Marston's Valuation Multiples

LVMH is a global producer and distributor of luxury goods. It operates six segments: fashion and leather goods, its largest and most profitable; watches and jewelry; wines and spirits; perfumes and cosmetics; selective retailing (including Sephora and airport duty-free retailer DFS); and other. Higher-profile brands include Louis Vuitton, Bulgari, Fendi, Givenchy, Tag Heuer, Hennessy, Moet & Chandon, Glenmorangie, Sephora, and Benefit. LVMH operates more than 5,000 stores around the globe.

Kweichow Moutai is one of China's leading liquor producers. The company was established in 1951 and its headquarters are located in Moutai Town, Guizhou province, southwest China. Its flagship product, 53-degree Feitian Moutai, is known as China's national drink and has been consumed during many high-profile historical and political events. Given its remarkable pricing power, premium product quality, and unparalleled brand strength, the company achieves the industry's highest retail prices and profit margins. The state-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of Guizhou province through Moutai Group controls a 49% stake in Kweichow Moutai.

McDonald’s is the world’s largest restaurant brand, with nearly $131 billion in systemwide sales across more than 44,000 restaurants and over 100 markets. The quick-service chain built its early reputation on speed, consistency, and affordable hamburgers, and today its global menu spans burgers, chicken, breakfast, and beverages that have helped popularize American fast-food cuisine worldwide. The firm derives the bulk of its revenue from franchise royalties and rent (about 61%), with the remainder stemming from company-operated restaurants across three segments: the United States (41% of systemwide sales), international operated markets (34%), and international developmental/licensed markets (25%).

Anheuser-Busch InBev is the largest brewer in the world and one of the world's top five consumer product companies, as measured by EBITDA. The company's portfolio contains six of the top 10 beer brands by volume, according to Euromonitor, and we estimate it distributes 23 brands with retail sales over $1 billion. AB InBev was created by the 2008 merger of Belgium-based InBev and US-based Anheuser-Busch. The firm holds a 62% economic interest in Ambev, an 87% stake in Budweiser APAC, and in 2016 it acquired SABMiller.

Starbucks stands out as the world's biggest and most recognizable coffee brand, powered by ultracustomizable beverages in-store and a sweeping footprint of nearly 41,000 cafes in over 80 countries. About 52% are company-operated, with the balance run by licensees. The company operates roasteries and sells across its North America (74% of revenue as of the end of fiscal 2025), international (21%), and channel development (5%) segments. The brand collects revenue from company-operated stores, licensee royalties, equipment and product sales, retail ready-to-drink beverages, and packaged coffee.

Compass Group is the largest foodservice company globally, operating in 30 countries and generating annual sales exceeding $30 billion. Compass' model is to operate on-premises catering facilities, rather than centralized industrial kitchens. Foodservice is Compass' focus and contributes more than 85% of revenue. Compass also has its own group purchasing organization, Foodbuy, which is responsible for over $30 billion in annual spending in the US. The company also provides premium support services to clients.

Ambev is the largest brewer in Latin America and the Caribbean and is Anheuser-Busch InBev's subsidiary in the region. It produces, distributes, and sells beer and PepsiCo products in Brazil and other Latin American countries and owns Argentina's largest brewer, Quinsa. Ambev was formed in 1999 through the merger of Brazil's two largest beverage companies, Brahma and Antarctica. In 2004, Ambev combined with Canadian brewer Labatt, giving AB InBev a controlling interest of 62%.

Wuliangye Yibin is China's second-largest baijiu producer by revenue, with sales of CNY 89 billion in 2024 compared with CNY 171 billion for Moutai. Founded in the 1950s, Wuliangye is located in Yibin, Sichuan province, in southwest China. Its core product, 52-degree Wuliangye, is widely known as the best rice-flavored baijiu in the market. The high-quality products, extensive history and brand strength have led to strong pricing power, allowing the company to enjoy high retail prices and profit margins.

