World Chess Valuation Multiples

Tencent is the world’s largest game publisher, with top-grossing mobile hits like Honor of Kings and Peacekeeper Elite and a steady pipeline of new titles. It also operates WeChat—China’s super-app with roughly 1.3 billion users—embedded in daily life for messaging, short video, mini programs, payments, and shopping. Beyond its own platforms, Tencent is a prolific strategic investor, holding stakes in leading internet companies such as PDD, Kuaishou, and Xiaohongshu.

Founded in the late 1990s as an internet portal, NetEase has evolved into China’s second-largest online gaming company. Its early success was anchored by the massively multiplayer online role-playing game Fantasy Westward Journey, which laid the foundation for a durable franchise strategy. Over the past decade, the company has expanded its portfolio with successful titles such as Justice, Identity V, Naraka: Bladepoint, and Eggy Party, all of which continue to maintain sizable and engaged player bases.In addition to its in-house development capabilities, NetEase partners with global IP holders such as Microsoft and Marvel to develop and publish titles based on established franchises, including World of Warcraft, Diablo Immortal, and Marvel Rivals, further strengthening its global presence.

Sea started as a gaming business, Garena, but in 2015 expanded into e-commerce. Sea operates Southeast Asia's largest e-commerce company, Shopee, in terms of gross merchandise value. Shopee is a hybrid consumer-to-consumer and business-to-consumer marketplace platform operating in Indonesia, Taiwan, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Brazil. For Garena, Free Fire is the key revenue-generating game. Sea’s third business, Monee, provides lending, payment, digital banking, and insurance services. As of March 2025, Forrest Li, the founder, chair, and CEO, owned 59.1% of the voting power. Tencent owned 18.5% of issued shares with no voting power.

East Money Information Co Ltd is engaged in securities business, financial e-commerce service business, financial data service business, and Internet advertising service business. It mainly provides paid financial data services, financial e-commerce services, and Internet advertisement services through its Website, eastmoney.com. It generates majority of ots revenue from the securities business.

Roblox operates a free-to-play online video game platform with nearly 125 million daily active users. This platform has spawned a virtual universe and a Roblox economy based on the Robux currency. The platform houses millions of games from a wide range of creators—spanning from young gamers themselves to professional development studios. Roblox offers creators the tools, publishing abilities, and platform for their games, enabling anyone to create a game. Creators earn money when gamers make optional in-game purchases within their games and by offering space for real-world advertising, and Roblox earns revenue primarily by taking a cut of these earnings.

Reddit is a social media platform where users can engage in conversations, explore, and create communities centered around their interests. Founded in 2005 by Steve Huffman and Alexis Ohanian, Reddit has evolved into a vast network of user-generated content organized into specialized forums known as "subreddits." The platform's unique community-driven model relies on volunteer moderators to manage content and maintain subreddit guidelines. Reddit generates revenue primarily through advertising and data licensing agreements.

LY is a leading Japanese internet services conglomerate. Its main services are Yahoo Japan, the oldest portal site in Japan that offers a wide variety of services, such as news, e-commerce, financial information, and Line, a national messenger application. In 2019, the company acquired Zozo, a leading online apparel retailer, to grow its e-commerce business. In 2022, LY consolidated with its wholly owned subsidiary PayPay, the most popular QR code payment service in Japan.

Liberty Media is an American media and motorsport holding company headquartered in Englewood, Colorado, whose shares trade on Nasdaq as Formula One Group tracking stocks. Its main assets are Formula One, which it acquired in January 2017, and MotoGP organiser Dorna Sports, in which it took an 84% stake in July 2025. Both series earn revenue from race promotion fees paid by circuit hosts, media rights sold to broadcasters and streamers, and sponsorship, hospitality and licensing. In 2025 Formula One revenue rose 14% to $3.9 billion with operating income of $632 million, and MotoGP revenue rose 14% to $573 million. The original Liberty Media was spun off from Tele-Communications Inc. in 1991 under John Malone, who is now chairman emeritus; Robert Bennett is chairman and Derek Chang chief executive. The group has repeatedly reshaped itself through tracking stocks and spin-offs, splitting off the Atlanta Braves in 2023, combining its SiriusXM interest into a separate listed company in September 2024 and separating Liberty Live, holder of its Live Nation stake, in December 2025.

Konami is a Japanese video game and entertainment company best known for its eFootball, Yu-Gi-Oh!, Powerful Pro Baseball, and Metal Gear franchises. It operates four business divisions—digital entertainment, amusement, gaming and systems, and sports. Overseas sales account for the majority of the company’s revenue.

