ZenaTech Valuation Multiples

SpaceX is an American aerospace manufacturer and space transportation company founded in 2002 by Elon Musk and incorporated in Texas, alongside launch and manufacturing sites in Hawthorne, California, Cape Canaveral, Florida, and Vandenberg Space Force Base. The company designs, builds, and operates the Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy rockets, the Dragon crew and cargo spacecraft, and the fully reusable Starship vehicle, and has accounted for the large majority of global mass launched to orbit in recent years on the strength of reusable-rocket economics and a high launch cadence. Its Starlink division operates a low-Earth-orbit satellite constellation delivering broadband internet to more than ten million subscribers across roughly 160 countries, while the Starshield program supplies satellite and connectivity services to government and defense customers. In February 2026 SpaceX combined with Musk's artificial intelligence firm xAI, the developer of the Grok chatbot, which had itself absorbed the social platform X, consolidating space, connectivity, and AI operations under common ownership. The company completed an initial public offering on June 12, 2026, one of the largest in market history, and is led by Musk as CEO.

GE Aerospace is an American aircraft engine maker headquartered in Evendale, Ohio, a suburb of Cincinnati, that designs, builds and services engines for commercial and military aircraft. It is the sole remaining business of General Electric, founded in 1892, whose aircraft-engine operations date to 1917; after the spin-offs of GE HealthCare and, in April 2024, GE Vernova, the company took the GE Aerospace name and kept the NYSE ticker GE. Its products include the CFM LEAP, GE9X, GEnx and the T901 turboshaft, and it builds engines through 50/50 joint ventures including CFM International with Safran, Engine Alliance and GE Honda Aero Engines. CFM holds about 39% of the world commercial aircraft engine market and GE Aerospace a further 14%. With an installed base of close to 80,000 commercial and military engines, it earns most of its profit from services, spare parts and overhauls on engines that fly for decades, alongside sales of new engines to aircraft makers, airlines and defence customers. In 2025 it reported revenue of $45.86 billion and employed about 57,000 people. H. Lawrence Culp Jr. is chairman and chief executive.

RTX is an aerospace and defense manufacturer formed from the merger of United Technologies and Raytheon, with roughly equal exposure across three segments, mostly as a supplier to commercial aerospace and to the defense market: Collins Aerospace, a diversified aerospace supplier; Pratt & Whitney, a commercial and military aircraft engine manufacturer; and Raytheon, a defense prime contractor providing a mix of missiles, missile defense systems, sensors, hardware, and communications technology to the military.

Airbus is a global aerospace and defense firm that designs, develops, and manufactures commercial and military jets and helicopters, as well as space launch vehicles and satellites. The company operates three divisions: commercial, defense and space, and helicopters. Commercial offers multiple configurations of aircraft ranging from the narrow-body (120-200 seats) A220 and A320 series to the much larger A330 and A350 wide-body models. The defense and space segment supplies governments with military hardware, including transport aircraft, aerial tankers, and the Eurofighter Typhoon multirole jet. The helicopter division manufactures turbine helicopters for the civil and public markets.

Rolls-Royce operates three core business segments: civil aerospace, power systems, and defense. The civil aerospace segment builds engines powering wide-body aircraft, regional and business jets, and offers aftermarket services. Twenty years ago, the firm pioneered full-service flight hour contracts with the TotalCare package. Power systems provides power solutions to multiple end markets (defense, agriculture, marine, and power generation) while the defense business provides military, ground vehicle and naval propulsion solutions.

Safran is a Paris-listed aerospace and defence group formed in 2005 from the merger of Snecma and Sagem. Its propulsion division produces aircraft and helicopter engines and provides parts and maintenance over their operating lives. Other businesses supply landing gear, nacelles, electrical systems, avionics, defence equipment and aircraft interiors. Safran participates with GE Aerospace in CFM International, a major supplier of engines for narrow-body commercial aircraft. Airlines, airframers, armed forces and government customers buy the group’s products and services worldwide. Revenue comes from original equipment, aftermarket parts, maintenance and long-term service contracts. Safran acquired Indian test-systems specialist Captronic from Axon Partners in August 2022.