Formed in 1997 through the merger of Grand Metropolitan and Guinness, Diageo is the largest distiller globally by sales. Diageo acquired some of the Seagram assets in 2001, which gave it brands such as Captain Morgan rum and Crown Royal Canadian whisky. Since then, mergers and acquisitions have mostly been bolt-on in nature, plugging gaps in the company’s product and geographic portfolio.

Heineken is the world’s second-largest brewer behind Anheuser-Busch InBev. It has the leading position in many European markets, including the Netherlands, Austria, Greece, and Italy. Its flagship brand, Heineken, is the world's leading international premium lager by volume and has spawned several brand extensions including Heineken 0.0 and Heineken Silver. Heineken is the world's biggest cider producer. Its portfolio also includes brands in the nonalcoholic, Belgian, and craft beer categories.

As of the end of 2024, Yum Brands generated over $65 billion in systemwide sales from more than 61,000 restaurants across 155 markets, making it the world’s second-largest restaurant firm by dollar sales. Its portfolio includes KFC (31,981 stores), Pizza Hut (20,225), Taco Bell (8,757), and Habit Burger (383), with 70% of locations in international markets. As 98% of its portfolio is franchised, Yum’s business model is tilted toward recurring franchise royalties and marketing contributions (66% of revenue), with the balance derived from sales at company-owned locations. The company traces its roots to a 1997 spinoff of PepsiCo’s restaurant assets.

Chipotle is a leading fast-casual, Mexican-inspired restaurant chain, generating $11.3 billion in sales across 3,644 company-operated US locations, 82 international units primarily in Canada and Europe, and three licensed stores operated with Alshaya Group in the Middle East at the end of 2024. The firm’s revenue is primarily driven by food and beverage sales at its company-owned restaurants, supplemented by delivery fees generated through its first-party digital channels. Chipotle emphasizes ingredients with no artificial flavors and utilizes an efficient, assembly-line service model to serve mainly customizable burritos, bowls, salads, quesadillas, and tacos.

Union de Cervecerias Peruanas Backus & Johnston SA is engaged in the business of production, packaging, sale, distribution, and all other types of business related to malted and malt beverages, non-alcoholic beverages, and carbonated waters. The company's main business also includes investment in securities of domestic and foreign companies; the exploitation of rural properties; the sale, processing, conservation, marketing, and export of agricultural products; and the provision of advisory services related to these products.

Restaurant Brands generates about $44 billion in system sales across more than 32,000 restaurants in over 120 markets, making it one of the largest restaurant companies globally. Its banners include Burger King (7,082 stores), Tim Hortons (4,539), Popeyes (3,520), and Firehouse Subs (1,345), concentrated in the US and Canada, with these brands also comprising 15,639 franchised international locations as of year-end 2024. The firm primarily earns revenue from franchise and property fees, supply chain sales within the Tim Hortons segment, company-operated restaurants, and advertising royalties.

Restaurant Brands International LP is a Canada-based firm. It owns, operates and franchises quick-service restaurants and possesses market recognition. The company has five segments Tim Hortons (TH), Burger King (BK), Popeyes Louisiana Kitchen (PLK), Firehouse Subs( FHS), Restaurant Holdings (RH) and International (INTL). It derives maximum profit from the Tim Hortons segment.

Constellation Brands is the largest provider of alcoholic beverages across the beer, wine, and spirits categories in the US, generating 84% of revenue from Mexican beer imports under top-selling brands such as Modelo and Corona. The rest of the business includes some remaining wine and spirits brands, categories where the company has pruned assets in recent years. With its exclusive rights tied to the Mexican beer brands, effective only in the US, the firm has limited revenue exposure to international markets. Constellation owns a 10% stake in Canopy Growth, a medicinal and recreational cannabis producer in Canada, and has a 50/50 joint venture with glass manufacturer Owens-Illinois in Mexico.

