Zhou Liu Fu Jewellery Valuation Multiples

LVMH is a global producer and distributor of luxury goods. It operates six segments: fashion and leather goods, its largest and most profitable; watches and jewelry; wines and spirits; perfumes and cosmetics; selective retailing (including Sephora and airport duty-free retailer DFS); and other. Higher-profile brands include Louis Vuitton, Bulgari, Fendi, Givenchy, Tag Heuer, Hennessy, Moet & Chandon, Glenmorangie, Sephora, and Benefit. LVMH operates more than 5,000 stores around the globe.

Hermes is a 180-year-old family controlled luxury goods company best known for its Birkin and Kelly bags. Its biggest segments are leather goods and saddlery, accounting for over 40% of revenue; clothes and accessories (29% of sales); silk and textiles (7%); and other products such as perfumes, watches, jewellery, and home furnishings. Hermes has about 300 stores globally.

Richemont is a luxury goods conglomerate with 20 brands. Jewelry and watch brands make up 87% of sales, but the group is also active in accessories, writing instruments, clothing, and online luxury retail. Richemont’s Jewellery Maisons, including Cartier and Van Cleef & Arpels, account for over 70% of revenue and the vast majority of profits. Its other brands include Vacheron Constantin, Piaget, Jaeger-LeCoultre, IWC Schaffhausen, Lange & Soehne, Officine Panerai, Chloe, and Montblanc.

Christian Dior SE is a holding company with full ownership of Christian Dior Couture and a controlling interest in LVMH. Christian Dior Couture sells apparel, leather goods, jewelry, and accessories under various Dior brands. The majority of sales are through its retail stores. Through LVMH, the company operates the following business groups: wines and spirits, fashion and leather goods, watches and jewelry, perfumes and cosmetics, and selective retailing. LVMH has dozens of brands throughout its businesses, including Dom Perignon, Hennessy, Louis Vuitton, Fendi, TAG Heuer, and Sephora. The company's revenue is distributed throughout Europe, Asia, and the United States.

Ferrari designs, engineers, and manufactures some of the world's most expensive luxury cars. With supply carefully controlled to be below demand and a brand steeped in decades of motor racing history, a Ferrari is viewed as a status symbol. In 2025, the company sold 13,640 vehicles at an average price over EUR 500,000 with more than 80% of its vehicles being sold to existing Ferrari clients. Eighty-four percent of revenue is generated from the sale of cars and spare parts and 10% from sponsorship, commercial, and brand activities including racing and lifestyle activities. In 2025, the Europe, Middle East, and Africa region accounted for 49% of revenue, the Americas was 32%, mainland China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan was 7%, and the rest of Asia was 12%.

Porsche designs, engineers, and manufactures premium cars synonymous with its racing history heritage, engineering mastery, sporty design, and driving experience. Porsche is uniquely positioned in that its brand is associated with luxury, but it produces cars on a much larger scale than its superluxury peers. Porsche sold 311,000 vehicles in 2024 at an average price of EUR 129,000. Europe, North America, mainland China including Hong Kong, and the rest of the world accounted for 36%, 28%, 18%, and 18% of volume in 2024, respectively. Ninety-two percent of revenue is generated from the sale of cars and related services, with the remainder from the captive finance arm. Porsche’s equity is tightly held with Volkswagen owning 75.4% and Porsche SE (the Porsche/Piech family) owning 12.5%.

Titan Co Ltd is engaged in the manufacturing and sale of watches, jewellery, eyewear, and other accessories and products. Its operating segments are watches and wearables, jewellery, eyewear, and others. The firm generates a majority of its revenue from jewellery. The company sells its products under various brands such as Fastrack, Skinn, Sonata, Zoop, Nebula, Zoya, Skinn, Tanishq, and others.

Kering is the world’s third-largest luxury goods conglomerate by revenue after LVMH and Richemont. Its flagship brand is Gucci, which accounts for over 40% of revenue and over 60% of operating profit. Its other leading brands include Bottega Veneta and Saint Laurent. Other smaller luxury brands (in ready-to-wear, leather goods, and jewellery) generate 19% of sales. Alexander McQueen, Balenciaga, and Boucheron are part of Kering’s portfolio.

Based in New York City, Tapestry is the parent company of accessories and fashion brand Coach, which accounted for 80% of its revenue and well over 90% of its operating profit in fiscal 2025. Handbags accounted for 58% of the brand’s fiscal 2025 revenue. Coach products are sold through more than 900 company-owned stores, e-commerce, and third-party stores in North America, Asia, and Europe. Tapestry also owns Kate Spade (17% of fiscal 2025 revenue), which operates about 170 stores and generated 52% of its sales from handbags in fiscal 2025. Kate Spade is known for its colorful patterns and graphics. Tapestry sold its smallest brand, luxury footwear maker Stuart Weitzman, to Caleres in August 2025.