Lockheed Martin is the world's largest defense contractor and has dominated the Western market for high-end fighter aircraft since it won the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter program in 2001. Aeronautics is Lockheed’s largest segment, which derives upward of two-thirds of its revenue from the F-35. Lockheed’s remaining segments are rotary and mission systems, encompassing the Sikorsky helicopter business; missiles and fire control, which creates missiles and missile defense systems; and space systems, which produces satellites and receives equity income from the United Launch Alliance joint venture.

Boeing is a major aerospace and defense firm operating in three segments: commercial airplanes; defense, space, and security; and global services. Boeing's commercial airplanes segment competes with Airbus in the production of aircraft that can carry more than 130 passengers. Boeing's defense, space, and security segment competes with defense contractors such as Lockheed Martin and Northrop Grumman to create military aircraft, satellites, and weaponry. Global services provides aftermarket support to airlines.

Parker Hannifin started out in 1917 as Parker Appliance, selling pneumatic brakes. Through the acquisition of branded components, the firm has expanded into aerospace engines, agricultural and construction machinery, freight and passenger vehicles, and industrial automation equipment. Within these larger systems, Parker sells a wide array of small, critical pieces such as hydraulic, electromechanical, climate control, and filtration components. Many of its products are designed to work together, resulting in a high rate of cross-selling.

General Dynamics is a defense contractor and business jet manufacturer. The firm’s segments are aerospace, marine, combat systems, and technologies. General Dynamics' aerospace segment manufactures Gulfstream business jets and operates a global aircraft servicing operation. Combat systems produces land-based combat vehicles such as the M1 Abrams tank and Stryker armored personnel carrier, as well as munitions. The marine segment builds and services nuclear-powered submarines, destroyers, and Navy support ships. The technologies segment contains two main units: an IT business that primarily serves the government market and a mission systems business focusing on electronics that provide command, control, computing, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance capabilities to the military.

Northrop Grumman is a diversified defense contractor providing aeronautics, defense, and space systems. The company’s aerospace segment produces autonomous and piloted aircraft such as Global Hawk drones and the B-21 bomber, creates the fuselage for the massive F-35 program, and maintains and upgrades numerous other military aircraft. Defense systems makes artillery and missile ammunition and guidance systems, long-range missiles, and missile defense systems. Mission systems creates and integrates a variety of radar, navigation, and communication systems for avionics, weapons control, and countermeasures on a range of platforms from helicopters to destroyers. Space systems produces satellites, sensors, space structures, and rocket motors.

BAE Systems is a British global defense, security, and aerospace company and Europe’s largest defense contractor. It is one of six prime contractors to the US Defense Department. It reports in five segments: Electronic systems provides electronic warfare, avionics, precision weapons, and space systems; cyber and intelligence supplies intelligence, cyber, and security services; platforms and services produces combat vehicles, artillery, munitions, and US ship repair services; air covers combat air production and support, Saudi operations, and interests in Eurofighter, MBDA, and GCAP; and maritime comprises UK warships, submarines, land activities, and the Australian business. From 2027, cyber and intelligence will be integrated into the other segments.

Honeywell traces its roots to 1885 with Albert Butz’s firm, Butz Thermo-Electric Regulator, which produced a predecessor to the modern thermostat. Other inventions by Honeywell include biodegradable detergent and autopilot. Today, Honeywell is a global multi-industry behemoth with one of the largest installed bases of equipment. It operates through four business segments: aerospace technologies, industrial automation, energy and sustainability solutions, and building automation. Recently, Honeywell has made several portfolio changes to focus on fewer end markets and align with a set of secular growth trends. The firm is working diligently to expand its installed base, deriving around one third of its revenue from recurring aftermarket services.

Mitsubishi Heavy Industries is a diversified industrial and engineering group that was founded in 1884 and reorganized in 1950. It operates across four segments: energy systems; plants and infrastructure; logistics, thermal and drive systems; and aircraft, defense and space. MHI is a global leader in large gas turbines and energy services, and a key domestic supplier of aerospace and defense systems. Its end markets include energy infrastructure, industrial equipment, transport, and defense, with a growing focus on decarbonization technologies such as hydrogen- and ammonia-capable turbines. The company employs about 77,000 people globally.

