoor advertisements. The Others segment includes all types of printing work and retail sales by mail. Geographically, the group derives maximum revenue from its business in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and also has a presence in the Arab Republic of Egypt and the United Arab Emirates.

4imprint Group PLC is engaged in the sale and distribution of promotional products. The company operates in two geographical segments; North America and the United Kingdom and Ireland, Out of which a majority of its revenue is derived from the North American segment. Its products comprise apparel, stationery, technology, and food products among others. The company's plan of action involves achieving organic growth. This implies the use of data-driven, offline, and online direct marketing techniques thereby capturing large and fragmented promotional product markets.

CHEIL Worldwide Inc is a Korean-based advertising and media firm. The company mainly provides strategic, creative, experimental, digital and creative solutions. Its services involve brand activation and retail marketing. It also provides its clients around the world with integrated marketing solutions.

Strive Inc is engaged in providing investment advisory, wealth management, and consulting services through its subsidiary. Its objectives is to (i) accumulate Bitcoin; (ii) increase Bitcoin-per-share; and (iii) outperform Bitcoin over the long run by deploying both beta Bitcoin treasury accumulation strategies and alpha investment strategies with the goal of beating Bitcoin’s investment performance as the hurdle rate.

Clear Channel Outdoor Holdings Inc is a provider of out-of-home advertising solutions. The company offers advertisers an opportunity to reach mass audiences across various high-traffic public spaces, by using its diverse portfolio of assets including roadside billboards, street furniture, and airport displays. Its reportable segments are; America (U.S. operations excluding airports), Airports (U.S. and Caribbean airport operations), and Other. A majority of its revenue is generated from the America segment which generates revenue from the sale of advertising on printed and digital out-of-home advertising displays such as bulletins, posters, street furniture, and others. Geographically, the company generates maximum revenue from the United States followed by Singapore.

Entravision Communications Corp owns and operates Spanish language television and radio stations in the United States. The Company also owns and operates a smaller group of television stations that broadcast English language programming and has operations that provide programmatic advertising technology and services. The Company has organized its operations into two reportable segments. Its media segment includes its television, radio, and digital marketing operations. Its advertising and technology services segment provides programmatic advertising and technology services. The company generates the majority of its revenue from the Media segment. Geographically, the company generates the majority of its revenue from the United States.

APG SGA SA is a Swiss out-of-home advertising media company. As a media company, it transports advertising messages into public and private areas with posters, screens, and related media as promotions and mobile advertising. This media performance is generated in streets, city centers, pedestrian zones, railway stations, shopping centers, airports, tourist resorts, and on the outside and inside of public transport vehicles. The company's regional segments are Switzerland, and Serbia, out of which a majority of its revenue comes from Switzerland.

Plan B Media PCL is principally engaged in providing advertising media production, advertising space, and airtime rental services. The group has two principal reportable segments, which are the Out-of-home media segment comprising advertising media production, advertising space and airtime rental services, and Engagement marketing segment comprising sports marketing and artist management. The majority of its revenue is derived from the Out-of-home media segment.

Innocean Worldwide Inc is a Korea-based company that conducts its business as an advertising agency. The company is engaged in the production of commercial advertising and promotional materials, and other related business activities. The group has a single segment of advertising agencies, from where it generates its entire revenue.

FILA-Fabbrica Italiana Lapis ed Affini SpA operates in the creativity tools market, producing colouring, design, modelling, writing and painting objects, such as pencils, crayons, modelling clay, chalk, oil colours, acrylics, watercolours, paints and paper for the fine arts, school and leisure. The company, along with its subsidiaries, reports its business segments based on entity location and include Europe, North America (USA and Canada), Central and South America, Asia and the Rest of the World.

OOh media operates a network of out-of-home advertising sites with a commanding 35% share of the Australian market, and also has a sizable presence in New Zealand. It boasts a diverse portfolio of locations to service the needs of out-of-home marketers, and is particularly strong in the roadside billboard, street furniture and rail, and retail (shopping malls) segments. OOh!media offers these advertising services by entering into space lease arrangements with owners of out-of-home sites, and extracting margins on those lease concessions from firms advertising on those sites. oOh!media is effectively an intermediary allowing site owners to monetize their visible space in high-traffic areas.

Advantage Solutions Inc is a omnichannel retail solutions agency in North America, uniquely positioned at the intersection of consumer-packaged goods (CPG) brands and retailers.

Italian Exhibition Group SpA is an Italy based company involved in organising trade fairs. It specializes in organizing events in five categories: Food & Beverage; Jewellery & Fashion; Tourism, Hospitality & Lifestyle; Wellness & Leisure and Green & Technology.

INTAGE HOLDINGS Inc is engaged in the provision of marketing research and consulting system solutions, and healthcare development support in Japan.