Chow Tai Fook Jewellery Group Ltd is engaged in the jewelry and watch business located in Mainland China. The company's geographical operating segment includes Mainland China and Hong Kong, Macau, and other markets. It generates maximum revenue from Mainland China. Its product categories include rings, bands, necklaces, pendants, earrings, chains, bracelets, and others. The company derives revenue from Gem-set, Gold products, Platinum/Karat gold products, and Watches.

Prada is a family owned holding comprising the Prada brand, a younger and more fashion-oriented Miu Miu, and two classic shoe brands: Church’s and Car Shoe. The company generates EUR 5.4 billion in sales, with over 70% from the Prada brand. Geographically, Asia is the biggest region with 33% of retail sales, followed by Europe at 32%, 17% in the Americas, and 13% in Japan. In 2025, the Prada group acquired the Versace brand, which should contribute 13% of revenue on a pro forma basis.

Swatch Group’s biggest brands are Omega (number two or three in its category), Breguet, Tissot (the leader in midrange Swiss watches), and Swatch. The company employs over 33,000 people, half of them in Switzerland. We estimate Omega and Longines to be the group’s most profitable brands.

Pandora is a premium jewelry brand and the market leader in the charm bracelet category. The company was established in the 1980s in Denmark and since then has expanded globally. Pandora has over 2,700 concept stores globally (2,000 owned and operated, and the remainder run by its franchise partners) as well as multibrand locations and stores-in-stores. Pandora owned retail accounts for over 80% and wholesale for the remainder. Charms and bracelets account for almost three-fourths of its sales. The firm produces mostly internally in two jewelry-crafting facilities in Thailand.

Brunello Cucinelli, an Italian luxury apparel brand, keeps its entire supply chain in Italy, focusing on quality and hand-crafted design. Known for its cashmere-focused, timeless apparel, the brand appeals to luxury consumers who value enduring style over trends. Ready-to-wear clothing accounts for 85% of revenue and accessories for 15%. With a global presence, 36% of revenue comes from Europe, 36% from the Americas, and the remainder from a growing share in Asia. Women’s collections contribute 50% of revenue, men’s collections contribute 50%.

Burberry, a British luxury monobrand that is more than 160 years old, is best known for its outerwear and signature plaid scarves. It has a global presence, with 35% of revenue generated in Europe, 43% in Asia, and 22% in North America. Apparel contributes over 60% of sales.

Signet Jewelers Ltd is a retailer of diamond jewelry. Its merchandise mix includes bridal, fashion, watches, and others. The bridal category includes engagement, wedding and anniversary purchases. Its segments are the North America segment, the International segment, and the Other segment. The North America segment contributes to the majority of the revenue. The North America segment generates revenue from Mall and Off-Mall & Outlet.

Henan Liliang Diamond Co Ltd is engaged in the research and development, production, sales, import, and export of synthetic diamond and superhard material products.

Lao Feng Xiang Co Ltd is engaged in the manufacture and sale of gold jewelry. It is also engaged in the manufacture and distribution of gold arts and crafts, and other related products.

Watches of Switzerland Group PLC is a retailer of luxury watches and jewellerys in the United Kingdom. Other than luxury watch offerings, the company also offers luxury jewellery, fashion, and classic watches and a range of watch and jewellery aftercare services. The company's geographical segments are the United Kingdom and Europe, and the United States, of which the majority of the revenue comes from the United Kingdom and Europe segment.

China National Gold Group Gold Jewellery Co Ltd is a professional gold jewelry production and sales enterprise specializing in the operation of the China Gold brand.

Capri Holdings is a marketer, distributor, and retailer of upscale accessories and apparel in the Americas, Europe, and Asia. Michael Kors, Capri’s original and largest brand by sales, offers handbags, footwear, and apparel through more than 700 company-owned stores, wholesale, and e-commerce. Jimmy Choo (acquired in 2017) is best known for women’s luxury footwear. Its products are sold in more than 200 company-operated stores. John Idol has served as Capri’s CEO since 2003.

CHOW TAI SENG Jewellery Co Ltd is engaged in designing, wholesale, and retail of jewelry. It offers a necklace, pendants, and other jewelry products. Geographically, the group operates through China.