Rogers Communications is the largest wireless service provider in Canada with more than 11 million subscribers, equating to one-third of the total Canadian market. Rogers' wireless business accounts for more than half of total revenue and has been growing at a higher rate than other segments. The cable segment, which provides about 38% of total revenue after acquiring Shaw, offers home internet, television, and landline phone service to consumers and businesses. Remaining sales come from Rogers' media unit, which owns and operates various television and radio stations and major Toronto sports franchises, including the Blue Jays, Maple Leafs, Raptors, Toronto FC, and Argonauts.

News Corporation is a diversified media and information services conglomerate with significant presence in the US, the UK, and Australia. Key mastheads include The Wall Street Journal, Barron's, New York Post, The Times, The Sun, The Australian, Herald Sun, and The Daily Telegraph. Its 61%-owned REA Group is the dominant property listings platform in Australia. In addition, it owns Harper Collins, one of the largest book publishers in the world, and has a sizable US digital property advertising business, Move. The 65% interest in Foxtel, the Australian pay-TV and streaming provider, was sold in April 2025. The sale to global sports streaming platform, DAZN, was struck at more than 7 times Foxtel's EBITDA.

Nexon is a South Korean online game developer and publisher, founded in 1994 in Korea by Kim Jung-ju. In 2005, the company moved its headquarters to Tokyo, Japan, and has operations in Korea, the US, Taiwan, and Thailand. The company’s most notable franchises are MapleStory, Dungeon & Fighter, Sudden Attack, and KartRider. Nexon has been the publisher for EA’s FC Online game franchise in Korea and Japan since 2013. Nexon acquired an independent game developer, Embark Studios AB, located in Stockholm, Sweden, in 2019.

TKO Group Holdings Inc is a sports and sports entertainment company that operates combat sports and sports entertainment companies. It owns and manages valuable sports and entertainment intellectual property. The company distributes content and monetizes its intellectual property through four activities: Media rights, production, and content, Live events and hospitality, Partnerships and marketing and Consumer products licensing, The company has two reportable segments, UFC and WWE. The company generates majority of revenue from the UFC segment. The UFC segment revenue consists of media rights fees associated with the distribution of its programming content, ticket sales, and site fees associated with the business's international live events.

The New York Times Company is an American media company headquartered in the New York Times Building in Manhattan, New York City, and the publisher of The New York Times and The New York Times International Edition. Alongside its news report it owns The Athletic, a subscription sports news site bought in February 2022 for $550 million, the word game Wordle, acquired in January 2022, and podcast producer Serial Productions, acquired in 2020. The company earns most of its revenue from digital and print subscriptions, supplemented by digital and print advertising. In 2025 it added 1.4 million net digital subscribers, including 450,000 in the fourth quarter, to reach about 12.8 million, and its digital revenue topped $2 billion for the first time, driven by roughly 14% growth in digital subscription revenue; fourth-quarter digital advertising rose about 25% to $147 million. The newspaper was first published on September 18, 1851, by Henry Jarvis Raymond and George Jones. The company introduced a website paywall in 2011 and has since sold About.com and The Boston Globe to concentrate on its subscription model. Meredith Kopit Levien has been chief executive since 2020.

Kakao Corp is a technology and platform company engaged in digital services, content, mobility, and financial technology businesses. The company operates through seven reportable segments. The Kakao segment provides advertising and platform-based service offerings. The Kakao Games segment covers game development, publishing, and related services. The Kakao Entertainment segment focuses on entertainment planning and content production, and distribution. Kakao Mobility offers database-based information provision services, while Kakao Pay provides mobile platform-based financial services. Kakao Piccoma operates a platform for webtoon and web-novel supply, and the SM Entertainment segment engages in entertainment planning and content production.

Madison Square Garden Sports Corp. (MSG Sports) is an American professional sports holding company based in New York City that owns the NBA's New York Knicks and the NHL's New York Rangers, together with their development affiliates, the Westchester Knicks of the NBA G League and the Hartford Wolf Pack of the AHL. The business traces back to the Madison Square Garden Corporation, which created the Rangers in 1926 and was a charter member of the NBA with the Knicks in 1946. Cablevision spun off the Knicks, Rangers, Madison Square Garden and MSG Network as an independent public company in 2010; in 2015 its sports and entertainment assets were separated into a new Madison Square Garden Company, which in 2020 was renamed Madison Square Garden Sports Corp. and spun off its entertainment arm as Madison Square Garden Entertainment. MSG Sports earns revenue from ticket sales, local and national media rights, sponsorship, suites and merchandise, and reported revenue of $1.6 billion in 2018 as the predecessor Madison Square Garden Company. James L. Dolan is executive chairman and controls the voting stock.