TransDigm manufactures and services a broad set of specialized parts for commercial and military aircraft. The firm has three segments: power and control, airframes, and a small nonaviation segment, which serves mostly off-road vehicles and mining equipment. It is an acquisitive holding company focused on buying up smaller firms that make proprietary aerospace products with substantial aftermarket revenue. TransDigm regularly employs financial leverage to amplify its operating results.

Based in Toronto, Barrick is one of the world's largest gold miners. In 2025, the firm sold about 3.3 million attributable ounces of gold and about 220,000 metric tons of copper. At end-2025, Barrick had about two decades of gold reserves along with significant copper reserves. After buying Randgold in 2019 and combining its Nevada mines in a joint venture with competitor Newmont later that year, it operates mines in the Americas, Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. The company also has growing copper exposure, driven by the expansion of its Lumwana mine in Zambia and the development of its Reko Diq copper and gold project in Pakistan. It intends to undertake an IPO of its joint venture stakes in Nevada Gold Mines and Pueblo Viejo along with its Fourmile deposit later in 2026.

Honeywell Aerospace Inc operates as an aerospace and defense supplier of systems and technologies that enable the production, maintenance, and safe operation of aerospace and defense platforms. Its products support original equipment manufacturer (OEM), government, defense prime contractor, and aircraft operator customers across the Commercial Air Transport, Business Aviation, and Defense and Space end markets. The company has three operating segments: Electronic Solutions (ES), Engines & Power Systems (E&PS), and Control Systems (CS ). The majority of revenue is derived from the Electronic Solutions segment, which offers Avionics, Navigation and Sensors, Electromagnetic Defensive Solutions, and Space systems. Geographically, the maximum revenue is generated from the United States.

Thales is a French aerospace and defense industrial and one of Europe’s largest defense contractors. The company has three segments: defense and security provides sensors, mission systems, communications, and control systems to European and export defense customers; aerospace sells avionics and satellites to the civil, defense, and governmental markets; and digital identity and security provides biometric, data, and identity security solutions, payments services, and the manufacturing of SIM cards.

In addition to its legacy software-defined radio franchise, L3Harris Technologies has, through a series of acquisitions, established franchises producing uncrewed aerial vehicles, sensors, avionics, space-based systems, missiles, and solid rocket motors. It is also adept at refitting civilian aircraft for military use, provides military and commercial training services, and maintains the US Federal Aviation Administration's communication infrastructure.

Rocket Lab Corp is engaged in space, building rockets, and spacecraft. It provides end-to-end mission services that provide frequent and reliable access to space for civil, defense, and commercial markets. It designs and manufactures the Electron and Neutron launch vehicles and Photon satellite platform. Rocket Lab's Electron launch vehicle has delivered multiple satellites to orbit for private and public sector organizations, enabling operations in national security, scientific research, space debris mitigation, Earth observation, climate monitoring, and communications. The business operates in two segments Launch Services and Space Systems. Geographically it serves Japan, and rest of the world and earns key revenue from the United States.

Heico is an aerospace and defense supplier that focuses on creating replacement parts for commercial aircraft and components for defense products. In commercial aerospace, Heico is the largest independent producer of replacement aircraft parts. In the defense market, the company produces niche subcomponents used in targeting technology as well as simulation equipment, among other categories. It operates two segments: the flight support group and the electronic technologies group. Both supply the aerospace and defense sectors to different degrees. Heico is persistently acquisitive, focusing on companies in similar or adjacent markets that offer strong cash flow and profitable growth potential.

Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd operates in the aerospace and defense sector. The company is engaged in the design, manufacturing, and development of products like aircraft, helicopters, systems and accessories, power plants, avionics, materials like castings, rolled rings, rubber products, and aerospace which include structures, tanks, and cryogenic engines. Geographically the company derives revenue from India and other countries, of which a majority of revenue is generated from India.