Darden Restaurants is the largest restaurant operator in the US full-service space, with consolidated revenue of $12.1 billion in fiscal 2025. The company maintains a portfolio of 11 restaurant brands: Olive Garden, LongHorn Steakhouse, Cheddar’s Scratch Kitchen, Ruth's Chris Steak House, Yard House, The Capital Grille, Seasons 52, Eddie V’s, Bahama Breeze, The Capital Burger, and Chuy's. Darden generates revenue almost exclusively from company-owned restaurants, though a small network of franchised restaurants and consumer-packaged goods sales through the traditional grocery channel contribute modestly. At the end of fiscal 2025, the company operated 2,159 restaurants in the US.

Shanxi Fen Wine, or Fen Wine, is a typical light-flavored baijiu, featuring a fresher, lighter, and purer-taste compared with jiang-flavored and rich-flavored spirits. The company offers a comprehensive product portfolio, covering sub-premium, mid- to high range, and low-end products. The mid- to high-end baijiu contributed about 74% of the company’s sales revenue in 2024, including sub-premium brand Qinghua, midrange products Panama and Laobaifen. The State-Owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of Shanxi province controls 51% of Fen Wine.

Heineken Holding NV, through its subsidiary, is involved in the brewing and selling of beer and cider. It does not engage in operational activities and generates income almost exclusively by receiving Heineken dividends. The company has five reportable segments: Europe, Americas, Africa & Middle East, Asia Pacific and Heineken N.V. Head Office & Other/Eliminations. The majority of the revenue is generated from the Europe segment.

Luzhou Laojiao, or Laojiao, is one of China’s leading premium baijiu producers. Its primary product, National Cellar 1573, is widely known as one of the best rich-flavored baijiu in the market, which together with Feitian Moutai and flagship Wuliangye are the top three premium products that dominate over 90% of the premium baijiu market in China. The high-quality products, extensive history, and brand strength have led to strong pricing power, allowing the company to enjoy high retail prices and profit margins. The State-Owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of Luzhou City controls 46% of Luzhou Laojiao.

Carlsberg is the third-largest brewer in the world after Anheuser-Busch InBev and Heineken. It holds leading share in Scandinavia, western China, and several other markets in Asia. Its key brands include Carlsberg, 1664, Tuborg, Holsten, and Somersby. The company's 2025 beverage volume was split among Western Europe (42%), Eastern Europe and India (28%), and Asia (30%).

Pernod Ricard was formed in 1975 through the merger of Pernod, founded in 1805, and Ricard, created in 1932. Through acquisitions, the firm has grown to become the world’s second-largest distiller by volume, behind Diageo. Pernod Ricard possesses the most comprehensive spirits portfolio globally, distributing over 240 brands across 160 countries. Flagship spirits brands include Absolut vodka, Beefeater gin, Chivas Regal and The Glenlivet scotch whisky, Jameson Irish whiskey, Malibu rum, and Martell cognac. The firm has also shed noncore assets over the years, including several wine brands in 2025.

Eastroc Beverage (Group) Co Ltd is engaged in research and development, production, and sales of beverages. The company offers beverages across three categories: energy drinks, non-energy drinks, and bottled water. Its brands include Eastroc Super Drink, Citrus Lemon Tea, Tangerine Peel Super Drink, and packaged water products.

Yum China is the largest restaurant operator in China, with over 18,000 locations and USD 12 billion in systemwide sales as of 2025. It generates revenue primarily from its own restaurants and franchise fees. While KFC and Pizza Hut are its flagship brands, Yum China's portfolio also includes Little Sheep, Taco Bell, Huang Ji Huang, and Lavazza. As a trademark licensee of Yum Brands, Yum China pays 3% of KFC and Pizza Hut's systemwide sales to its former parent, from which it spun off in 2016. However, even before the separation, Yum China was granted substantial autonomy, giving its Chinese leadership decision-making authority over menu, supply chain, and marketing—an unusual practice for Western chains at the time.

Asahi is the largest brewer in Japan with a nearly 40% market share, led by its Asahi Super Dry beer brand. It also operates a wide range of alcoholic and soft beverage products as well as packaged foods, mainly in Japan. Overseas markets accounted for over half of the company's revenue and close to 60% of operating profit, with Australia and Europe being two major markets. It acquired SABMiller's brands including Peroni and Pilsner Urquell in Western and Central Europe in 2016 and 2017 from Anheuser-Busch InBev. In Australia, Asahi holds market leaderships across beer and soft drinks segments, through its acquisitions of Schweppes Australia in 2009 and Carlton & United Breweries in 2020.