M3 Inc is a Japan-based company engaged in providing medical-related services through internet-based platforms and real-world operations. The company operates six reportable segments: Medical Platform, Evidence Solutions, Career Solutions, Site Solutions, Patient Solutions, and Overseas. Its businesses include online marketing for medical professionals, clinical trial support, human resources services for medical professionals, operational support for medical institutions, and patient support services. The Overseas segment offers similar services internationally, including in the United States, the United Kingdom, China, South Korea, India, France, Germany, and Spain.

Kunlun Tech Co Ltd engages in the development and distribution of online games in China. It also operates software application stores. The company develops and distributes web games, social games, mobile games, and software applications. Geographically, the company distributes its products in domestic and overseas markets.

Square Enix is a Japanese video game publisher and entertainment company that was formed in 2003 through the merger between Square and Enix. The company is best known for its role-playing game franchises such as Final Fantasy, Dragon Quest, Kingdom Hearts, and Nier. The company also operates publishing, merchandise, and amusement businesses.

International Games System Co Ltd plans, designs, researches, develops, manufactures, markets, and services commercial electronic arcade games, related software and hardware products, online games and mobile games. It offers arcade game, online game, mobile game, simulator machine games and online games. All the business activity is operated through Taiwan. There are two segments namely: Arcade game division, which derives maximum revenue and Online game division.

Krafton Inc is a South Korea-based game developer and publisher engaged in creating and distributing PC, mobile, and console games. Its activities also extend to game software services, mobile app development, video content production, and related investment and consulting work. The company manages multiple studios, including PUBG Studio, Bluehole, RisingWings, Striking Distance Studios, Dreamotion, and Unknown Worlds, and is known for titles such as PUBG: Battlegrounds, New State Mobile, BGMI, Defense Derby, The Callisto Protocol, Ronin: The Last Samurai, Road to Valor, Moonbreaker, and Subnautica.

Doximity Inc is a digital platform for U.S. medical professionals. The cloud-based platform provides members with tools specifically built for medical professionals, enabling them to collaborate with their colleagues, securely coordinate patient care, conduct virtual patient visits, stay up-to-date with the latest medical news and research, and manage their careers and on-call schedules.

Giant Network Group Co Ltd is engaged in Internet culture and entertainment business, research and development and operation of Internet games, and other Internet business.

Bilibili is a Chinese online entertainment platform best known for its YouTube-like video-sharing service. Founded in 2009, it initially focused on long-form content centered around anime, comics, and gaming, or ACG, catering primarily to Generation Z users. Over time, the platform has expanded its content ecosystem to cover a broader range of interests, successfully attracting a more diverse audience beyond its original Gen Z base.

37 Interactive Entertainment Network Technology Group Co Ltd is involved in the interactive entertainment business, mainly focused on the research, development, publishing, and operation of mobile games and browser games, while arranging the pan-entertainment business, including film and TV, animation, and music. Its operating segments include the Mobile Gaming business and the Web Game business.

Kingnet Network Co Ltd is a Chinese-based online game company. The company's main business covers research and development as well as the operation and publishing of quality entertainment content, including mobile games, web games, and PC games. It also engages in the operation of web game platforms and mobile app distribution platforms.

Kakaku.com Inc. is a Japan-based internet company operating various web services. The company operates through four segments. The Incubation Business includes real estate and housing site Smity, travel review site Fort Travel, movie information site Movie.com, automotive site web CG, dynamic package systems, and the bus comparison site Bus Comparison Navi. The Job Box Business operates the job search site Job Box and job information site Jobcube. The Kakaku.com Business operates the purchasing support site Kakaku.com and engages in insurance services through Kakaku.com Insurance Co., Ltd. The Tabelog Business operates the restaurant search and reservation site Tabelog. It generates the majority of its revenue from the Tabelog business segment.

Kingsoft Corp Ltd is a Chinese software and Internet services company. The company's operating segment includes entertainment software and others and office software and services. It generates maximum revenue from the entertainment software and others segment. The entertainment software and others segment is engaged in the research and development of games, and the provision of online games, mobile games and casual game services. Geographically, it derives a majority of revenue from Mainland China, and also has its presence in Hong Kong, and Other Countries.