Beijing Caishikou Department Store Co Ltd is engaged in the raw material procurement, style design, chain sales and brand operation of gold jewelry products.

Founded in 1927, Salvatore Ferragamo is an Italian monobrand company known for its footwear and accessories. The company generates about 45% of revenue in the fragmented footwear category, 40% in leather goods, 6% in apparel, and 7% in accessories. It was one of the pioneers in establishing a presence in Asia, where it generates 28% of sales and other emerging markets (8% of sales in Central and South America). Ferragamo generates 24% of revenue in Europe, 30% in the US, and 8% in Japan.

Gens Aurea SpA specializes in the trading, processing, and marketing of precious metals. The core activities of the company include: (i) Buy-Sell: the purchase from retail public and sale to refineries of gold and, in minor portion, silver and second-hand watches;(ii) Jewelry Retail: jewelry production and retail sale of branded jewelry; (iii) Investment Gold: the sale of investment gold; and (iv) Buy-Back: buy-back transactions with repurchase rights. The majority of revenue is derived from the Buy-Sell business line. The company is focused on the trading of gold and precious metals in various forms.

DR Corp Ltd is engaged in designing, wholesale, retail and maintenance of jewelry, diamonds, platinum, gold, silver, diamond inlays and their accessories.

Guangdong CHJ Industry Co Ltd is engaged in the design, production, and sale of jewellery. The category includes ring, necklace, pendant, stud earring, earring, bracelet, decoration, and gift. The product types of the company include fashion series, weeding series, childlike, and high order series.

Beijing Kingee Culture Development Co Ltd is a Chinese company engaged in the development of precious metals handicrafts and jewelry. It carries the activities of wholesale, retail, and supply chain services in China. The company offers ornaments, customized jewelry and product package.

Vivara Participacoes SA is a Brazil-based company engaged in operating jewelry chain in Brazil. Its brands Vivara, Life by Vivara, Vivara Watches, Vivara Accessories e Vivara Fragrances are available at multiple sales points across the country. The firm operates business through Physical Stores, online sales and others. Substantial revenue is earned from the sales of Jewelry items.

Movado Group Inc designs, develops, sources, markets, and distributes fine watches in the United States and internationally. It operates through the Watch and Accessory Brands and Company Stores segment. The Watch and Accessory Brands segment includes the designing, manufacturing, and distribution of watches and, to a lesser extent, jewelry and other accessories of quality owned brands and licensed brands. Its Company Stores segment includes the company's retail outlet locations in the United States and Canada. It generates maximum revenue from the Watch and Accessory Brands segment. Geographically, it derives the majority of its revenue from its international locations.

Canada Goose Holdings Inc is a Canada-based company that designs, manufactures, distributes, and retails premium outerwear for men, women, and children. It operates business through three segments namely, Wholesale and Direct to Consumer (DTC), Other. The DTC segment, which is the key revenue driver, comprises sales through country-specific e-commerce platforms and its company-owned retail stores located in luxury shopping locations. The Wholesale segment comprises sales made to a mix of retailers and international distributors, who are partners that have exclusive rights to an entire market, and travel retail locations. Geographically, it has a presence in Canada, the United States, North America, Greater China, Asia, and Europe, the Middle East, and Africa.

Senco Gold Ltd is a pan-India jewellery retail company with a history of more than five decades, and has a fourth-generation entrepreneur in the jewellery industry as its Promoter. The company principally sell gold and diamond jewellery and also sells jewellery made of silver, platinum, precious and semi-precious stones and other metals. Its other offerings also include costume jewellery, gold and silver coins and utensils made of silver. Its products are sold under the Senco Gold & Diamonds tradename, through multiple channels, including its 75 Company Operated Showrooms and 61 Franchisee Showrooms and various online platforms, including its website. Geographically, the company generates the majority of its revenue from India.

Bijou Brigitte Modische Accessoires AG is a Hamburg-based company which operates fashion jewelry chains in Europe. The product range covers everything from fashion and exclusive jewelry to fashion accessories and men's and children's jewelry. Geographical segments include Germany, Spain, Italy, and Portugal. It derives a majority of revenue from Germany.

Envela Corp is a provider of recycling and re-commerce services at the forefront of the circular economy. These include re-commercializing luxury hard assets, consumer electronics and IT equipment; and end-of-life recycling solutions. It operates through two segments, Consumer, and Commercial Services. The Consumer segment which generates key revenue for the company predominantly buys to resell or recycle luxury hard assets like jewelry, diamonds, gemstones, fine watches, rare coins and related collectibles, precious-metal bullion products, gold, silver, and other precious metals. The Commercial Services segment provides asset-disposition solutions to government agencies, middle-market firms, corporations, and other organizations.