Kirin is the second-largest brewer in Japan with a 28% market share. It holds a top share in the happoshu (low-malt beer) and new genre (no-malt beer) categories. Apart from beer, it also operates a wide range of alcoholic and soft beverage products in Japan. It has made several acquisitions, including Lion Nathan and National Foods in Australia, the second-largest Brazilian brewer Schincariol and Myanmar’s biggest brewer over the past decade. It sold the businesses in Brazil and Myanmar in 2017 and 2023, respectively. In 2023, the company made a tender offer to bring Fancl on as a wholly owned subsidiary. Its revenue accounts for roughly 5% of Kirin’s total sales. Its overseas business, which includes alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages, represents about 40% of the group’s revenue.

Budweiser APAC is the largest brewer in Asia by retail sales value and the second largest by volume, according to Euromonitor. After 10% of the business was listed on the Hong Kong exchange in 2019, parent Anheuser-Busch InBev owns close to 90% of the company's equity. Budweiser APAC's largest markets are China (roughly 75% of 2024 revenue), South Korea (20%), and India. The remaining comprises Japan, New Zealand, and other export markets in the Asia-Pacific region. The company predominantly produces, imports, markets, distributes, and sells a portfolio of more than 50 beer brands, both owned and licensed, including global brands Budweiser, Stella Artois, and Corona along with multicountry brands and local brands such as Hoegaarden, Cass, and Harbin.

Brown-Forman is a US-based manufacturer of premium distilled spirits that generates 71% of revenue in the whiskey category, under well-known Tennessee whiskey brand Jack Daniel’s and bourbon brands Woodford Reserve and Old Forester. It also manufactures and distributes tequila, vodka, rum, gin, and premium wines. The company generates 45% of sales from its home market, while the bulk of international revenue comes from Europe, Australia, and Latin America. The Brown family controls over 50% of the economic interests and a 67% voting power of the company.

Texas Roadhouse Inc is a restaurant company operating predominantly in the casual dining segment. The company manages its restaurant and franchising operations by concept and, as a result, has identified Texas Roadhouse, Bubba’s 33, Jaggers, and retail initiatives as separate operating segments. In addition, it has identified Texas Roadhouse and Bubba's 33 as reportable segments. Maximum revenue for the company is generated from the Texas Roadhouse segment, which is a moderately priced, full-service, casual dining restaurant concept offering steaks, a selection of ribs, seafood, chicken, pork chops, pulled pork, vegetable plates, and an assortment of hamburgers, salads, and sandwiches.

With over 100 years of history, Tsingtao Brewery has become one of the leading brewers in China with its namesake Tsingtao brand. The company commands a dominant position in its core market, Shandong province, which contributed close to 60% of its revenue and net profit in 2024. Unlike other major brewers, Tsingtao Brewery’s brand umbrellas consist entirely of domestic brands. The Tsingtao brand has a mid-range to high-end market positioning and contributed over half of its volume whereas the mass market Laoshan brand targets the mainstream segment, with a declining volume mix as the company sought to premiumize its portfolio.

Domino's is the world's largest pizza chain, surpassing $19 billion in system sales with over 21,300 stores across more than 90 markets at the end of 2024. Around 33% of its units are in the US. The business is 99% franchised. Domino's operates through three segments: supply chain (60% of revenue), US stores (33%), and international franchises (7%). The firm generates the bulk of its revenue by supplying food to stores in the US and Canada through a vertically integrated network of 25 manufacturing and supply chain facilities, which primarily produce and distribute dough, and collecting brand royalties and marketing fees from franchisees. Domino's also generates revenue from sales at company-owned stores.