Saab supplies products and services for military, defense, and civil security. The company operates in four segments: aeronautics, dynamics, surveillance, and Kockums. Aeronautics involves the manufacturing and support of defense and commercial aerial systems. Dynamics produces combat weapons and defense training and management systems. Surveillance supplies security services, and creates traffic management technology and aviation parts. Kockums offers solutions for naval missions. Over three fourths of Saab’s sales are from the defense sector. The company sells to multiple geographic regions, but over half of its sales come from Europe.

Leonardo is an Italian aerospace, defence and security group headquartered in Rome and listed on Borsa Italiana, with the Italian Ministry of Economy and Finance as its largest shareholder at about 30%. It was founded in 1948 and traded as Finmeccanica until it took its present name in 2017. The group is organised in helicopters, aircraft, aerostructures, electronics, cyber security and, since 2025, land armaments after the purchase of Iveco Defence Vehicles. It operates through subsidiaries such as Leonardo DRS in the United States, and through joint ventures and holdings including MBDA, ATR, Telespazio, Thales Alenia Space, Avio and Hensoldt. Leonardo reported revenue of EUR 19.5 billion and net profit of EUR 1.33 billion in 2025, with about 62,800 employees. It buys bolt-on technology businesses in cyber, radar and unmanned systems and sells non-core units.

Kongsberg Gruppen is an international technology company focused on defense, aerospace, and advanced sensing and surveillance solutions following the spinoff of its maritime business. The group operates through defense systems, missiles and aerostructures, and Discovery, providing air defense and combat systems, missiles, aerostructures, and subsea, space, and monitoring technologies.

Teledyne Technologies Inc provides enabling technologies to sense, analyze and distribute information for industrial growth markets that require advanced technology and high reliability. The firm operates in four segments: Digital Imaging, Instrumentation, Aerospace and Defense Electronics, and Engineered Systems. The Digital Imaging segment, that derives maximum revenue, includes high-performance sensors, cameras and systems, within the visible, infrared and X-ray spectra for use in industrial, government and medical applications, as well as MEMS and high-performance, high-reliability semiconductors including analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters. Geographically, the company operates in United States, Europe, Asia, and All other.

AVIC Chengdu Aircraft Co Ltd is engaged in the research and production of complete aviation weapons and equipment and their accessories and mainly focuses on the aviation industry.

Dassault Aviation, controlled by the French Dassault Group, designs, builds, and maintains military fighter jets and is one of the largest manufacturers of business jets. It holds a 26.6% stake in defense electronics group Thales, whose earnings contribution accounts for roughly half of Dassault's adjusted net income. In 2025, Dassault Aviation generated EUR 7.4 billion in revenue with over 15,000 employees. About 63% of revenue comes from defense aircraft and services, while Falcon business jets generate the remaining 37%.

Hanwha Aerospace is a South Korean defence and aerospace company headquartered in Seoul and listed on the Korea Exchange, and it is the largest defence firm in the country. Established in 1977 as Samsung Precision Industry, it passed to Hanwha Group in 2014 and took its present name in 2018. It manufactures aircraft and rocket engines, marine gas turbines, self-propelled howitzers and other military vehicles, missiles, precision-guided munitions and space launch components. Customers are the South Korean armed forces and foreign governments, and revenue comes mainly from defence contracts, engine and component sales and maintenance work. It is a core member of Hanwha Group, whose affiliates also include Hanwha Systems and Hanwha Ocean. Together with those affiliates Hanwha Aerospace built a 15.89% stake in Korea Aerospace Industries during 2026, becoming its second-largest shareholder, after resolving in May 2026 to commit KRW 500 billion to purchases of KAI shares. The chief executive is Son Jae-il.

ST Engineering is a Singaporean government-linked commercial and defense engineering group. Its key businesses include aircraft maintenance, repair, and overhaul services, in which it is the world’s largest independent third-party provider. The company’s fastest-growing activities involve applications to defense and smart city solutions where it provides tolling solutions, traffic control systems, command-and-control dashboards, cybersecurity tools, and other related components. Around two-thirds of the company’s revenue comes from commercial clients, while the remainder is defense.