FOPE SpA is an Italy-based company engaged in the fashion industry. The Company designs, manufactures and markets jewelry. Its product's portfolio encompasses bracelets, necklaces, rings, earrings. The Company sells its products through jewelers from Europe and the United States to The United Arab Emirates, South Africa and Hong Kong.

YONDOSHI HOLDINGS INC. is a fashion company with four subsidiaries that the company reports in two segments. The jewelry segment accounts of the company's sales and mainly consists of the FDC Products Group, a specialty jewelry retailer that sells the company's brand. The apparel segment, which contains AS'TY, a manufacturer and wholesaler of apparel and bags; Misuzu, a specialty retailer selling private-label apparel; and Age Co., a specialty retailer of fashion items through its Palette stores and the majority of its revenue generated from apparel segment. The vast majority of the company's sales are in Japan.

Rajesh Exports Ltd is a gold refiner and Manufacturer of all kind of Gold products. The Company export its products to various countries around the world and it also sell its products in whole sale and retail in India and also through its own retail showrooms under the brand name of SHUBH Jewellers. Rajesh Exports Ltd has setup various manufacturing facilities in India and other countries.

Dexelance SpA is a luxury homeware group. It develops and promotes an Italian hub for high-quality furniture and design. It mainly operates in Italy.

Look Holdings Inc is a Japan-based company, engages in the planning and manufacture of women's clothing. The company offers its products under the Alice and Olivia, A.P.C., BENSIMON, IL BISONTE, DENHAM, filage, KORET, LAISSE PASSE, Marimekko, Repetto, SCAPA, Vera Bradley, and KEITH brands. The company sells its products through its physical and online stores. It caters its products in Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong, and China.

Lanvin Group Holdings Ltd engages in offering products ranging from apparel to leather goods, footwear, and accessories. The firm is operating mainly 5 portfolio brands, namely Lanvin, Wolford, Sergio Rossi, St. John, and Caruso. It derives the majority of its revenue from the Wolford segment.

St Dupont SA is a France-based company. It is engaged in the manufacture, marketing and sale of luxury goods for men and women. The company's offerings range from accessories, such as lighters, pens, jewelry, leather goods, to eyewear, watches, belts, fragrances and casual and formal attire.

Ernest Borel Holdings Ltd is engaged in the design, production, marketing and sale of mechanical and quartz premium watches. Its operating segments are Watches business segment engaged in manufacturing and sales of watches; and Smart watch manufacturing business segment engaged in design, development and manufacturing of stainless-steel alloy watches cases, smartwatches cases on ODM and OEM basis. It derives majority of the revenue from Smart watch manufacturing business. Geographically it has presence in The PRC, Vietnam, Hong Kong and Macau, Korea, South East Asia, and Others.

AsiaStrategy is a wholesaler engaged in trading, distribution, and retail of luxury watches of international brands. The Group sources its luxury watches from Europe, Singapore, Japan, and Hong Kong, then sells the goods to retail sellers and other distributors in the watch industry.

Cettire Ltd is an online luxury goods retailer. The company sells clothing products, accessories, footwear, handbags, and other products of various brands. Geographically, it derives a majority of its revenue from the United States, and the rest from Australia and other regions.

Mene Inc crafts pure 24-karat gold and platinum jewelry that is transparently sold by gram weight through mene.com. Customers may buy jewelry, monitor the value of their collection, and sell or exchange their pieces by gram weight at prevailing market prices. The company retails its jewelry by gram weight, direct-to-consumer through an online shopping experience.

Brilliant Earth Group Inc is a digitally native omnichannel jewelry company. The company designs, procures and sells ethically-sourced diamonds, gemstones and jewelry online and through showrooms. The sales of the company consist of revenue from diamond, gemstone, and jewelry retail sales. The company sells its products in the U.S. and other international countries, of which a majority of revenue is derived from the U.S.

elumeo SE along with its subsidiaries engages in designing, producing and selling jewelry articles, precious gemstones, and related products. Its brand portfolio comprises Juwelo, Rocks and Co., New York Gemstones, and AMAYANI brands. The company markets its products via the internet, catalogs, television, retail and other electronic distribution channels. The Group operates home shopping television stations in Germany and Italy as well as web shops in Germany, the UK, Italy, France, the Netherlands, Spain and Belgium.

K-uno Co Ltd is engaged in the Manufacturing and sales of jewelry and watches, custom-made products, remodeling, and repairs.