China Resources Beer, or CR Beer, was originally a conglomerate enterprise with operations across retail, beer, food, and beverage industries. In September 2015, the company disposed of all its non-beer businesses and became a pure beer producer. Through a series of mergers and acquisitions, the company achieved its leadership position in China’s beer industry. Amid the premiumization trend in the domestic beer market, CR Beer acquired Heineken China in 2019, which allows CR Beer access to a premium international beer brand and also leverages its sophisticated distribution network to grow Heineken’s sales and market share. CR Beer is now China’s largest brewer, with a volume share of about 26%, versus 15% of Tsingtao and 19% of Budweiser APAC, based on Euromonitor data.

Jiangsu Yanghe Brewery, founded in 2002, manufactures and markets baijiu (a distilled Chinese liquor) under the Yanghe, Shuanggou, and Sujiu brands. Yanghe's key products include the Blue Classic series, which accounted for about 80% of total sales, such as premium Dream Blue, mid- to high-end Sky Blue, and mass-market Ocean Blue. The company achieved revenue of CNY 29 billion in 2024, with more than half of sales from the non-Jiangsu market, leveraging its more than 8,800 distributors across China.

Indian Hotels Co Ltd is an owner and operator of hotels and resorts, domiciled in India. The company operates its hotels and resorts under the Taj, Vivanta, Ginger, Seleqtions, and other brands. Indian Hotels reports revenue across the following business lines: room income; food, restaurants, and banquet income; membership fees; management and operating fees; and others. Room income contributes a majority to the company's revenue, followed by food, restaurants, and banquet income. Indian Hotels derives the majority of its revenue domestically.

United Spirits Ltd manufactures and sells spirits, beer, wine, and other alcoholic beverages. The company is engaged in the business of manufacture, purchase, and sale of beverage alcohol and other allied spirits, including through tie-up manufacturing units and strategic franchising of some of its brands. Its brand portfolio consists of McDowell's No.1, Royal Challenge, Black Dog, Signature, Antiquity, Director's Special Black, McDowell's Rum, McDowell's Brandy, Bagpiper, Old Tavern, and Haywards among others. Geographically, the firm generates a majority of its revenue from India. The company's segment includes: Beverage alcohol; and Sports. It derives maximum revenue from Beverage alcohol that manufacture, purchase, franchise and sale of beverage alcohol and other allied spirits.

Luckin Coffee Inc is a China based company engaged in operation of coffee stores. It sources its Arabica coffee beans from various suppliers and engage World Barista Champion teams to design its coffee recipes. The company also has partnered with suppliers for other products such as juices and light meals.

Haidilao, founded in Sichuan in 1998, is a prominent Chinese hot pot restaurant operator. Following the spinoff of its international unit Super Hi, Haidilao now focuses solely on managing restaurants in Greater China.By the end of 2024, the chain operated over 1,300 stores in Greater China, generating more than CNY 40 billion in systemwide sales, making it one of the largest restaurant operators in China. The majority of its restaurants are company-owned, with only a small fraction franchised.

Thai Beverage PLC is a Thailand-based company engaged in producing and distributing alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages and food. The company's operating segments include Spirits; production and sales of branded spirits products and soda. Beer: production and sales of raw materials, branded beer products, Chang soda and Chang water. Non-alcoholic beverages: production and sales of branded water, ready-to-drink coffee, energy drink, green tea, fruit flavored drinks and dairy products. Food: restaurants and distribution of food and beverages; and Others: publishing and printing. Key revenue is generated from Beer. It operates in Thailand, which generates the majority of revenue, Vietnam, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore and others.

Cava Group Inc owns and operates a chain of restaurants. It operates a Mediterranean-inspired fast-casual restaurant brand offering menu items. The company's dips, spreads, and dressings are centrally produced and sold in grocery stores. The company's operations are conducted as two reportable segments: i) CAVA: It includes the operations of all company-owned CAVA restaurants, and ii) CAVA Foods: It includes the production of dips, spreads, and certain dressing bases used in CAVA restaurants as well as sales from the Company's consumer packaged goods business. The company generates the majority of its revenue from the CAVA segment.

