Global Water Resources Valuation Multiples

NextEra Energy's regulated utility, Florida Power & Light, is the largest rate-regulated utility in Florida. The utility distributes power to over 6 million customer accounts in Florida and owns 36 gigawatts of generation. FP&L contributes roughly 70% of NextEra's consolidated operating earnings. NextEra Energy Resources, the renewable energy segment, generates and sells power throughout the United States and Canada with nearly 40 GW of generation capacity, including natural gas, nuclear, wind, and solar.

Iberdrola is one of the largest utilities in the world with electric utility operations in nearly 40 countries. The company has a 57-gigawatt portfolio of hydro, wind, natural gas, and nuclear power plants. It is one of the largest owners of wind farms in the world, representing about 40% of its portfolio. Although the company has recently developed or acquired distribution and power generation assets in other geographic areas, Spain is still home to more than half of its power generation capacity. Iberdrola also owns and operates electricity and distribution networks in Spain, the UK, Brazil, and the US.

Southern is one of the largest utilities in the US. The company serves 9 million customers with vertically integrated electric utilities in three states and natural gas distribution utilities in four states. It owns 44 gigawatts of rate-regulated generating capacity, primarily for serving customers in Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi. Subsidiary Southern Power owns 13 gigawatts of natural gas generation and renewable energy across the US and sells the electricity primarily under long-term contracts.

Enel is a diversified energy company domiciled in Italy. Operations are concentrated in Italy, Spain, and Latin America. The firm's primary activities are electric generation, electric networks, and gas and electricity marketing. Around 35% of the company's EBITDA is derived from its regulated networks, the rest is from generation and supply. Enel is a giant in global power generation with 81 gigawatts of capacity, of which 56 GW is renewables, including a large share of hydro.

Constellation Energy Corp producer of carbon-free energy and a supplier of energy products and services. The company offers generating capacity that includes nuclear, wind, solar, natural gas, and hydroelectric assets. It sells electricity, natural gas, and other energy-related products and sustainable solutions to various types of customers, including distribution utilities, municipalities, cooperatives, and commercial, industrial, public sector, and residential customers in markets across multiple geographic regions. Its operating segments and reporting units are Mid-Atlantic, Midwest, New York, ERCOT, and Other Power Regions.

Duke Energy is one of the largest US utilities, with regulated utilities in the Carolinas, Indiana, Florida, Ohio, and Kentucky that deliver electricity to more than 8 million customers. Its natural gas utilities serve more than 1.6 million customers.

National Grid owns and operates the electric transmission system in England and Wales. It sold the bulk of its UK gas transmission business in fiscal 2023 to fund the acquisition of PPL's UK power distribution assets. In the Northeastern United States, it serves electricity and gas customers combined in three states. It also owns regulated transmission and electricity generation in the United States, metering services, merchant transmission lines in the UK, and the Grain (UK) liquefied natural gas facility.

American Electric Power is one of the largest regulated utilities in the United States, providing electricity generation, transmission, and distribution to more than 5 million customers in 11 states. About 39% of AEP's capacity is coal, with the remainder from a mix of natural gas (28%), renewable energy and hydro (23%), nuclear (7%), and demand response (3%). Vertically integrated utilities, transmission and distribution, and generation and marketing support earnings.

Engie is a French energy and utility group headquartered near Paris and formed from the merger of Gaz de France and Suez. It develops and operates electricity generation, gas infrastructure, renewable energy, district heating and cooling and energy-services businesses for companies, public authorities and consumers. Revenue comes from power and gas sales, regulated and contracted infrastructure income and long-term energy-service agreements. The company has expanded district-cooling operations across the Middle East as part of its lower-carbon infrastructure strategy. Its acquisition of a 40% Tabreed interest created a strategic partnership with Mubadala in a regional cooling network operator. Engie serves B2B, B2C and B2G customers through activities spanning Utilities, Energy Production, Renewable Energy and Energy Services.

Based in Richmond, Virginia, Dominion Energy is an integrated energy company with over 30 gigawatts of electric generation capacity and more than 90,000 miles of electric transmission and distribution lines. Dominion is constructing a rate-regulated 5.2 GW wind farm off the Virginia Beach coast.

Sempra serves one of the largest utility customer bases in the United States. It distributes natural gas and electricity in Southern California and owns 80% of Oncor, a transmission and distribution business in Texas. Sempra Infrastructure Partners, 25% owned by Sempra, owns and operates liquefied natural gas facilities in North America and infrastructure in Mexico.

Since completing the transformative deal with RWE in 2019, E.On has two core businesses: energy networks and customer solutions. Its retail supply serves around 47 million customers primarily in Germany, the United Kingdom, Eastern Europe, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Sweden. Its networks business operates in Germany, Sweden, Eastern Europe, and Turkey.