Talkweb Information System Co Ltd is a provider of software and hardware integrated products and solutions in China. It offers software cloud services, intelligent computing, Hongmeng ecology, and mobile games. The company provides services to approx. 31 provincial-level administrative regions across the country and more than 10 overseas countries. It focuses on key areas and industries such as digital government, intelligent manufacturing, intelligent transportation, intelligent education, and intelligent parks.

JOYY Inc is a technology company. The Company operates several social products, including Bigo Live for live streaming, Likee for short-form videos, Hago for multiplayer social networking, an instant messaging product, and others. The Company operates through two segments: BIGO and All other. The BIGO segment consists of several social entertainment platforms, including Bigo Live, Likee, imo, and others. The All other segment consist of Hago, Shopline, and certain audio live streaming platforms.

Manchester United PLC operates as a professional football club with related activities, generating revenue prominently through commercial, broadcasting, and matchday segments. The commercial segment monetizes the various brands via sponsorships, retail, merchandising, apparel, and product licensing. Broadcasting revenue comes from television rights linked to football leagues and competitions, alongside content delivered through its dedicated TV channel all over the globe. Matchday income includes ticket sales, hospitality, merchandise, and services at its stadium. Manchester United is based in England. The company’s operations and fan base extends to many countries, supporting a diversified revenue model based on brand engagement and football-related content.

Kadokawa Corp is a Japan based publisher and digital content platform provider. It is involved in various businesses such as publishing, film, publishing rights, digital contents, planning, development and operation of network entertainment service, and contents and operation of video- sharing website.

Sportradar is a Swiss sports technology company headquartered in St. Gallen that supplies sports data, content and related services to bookmakers, media companies and sports organizations. Through its Betradar brand it provides bookmakers with sports data, odds suggestions, managed trading services and streaming, and it also sells integrity services that monitor betting markets for match-fixing, audiovisual distribution, OTT streaming and digital advertising services. Its partners include the NFL, NBA, NHL, NASCAR and the International Tennis Federation, and its customers include hundreds of bookmakers and state lotteries such as Veikkaus, Svenska Spel and Norsk Tipping. It earns subscription and revenue-share income, and reported revenue of 1.29 billion euros and net income of 100 million euros for 2025, with about 3,900 employees in 29 offices across 20 countries. The business began in 2001 in Trondheim, Norway, as Market Monitor AS, founded by Petter Fornæss and Tore Steinkjer to extract betting odds from online bookmakers, with Carsten Koerl, now group chief executive, buying 51%. EQT invested in 2012, and Michael Jordan and Mark Cuban came in through a Revolution-led investment in 2015. Sportradar listed on Nasdaq (SRAD) on 14 September 2021 at a valuation of about $8 billion.

Koei Tecmo Holdings is a Japanese video game, amusement, and anime company created in 2009 by the merger of Koei and Tecmo, best known for their Nobunaga’s Ambition, Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Nioh, and Atelier game franchises. The company also creates games based on third-party franchises, such as Nintendo’s The Legend of Zelda and Fire Emblem, and Kodansha’s Attack on Titan.

G-bits Network Technology (Xiamen) Co Ltd develops video games and other multiplayer online games. It offers client, Web, mobile, and VR games. Geographically, it operates through the region of China.

Atlanta Braves Holdings Inc is a holding company. It operates through its wholly-owned subsidiary, which is the owner and operator of the Atlanta Braves Major League Baseball Club and the mixed-use real estate development, The Battery Atlanta, and is the operator of the Atlanta Braves Major League Baseball Club’s stadium, Truist Park. The company predominantly derives revenue related to the Braves baseball franchise and Truist Park from ticket sales, concessions, local broadcasting rights, advertising sponsorships, suites and premium seat fees, retail and licensing revenue, shared MLB revenue streams, including national broadcasting rights and licensing, and other sources. The company's reportable segments include: Baseball which generates key revenue, and Mixed-Use Development.

NC Corp is a South Korean video-game developer and publisher. Its games include Lineage, Blade & Soul and Guild Wars.

People Inc is a media and publishing business that operates a portfolio of brands, including PEOPLE, Food & Wine, Travel + Leisure, InStyle, Better Homes & Gardens, and Southern Living. The company also holds a minority equity stake in MGM Resorts International.

People.cn Co Ltd is engaged in Advertising and promotion services, mobile value-added services, information services and technical services.