Dutch Bros Inc is an operator and franchisor of drive-thru coffee shops that are focused on serving hand-crafted beverages. The company's hand-crafted beverage-focused lineup features hot and cold espresso-based beverages, cold brew coffee products, proprietary energy drinks, tea, lemonade, smoothies, and other beverages. The company has two reportable operating segments Company-operated shops and Franchising. It derives maximum revenue from Company-operated shops.

Zensho Holdings Co Ltd is a Japan-based company engaged management of food service chain restaurants and the development of sales systems and food processing systems. It operates a wide range of food-related businesses through segments including Global Sukiya, Global Hama Sushi, Global Fast Food, Restaurant, and Retail. The group manages the domestic and international expansion of the beef bowl chain Sukiya and the sushi chain Hamazushi, develops various fast-food businesses, operates restaurants in Japan and overseas, and manages supermarkets and related retail operations.

Davide Campari-Milano is the Italian-headquartered parent of Campari Group and is the world’s leading manufacturer of bitters, with a volume share of 24% in 2024, according to Euromonitor. The company’s liqueur portfolio includes Aperol, Campari, and Grand Marnier. The remainder of the portfolio spans a wide range of categories, including global brands Skyy vodka and Wild Turkey bourbon and niche brands such as Appleton Estate rum, Bulldog gin, and Espolòn tequila. Campari also produces and markets a range of Champagne and sparkling wines. Campari is controlled by Lagfin, a Luxembourg-based holding company, which holds 52% of the share capital and over 60% of the voting rights. The rest of the equity is free floating.

Molson Coors Canada Inc is a large brewer and distributor of beer and other malt beverages. Its brands include Coors Light, Miller Lite, Molson Canadian, Carling, Staropramen, Coors Banquet, Blue Moon, Vizzy, Leinenkugel, and Creemore. Its two segments are the Americas and EMEA&APAC segments. Americas segment operates in the U.S., Canada and various countries in the Caribbean, Latin and South America and the EMEA&APAC segment operates in Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Montenegro, the Republic of Ireland, Romania, Serbia, the U.K., various other European countries, and certain countries within the Middle East, Africa and Asia Pacific. Its breweries are located across the U.S., Canada, and Europe, with the majority of the company's revenue generated in the Americas.

Food & Life Companies Ltd owns and operates a revolving sushi-style restaurant chain. The company operates under the Sushiro brand. It has operations in Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Thailand.

Molson Coors owns well-known beer brands including Miller, Coors, Blue Moon, and Carling, and ranks as the second-largest beer maker in both value and volume in the US, Canada, and the United Kingdom. Through licensing agreements, it also brews and distributes beer and nonbeer beverage categories under partner brands from Heineken, Anheuser-Busch InBev, Asahi, Fever-Tree, and Coca-Cola. North America remains its largest market, accounting for nearly 80% of total revenue.

Guming Holdings Ltd is a company in China. It operates under a franchise model under the Good Me brand. The Good Me stores offer three categories of beverages: Fruit tea beverages, Milk tea beverages, Coffee beverages, and others. It is principally engaged in the operation of a franchised retail network and the trading of ingredients and other related products of freshly-made beverages and equipment.

Anhui Gujing is one of the eight most famous baijiu brands in China and the largest baijiu distiller in Anhui province by sales in 2024. The company produces rich-flavored baijiu, with a colorful brand story tracing back 1,800 years to the Three Kingdoms period. Gujing is one of the leading players in the midrange to high-end market and enjoys high retail prices and profit margins, with its flagship Gujing Year Puree series contributing 77% of total sales in 2024. The State-Owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of Bozhou controls 28% of Gujing.

McDonald's Holdings Co (Japan) Ltd has a license to operate McDonald’s fast-food restaurants in Japan. It is engaged in the operation and management of hamburger restaurant chains under the McDonald’s brand. The company pays royalties for licensed rights and, in Japan, provides sub-licenses for its know-how and trademarks to franchisees operating its franchise restaurants, from whom it earns royalty income.