Ciwen Media Co Ltd is a China-based company engaged in the investment, manufacture, and publication of movie and television plays. It is also engaged in the research, development, and promotion of games, artist brokerage business and the provision of information technology. The company distributes its products within domestic market and to overseas markets.

Next 15 Group PLC is a digital marketing company in the United Kingdom. The company segments include Customer Engage; Customer Delivery; Customer Insight and Business Transformation. It generates maximum of its revenue from the Customer Engage segment.

S4 Capital PLC is a company whose principal business activities are focused on the provision of new age/new era digital advertising and marketing services. It builds a purely digital advertising and marketing services business for multinational, regional, and local clients and millennial-driven influencer brands. The company integrates businesses in three practice areas: First-Party Data, Content, and Programmatic. The company operates in three reportable segments: Content, Data & Digital Media, and Technology Services. The company generates the majority of its revenue from the Content segment. Geographically, the company generates the majority of its revenue from the Americas, followed by Europe, the Middle East & Africa, and then Asia Pacific.

Cairo Communication SpA is an Italian-based advertising company. It is engaged in the business of media and publication. It carries out its activity through three communication platforms that include advertisements, publications, and the Internet. Publication activity is done by publishing periodicals, magazines, and books. It is a dealer for the sale of advertising space on various media platforms such as commercial television, paid digital television, print, and the Internet. It operates on the internet through its Trovatore search engine. Its segment includes magazine publishing Cairo Editore, advertising, TV publishing La7, network operator, and RCS.

Appear ASA, along with its subsidiaries, provides high-capacity, sustainable solutions for live-production and broadcast distribution technology to media, entertainment and sports clients. The company provides live video transport solutions that operate over satellite, dedicated fiber, and public internet infrastructure. Its offerings support a range of live event scenarios across media, entertainment, and sports industries, adapting to the varying requirements of these sectors. The company derives revenue from the following sources: Sales of media processing and delivery platforms, Additional sales of software and licenses, and Sales of support and consulting services, majority being generated from the sales of media processing and delivery platforms.

IVE Group Ltd is a diversified print and marketing communications company. The principal activities of the company include conceptual and creative design across print, mobile and interactive media; catalogues, the printing of magazines, marketing, and corporate communications materials and stationery and multi-channel solutions. It serves sectors such as financial services, publishing, retail, communications, property, clubs and associations, not-for-profit, utilities, manufacturing, education and government.

National CineMedia Inc is a cinema advertising platform in the U.S. It derives revenue from the sale of advertising to national, regional and local businesses through The Noovie Show, the cinema advertising and entertainment show seen on movie screens across the U.S., on LEN, a series of strategically-placed screens located in movie theater lobbies, as well as other forms of advertising and promotions in theater lobbies.

Cmc Corp is engaged in the Information technology services and other services related to computers; Software production, providing software and content services and solutions; Manufacturing, trading, repairing machinery, electronic equipment, communications and information technology; Real estate business, land use rights of owners, service users for rent; and Telecommunications activities.

Digital Holdings Inc promotes digital shifts across all management resources such as people, things, money, and information. The company provides digital marketing services.

Digital Network SA consists in selling advertising time through digital outdoor advertising in Poland.

M&C Saatchi PLC is an advertising and marketing group. Activities carried out by the group include research agency services, direct marketing, digital advertising, mobile marketing, branding, corporate PR, TV production, and sports sponsorship, among others. The group operated under two segments: Advertising and High Growth Specialisms, excluding Group Central Costs. The group's business has its presence in the United Kingdom, Europe, the Middle East and Africa, Asia and Australia, and the Americas. It derives the majority of its revenue from the United Kingdom.

Brightcom Group Ltd is an Indian service company engaged in providing digital marketing services and developing computer software and services both locally and internationally. The company operates through two segments: Digital Marketing and Software Development. Brightcom provides digital marketing solutions to businesses, agencies, and online publishers internationally. Additionally, it offers enterprise solutions, specializing in enterprise resource planning (ERP), Microsoft, and open-source system development. The company generates revenue from the sale of domestic services, export services, and software exports, with the majority of its revenue coming from the Digital Marketing segment, mainly through the sale of service exports.

Samba Digital SGPS SA is an international sports and entertainment marketing agency. The company specializes in sports brands digital internationalization.

Roctec Global PCL is principally engaged in the provision of system integration and advertising services. Its reportable segments are System installation service and Advertising. The majority of its revenue is generated from the System installation service segment, which covers consulting, system design, system implementation, and import of information and communication technology-related hardware and software. Its ICT solutions include data network infrastructure solutions, cybersecurity solutions, and technology solutions. The Advertising segment is engaged in providing services related to outdoor advertising and other advertising media.

Ceres Inc is engaged in the mobile service business and financial service business.

MIC Co Ltd is a full-service provider of retail promotion services (business improvement consulting, printing, fulfillment, system development, BPO, creative designing, field supporting, etc.).