Vistra Corp. is one of the largest power producers and retail energy providers in the US. It owns 44 gigawatts of generation capacity, including natural gas (27 GW), nuclear (6.5 GW), coal (8.7 GW), and solar and battery storage (1.3 GW). The Cogentrix acquisition will add 5.5 GW of gas generation. Vistra's retail electricity business serves 5 million customers in 20 states, including almost a third of all Texas electricity consumers. Vistra emerged from the Energy Future Holdings bankruptcy as a stand-alone entity in 2016.

RWE is a German integrated energy company focused on renewable generation, flexible power, storage, trading, and electricity supply. The organization serves B2B, B2C, B2G customers and counterparties through the operating assets, products, or financial capabilities described in the cited transaction materials. Its principal economics are Services, while its competitive position depends on sector expertise, asset quality, customer relationships, execution, and disciplined capital allocation. The business was founded in 1898 and is headquartered in Essen. The 2022 mandatory-convertible issuance financed RWE’s acquisition of Con Edison Clean Energy Businesses and made QIA a strategic shareholder. The profile reflects the legal or operating business at the transaction date, including its historical identity where a subsequent listing, merger, privatization, disposal, or reorganization changed its name or ownership.

Entergy is a holding company with five regulated vertically integrated utilities that generate and distribute electricity to more than 3 million customers in Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas. It is one of the largest power producers in the country with 25 gigawatts of rate-regulated owned and leased power generation capacity. Entergy was the second-largest nuclear owner in the US before it began retiring and selling its plants in the Northeast in 2014. It sold its two small gas utilities in Louisiana in 2025.

Endesa generates, distributes, and supplies electricity in Spain and Portugal. The company has 21.5 gigawatts of installed generation capacity split among hydroelectric, nuclear, natural gas, oil, solar, and wind. Endesa also supplies gas to retail and business customers in Spain and France.

Xcel Energy manages utilities serving 3.9 million electric customers and 2.2 million natural gas customers in eight states. Its utilities are Northern States Power, which serves customers in Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wisconsin, and Michigan; Public Service Company of Colorado; and Southwestern Public Service Company, which serves customers in Texas and New Mexico. It is one of the largest renewable energy suppliers in the US, with more than half of its electricity sales coming from carbon-free energy.

Exelon Corporation is a Chicago-headquartered regulated utility holding company, established in October 2000 through the merger of PECO Energy and Unicom, and described as the largest electric parent company in the United States by revenue. It serves approximately 10 million electricity and gas customers through six regulated utilities in New Jersey, Illinois, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware and Washington, D.C. In 2025 it reported revenue of $24.3 billion and net income of $2.77 billion and employed 20,014 people. In February 2022 it completed the spin-off of Constellation Energy, its power generation business, which operated the largest fleet of nuclear reactors in the country. Its acquisition of Pepco Holdings, announced in April 2014 and completed in March 2016, added three Mid-Atlantic utilities despite considerable community opposition and regulatory scrutiny.

Con Ed is a holding company for Consolidated Edison of New York, or CECONY, and Orange & Rockland, or O&R. These utilities provide steam, natural gas, and electricity to customers in southeastern New York—including New York City—and small parts of New Jersey. The two utilities generate nearly all of Con Ed's earnings following the sale of its clean energy business to RWE in early 2023.

SSE is an integrated utility based in the United Kingdom owning and operating renewables and gas-fired power plants and electricity transmission and distribution networks. The firm is also involved in smaller related businesses such as gas storage and energy services.

Adani Power Ltd is an electric utility company that produces and transmits energy from its portfolio of power plants located throughout India. The company produces its energy using thermal fuel sources, such as coal but also owns facilities that utilize solar and steam generation. The company's electricity sales are structured through long-term agreements. Its business segments include Power Generation and related activities, which generates key revenue, and Trading, Investment, and other activities. Geographically, the company generates a majority of its revenue from India.

PG&E is a holding company whose main subsidiary is Pacific Gas and Electric, a regulated utility operating in Central and Northern California that serves 5.3 million electricity customers and 4.6 million gas customers in 47 of the state's 58 counties. PG&E operated under bankruptcy court supervision between January 2019 and June 2020. In 2004, PG&E sold its unregulated assets as part of an earlier postbankruptcy reorganization.