MTU Aero Engines is a German aerospace company that develops and manufactures aircraft engine components and provides engine maintenance services. Its original equipment business participates in commercial and military engine programs, often alongside other engine manufacturers through long-term program partnerships. Products include components for new engines and spare parts required during their operating lives. The company also maintains, repairs and overhauls commercial aircraft engines through its maintenance organization. Military activities include work on engines used by the German armed forces and multinational European aircraft programs. Customers include engine manufacturers, airlines, other aircraft operators and defense organizations. Revenue is generated from equipment and spare-part sales as well as maintenance and repair work. MTU's two principal operating areas distinguish engine development and production from commercial maintenance services.

Avic Shenyang Aircraft Co Ltd is engaged in manufacturing aviation product. Its products offerings include aviation defense equipment and civil aviation products. Civil aviation products include domestic and foreign civil aircraft parts.

IHI is a Japanese engineering and industrial group with operations across aero engines, defense equipment, space systems, energy equipment, nuclear energy, social infrastructure, industrial systems, general-purpose machinery, and urban development. The company has been reshaping its portfolio through business exits and capital reallocation, with growing emphasis on civil aero engines, defense, nuclear energy, and lifecycle businesses. Its key value driver is aero engines, space, and defense, where IHI participates in major global engine programs and benefits from long-cycle aftermarket economics.

AECC Aviation Power Co Ltd is a China-based manufacturer of aeronautical engines. It engaged in the design, development, production, maintenance, marketing, and after-sales service of military aircraft and civil aircraft power devices, second power devices, gas turbines, helicopter transmission systems, and aero-engine technology derivative products; customers involved in aviation, aerospace, ships, weapons, Energy, and airspace and other fields. The company designs and produces products such as turbojets, turbofans, turboshafts, turboprops, and pistons, such as aero engines, gas turbines, and helicopter transmission systems.

Embraer SA based in Sao Paulo, Brazil, manufacturer of jets. Its focus is to achieve customer satisfaction with and services addressing the commercial airline, executive jets, and defense and security markets. It has developed a customer-centric technology-driven portfolio of commercial aviation products and services that allows it to build long-term relationships with clients in the commercial aviation, executive jets, and defense and security markets. It operates through the various segments namely Commercial Aviation, Defense and Security, Executive Aviation, Service and Support, and Other Segments. The company generates maximum revenue from the Commercial Aviation segment.

Textron is a conglomerate that designs, manufactures, and services a range of specialty aircraft, including small jets, propeller-driven airplanes, helicopters, and tilt-rotor aircraft. Textron Aviation manufactures and services Cessna and Beechcraft planes. Bell is a helicopter and tilt-rotor manufacturer and servicer for both commercial and military customers. Textron Systems produces uncrewed aircraft and armored vehicles for the military market as well as aircraft simulators and training for the commercial and military markets. Textron is in the process of divesting its industrial subsidiaries, which manufacture plastic fuel tanks for conventional and hybrid motor vehicles, specialized vehicles such as golf carts, and all-terrain vehicles.

CSG NV is a defence group in terms of medium, large- and small-calibre ammunition sales based in Prague, Czech Republic, operating in Europe, the United States and in other regions including Asia Pacific. The company's business is divided into two segments: CSG Defence Systems and CSG Ammo.

China Spacesat Co Ltd is a China-based company engages in the development of small satellites, satellite ground systems, and related equipment. Its products offer aerospace system integration, large-scale ground station systems integration, satellite communications applications, satellite navigation applications and information transmission. The company operates its business in North China, northwest of China and South China.

Avic Xian Aircraft Industry Group Co Ltd, formerly AVIC Aircraft Co Ltd is engaged in the design, production, marketing and services for large-and medium-sized transport aircraft, civil passenger aircraft and aircraft landing gear systems. It develops four types of aircraft namely, qinpeng and god of war, whizzed pastzhuri and the sky.

StandardAero Inc provides aerospace engine aftermarket services for fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft across commercial, military, and business aviation markets. Its services include scheduled and unscheduled engine maintenance, repair and overhaul, component repair, on-wing and field support, and engineering services. The company operates within the engine aftermarket value chain, working with engine original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and aircraft operators. It operates in two segments: Engine Services and Component Repair Services. The majority of revenue is derived from the Engine Services segment, which provides aftermarket services, including maintenance, repair and overhaul, on-wing and field service support, asset management, and engineering and related solutions to customers.