Founded in 2008 as a media content platform, Autohome is the leading online automobile platform in China, ranking first among automotive service platforms in terms of mobile daily active users, according to QuestMobile. Through its two websites, autohome.com.cn and che168.com, Autohome delivers comprehensive, independent, and interactive content and tools to automobile consumers as well as a full suite of services to automakers and dealers. According to iResearch, the company was the largest online automotive advertising and lead-generation service provider in China's online auto platform media advertising market, in terms of media services and lead-generation revenue.

RUM Group Inc focused is to maximize the power of human imagination through an independent technology ecosystem built on privacy, resilience, and an open alternative to Big Tech. Rumble gives human creativity a voice, a video and media platform built for creators and audiences who value free expression. Quake AI is a cloud and AI-infrastructure business, delivering the compute, data-center capacity, and blockchain infrastructure for the agentic era.

TX Group AG is a Swiss company with a network of digital platforms. It offers information, orientation, entertainment, and services to its users every day. The company provides newspapers and magazines. The company's operating segments include TX Markets; Goldbach; 20 Minuten; Tamedia and Group and Ventures. It generates maximum revenue from the Tamedia segment.

XD Inc is an investment holding company. It is principally engaged in the development, operation, publishing and distribution of mobile and web games and operation of TapTap, a game community and platform. Its operating segments are game segment, offers game publishing and operating services on its own and via other Distribution Channels. Revenues from the game segment are mainly derived from game publishing and operating services. The TapTap platform segment offers online marketing services to game developers, game publishers, or their agents through the group's self-developed primary game community and platform. It generates majority of revenue from Game segment. Geographically majority of revenue comes from Chinese mainland.

Netmarble Corp is an online gaming company in South Korea. Its core business include game development and game publishing throughout the world. Some of its games include Tera M, FishingStrike, Raven, Seven Knights, among others.

Alpha Group (Alpha Group Co., Ltd., 奥飞娱乐) is a Chinese animation, toy and entertainment company listed on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange since September 2009 under code 002292. It was founded in December 1993 by Cai Dongqing as Auldey Toys and later traded as Guangdong Alpha Animation and Culture before adopting its current name in 2016; its headquarters is in the Chenghai district of Shantou, Guangdong. The company creates and licenses animated IP, producing animated films and television series and distributing them through its media businesses, and it designs, manufactures and sells toys and building-block sets linked to its characters. Subsidiaries include Auldey Toys, Creative Power Entertaining, Alpha Pictures and Korea's David Toys and Entertainment and it has developed video games. Revenue comes from toy sales, IP licensing and content distribution. Cai Dongqing is chairman and general manager.

Embracer Group AB is a parent company of businesses led by entrepreneurs in PC, console, mobile, and board games and other related media. The Group has an extensive catalog of several owned or controlled franchises and has a presence in various regions through its operative groups, namely THQ Nordic, Plaion, Coffee Stain, Amplifier Game Invest, and others. Its operating segments are: PC/Console Games, Mobile Games, and Entertainment & Services. Maximum revenue is derived from the Entertainment & Services segment, which is engaged in the development, publishing, and distribution of comic books, wholesale of publishing titles of games for console and PC, as well as films, and externally distributes films and TV series. Geographically, the Group generates maximum revenue from the USA.

Ziff Davis Inc is a digital media and internet company operating a portfolio of brands across technology, shopping, gaming and entertainment, health and wellness, connectivity, and cybersecurity. The company has five reportable segments. The Technology & Shopping segment generates revenue from advertising and commerce content. The Gaming & Entertainment segment provides content, subscriptions, and digital storefront services. The Health & Wellness segment offers digital tools and content for health management. The Connectivity segment provides data and analytics solutions for network performance. The Cybersecurity & Martech segment delivers cloud-based software for security and marketing. It generates the majority of its revenue from the Health & Wellness segment.

Sanoma Oyj is a learning and media company. The group publishes magazines and newspapers along with educational learning literature and services. It operates in two segments: Learning and Media Finland. Sanoma's learning products and services enable teachers to develop the talents of every child to reach their full potential. The company offers printed and digital learning content as well as digital learning and teaching platforms for primary, secondary and vocational education. The Finnish media business of Sanoma provides information, experiences, inspiration, and entertainment via multiple media platforms: newspapers, radio, television, events, magazines, online, and mobile channels. The company's publications include Helsingin Sanomat, IltaSanomat among others.