Dubai Electricity & Water Authority PJSC is engaged in water desalination and distribution and its generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity, throughout the Emirate of Dubai. The group is organized into four segments; DEWA is engaged in the generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity and water desalination, transmission and distribution to residential, commercial, industrial, and government; EMPOWER is engaged in the provision of district cooling, maintenance of central cooling plants and manufacturing and sale of insulated pipes; IWPP is engaged in the development, operation and maintenance of power and water plants; and Others operations include purification and sale of potable water, and other. It generates maximum revenue from the DEWA segment.

Public Service Enterprise Group is the holding company for a regulated utility (PSE&G) and PSEG Power, which owns all or a share of three nuclear plants and clean energy projects. PSE&G provides regulated gas and electricity delivery services in New Jersey to a combined 4.3 million customers. Public Service Enterprise Group also operates the Long Island Power Authority system under a contract extension through 2030. In 2022, the company sold its gas and oil power plants in the mid-Atlantic, New York, and the Northeast.

WEC Energy Group's electric and gas utility businesses serve electric and gas customers in Illinois, Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin service territories. The company also owns a 60% stake in American Transmission Co. WEC's asset mix is approximately 49% electric generation and distribution, 30% gas distribution, 10% electric transmission, 9% unregulated renewable energy, and 2% LNG distribution and generation.

CEZ AS is a Czech energy company of which the government of the Czech Republic is the majority shareholder. The core business of the company is the generation, distribution, trade, and sale of electricity and heat. With its subsidiaries, the company operates a portfolio of both conventional and renewable energy power plants. Total energy production is mainly split between facilities utilizing thermal and nuclear inputs. CEZ segments comprise Generation; Distribution; Sales and Mining. The majority of its revenue is derived from the Generation segment.

NTPC Ltd is an Indian state-owned electric utility company. It is the power producer in India and supplies a significant amount of the nation's total needs. The company generates revenue through the sale of electricity to state-owned Indian power distribution companies from its stations throughout the country. NTPC also brings in a significant amount of revenue through its consultancy wing, which provides project management and supervision, energy trading, oil and gas exploration and coal mining. While the vast majority of its facilities use coal and gas fuel sources, NTPC has also increased its capacity through renewable energy sources, such as hydroelectric, solar, and thermal power, and plans to continue this trend going forward.

Naturgy stems from the 2008 acquisition of Union Fenosa. The company operates across the gas value chain, from procurement to distribution and marketing. It owns and operates the largest gas distribution network in Spain, where it is also the leading retail gas supplier. The company additionally operates gas and electricity distribution networks across several Latin American countries. It owns 17.9 GW of generation capacity, including 7.3 GW of wind and solar.

ACWA Power Co is engaged in developing, investing, operating, and maintaining power generation, water desalination, and green hydrogen production plants, and bulk sale of electricity. The company's segments include Thermal and Water Desalination, Renewables, and Others. It generates maximum revenue from the Thermal and Water Desalination segment. Geographically, the company generates maximum revenue from Saudi Arabia, followed by other markets in the Middle East and Africa.

Cheniere Energy Partners is a liquified natural gas producer operating one facility in Sabine Pass, Louisiana. It generates most of its revenue through long-term contracts with customers on a fixed- and variable-fee payout structure. It also generates revenue by selling uncontracted LNG to customers on a short or one-time basis. The profit generated through those activities is split with parent and operator Cheniere Energy.

Ameren owns rate-regulated generation, transmission, and distribution networks that deliver electricity and natural gas through the company's two main subsidiaries, Ameren Missouri and Ameren Illinois. It serves 2.5 million electricity customers and 900,000 natural gas customers across its two service territories.

China National Nuclear Power Co Ltd is engaged in the development, investment, construction, operation, and management of nuclear power projects in China. It also engages in technical research in the operation of nuclear power plants and the provision of related technical and consultancy services.

Fortis owns and operates eight transmission and distribution utility subsidiaries in Canada and the United States, serving 3.5 million electricity and gas customers. The company has smaller stakes in electricity generation and several Caribbean utilities. Subsidiary ITC operates electric transmission in seven US states, with more than 16,000 miles of high-voltage transmission lines in operation.

Atmos Energy is the largest publicly traded, fully regulated, pure-play natural gas utility in the United States, serving more than 3.3 million customers in Texas, Colorado, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Tennessee, and Virginia. About two thirds of its earnings come from Texas, where it distributes natural gas in northern Texas and owns an intrastate gas pipeline spanning several key shale gas formations and interconnected with five storage facilities.

DTE Energy owns two regulated utilities in Michigan that contribute 90% of earnings. DTE Electric serves approximately 2.3 million customers in southeastern Michigan, including Detroit. DTE Gas serves 1.3 million customers throughout the state. In addition, DTE has nonutility businesses and investments including energy marketing and trading, renewable natural gas facilities, and on-site industrial energy projects.