CAE Inc provides training and aviation services, integrated enterprise solutions, in-service support, and crew-sourcing services. The company operations are managed through two segments: i) Civil Aviation: Provides comprehensive training solutions for flight, cabin, maintenance, ground personnel and air traffic controllers in commercial, business and helicopter aviation, a complete range of flight simulation training devices, ab initio pilot training and crew sourcing services, as well as airline operations digital solutions; and ii) Defense and Security which is a world-wide training and simulation provider delivering scalable, platform-independent solutions that enable and enhance force readiness and security. It generates the majority of its revenue from the Civil Aviation segment.

Shimadzu Corp is a Japan-based company engaged in the manufacture of precision instruments, measuring equipment, and medical devices. The firm operates in four segments: Aviation Equipment, Industrial Equipment, Measuring Equipment, Medical Equipment, and Others. It generates the majority of its revenue from the Measuring Equipment segment, which is engaged in the provision of X-ray television (TV) systems, angiography systems, X-ray imaging systems, and others.

AVIC Airborne Systems Co Ltd Formerly China Avionics Systems Co Ltd engages in the research and development, production, sale, and services of engine auxiliary machinery systems and equipment for aviation. The company has aviation and armament equipment, military transport aircraft, helicopters, airborne systems and auto parts, general aviation, aviation research, flight testing, aviation supply chain and military trade, asset management, finance, engineering construction, automotive and other industries. The company also provides property leasing, technical, and consultancy services.

Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Ltd is a defense public sector undertaking shipyard under the Ministry of Defence. The company is engaged in building and repairing ships, submarines, various types of vessels, and related engineering products for its customers. The company's activities are the construction of warships, ferries, tugs, dredgers, barges, submarines, merchant ships, etc., with facilities situated in Mumbai and Nhava. It also offers ship designing, ship repairs and refit, tug support, and other related services. The company is organized into two segments: Shipbuilding and Submarine (New Construction and Repairs) and others.

Korea Aerospace Industries (KAI) is a South Korean aerospace and defence manufacturer headquartered in Sacheon, South Gyeongsang Province, and listed on the Korea Exchange under the code 047810. It was founded in October 1999 through the merger of the aerospace businesses of Daewoo Heavy Industries, Samsung Aerospace and Hyundai Space and Aircraft. The company designs, builds and supports fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters, satellites, simulators, unmanned aerial vehicles and space launch vehicles, including the KF-21 fighter and the Surion utility helicopter, and its main customers are the South Korean armed forces, government agencies and export buyers. Revenue comes mainly from defence programme contracts, aircraft and component sales, and maintenance services. KAI reported 2025 revenue of about KRW 3.7 trillion and employs more than 5,000 people. Its largest shareholder is the Export-Import Bank of Korea with 26.41%, followed by Hanwha Group with 15.89% and the National Pension Service with 8.75%. Subsidiaries include Korea Aviation Engineering and Maintenance Service and S&K Aerospace.

Hanwha Systems Co Ltd is a South Korean-based company engaged in the areas of avionics and space, security and safety, and information systems services. The company operates through three segments: Defense, Information and Communications Technology (ICT), and Other. The Defense segment focuses on the manufacturing and sales of military equipment. The ICT segment provides services such as IT outsourcing. The Other segment includes manufacturing activities, new business engineering, data processing, and applied software services. It generates the majority of its revenue from the Defense segment.

Loar Holdings Inc in the design, manufacture, and sale of niche aerospace and defense components that are essential for today’s aircraft and aerospace and defense systems. Its manufactured products includes auto throttles, lap-belt airbags, two- and three-point seat belts, water purification systems, fire barriers, polyimide washers and bushings, latches, hold-open and tie rods, temperature and fluid sensors and switches, carbon and metallic brake discs, fluid and pneumatic-based ice protection, RAM air components, sealing solutions and motion and actuation devices, among others.

China Aerospace Times Electronic Co Ltd is a China-based company. It engaged in the manufacturing and distribution of aerospace electronic products. Its products include satellite applications, inertial navigation, Integrated circuit, Drone.