American Water Works is the largest investor-owned US water and wastewater utility, serving nearly 4 million customers in 14 states. It provides water and wastewater services to residential, commercial, and industrial customers and operates predominantly in regulated markets. The company's nonregulated business is water services for military bases, which operates under long-term contracts with regulated-like returns. The proposed Essential Utilities acquisition would add regulated water and wastewater utilities in Ohio, North Carolina, and Texas while increasing its presence in Illinois, Indiana, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Virginia.

FirstEnergy is an investor-owned holding company with operations across five mid-Atlantic and Midwestern states. FirstEnergy also owns and operates one of the nation's largest electric transmission systems.

CenterPoint Energy owns a portfolio of businesses. Its regulated electric utilities provide transmission and distribution services to more than 2.5 million customers in the Houston area, southern Indiana, and west central Ohio.

PPL is a holding company of regulated utilities in Pennsylvania, Kentucky, and Rhode Island. The Pennsylvania regulated delivery and transmission segment distributes electricity to customers in central and eastern Pennsylvania. In Kentucky, LG&E and KU are involved in regulated electricity generation, transmission, and distribution. LG&E also provides regulated natural gas distribution. Rhode Island Energy operates electric and gas utilities in the state.

Founded in 1947 through a nationalization act, Verbund is the leading power producer in Austria. The Austrian state owns 51% of its capital. Hydro accounts for more than 90% of the total power output. Hydro power is generated from reservoirs and pumped storage plants in the Austrian Alps, and run-of-river plants in Austria and southern Germany. Total hydro capacity amounts to 8.4 GW. Verbund also owns the Austrian electricity grid through its fully owned subsidiary AP. In 2021, the firm acquired 51% of Gas Connect Austria, a gas transmission and distribution system operator. The group also owns one CCGT and is involved in trading and development of wind and solar capacity.

Danish company Orsted was named Dong Energy until the sale of all its oil and gas fields to Ineos in 2017, soon after the May 2016 initial public offering. Orsted is now focused on renewable assets, especially offshore wind farms. It operated 9.9 gigawatts of offshore wind farms at the end of 2024. The United Kingdom is the biggest country of operation, ahead of Germany and Denmark. The group intends to develop its footprint outside Europe with projects in Taiwan and in the US. Orsted also operates 4.8 GW of onshore wind and solar assets concentrated in the United States. The company is involved in more traditional utilities business like conventional power plants and gas supply, but these activities are noncore.

Eversource Energy is a diversified holding company with subsidiaries that provide rate-regulated electric, gas, and water distribution service to more than 4 million customers in the Northeast US. Eversource expanded its service territories with acquisitions of NStar (2012), Aquarion (2017), and Columbia Gas (2020). In 2024 Eversource exited its 50% partnership with European utility Orsted to develop 2 gigawatts of offshore wind projects in the Northeast US. The company exited most of its unregulated businesses in 2006.

CLP Holdings is the larger of the two electric utility companies in Hong Kong, serving 80% of the territory’s population. It generates, transmits, and distributes electricity to about 2.8 million customer accounts in Kowloon and the New Territories through its wholly owned network. The business is regulated by the Hong Kong government, with a permitted return on net fixed assets of 8% to December 2033. About 70% of group EBITDA is from Hong Kong, its highest-quality business. Besides Hong Kong, the company has expanded overseas, with generation and energy retail assets in Australia and generation assets in China, India, Taiwan, and Southeast Asia.

EnBW Energie Baden-Wuerttemberg AG is active in the energy sector in Germany and the rest of Europe. It operates in three segments: Smart Infrastructure for Customers, which comprises the sale of electricity and gas, energy industry services and energy solutions, provision and expansion of quick-charging infrastructure and digital solutions for electromobility, broadband activities; System Critical Infrastructure segment is into the transmission and distribution of electricity and gas; and Sustainable Generation Infrastructure segment, which generates maximum revenue, encompasses activities in the areas of renewable energies and conventional generation, district heating and waste management/environmental services. Geographically, the company generates maximum revenue from Germany.

Power Grid Corp Of India Ltd is a state-owned electric utility company in India. The activities of the firm are operated through Transmission, Telecom, and Consultancy segments. Under the Transmission division, the company's principal business is the transmission of bulk power across different states of India. Whereas the Telecom division leverages the firm's nationwide transmission infrastructure and operates as a neutral carrier in the point-to-point Bandwidth Leasing Business. The company is also involved in the Consultancy business in which it provides in-house expertise in the Transmission, Distribution, and Telecom sectors, including planning, design, engineering, load dispatch, procurement management, financing, and others. It derives maximum revenue from the Transmission segment.

Fortum Oyj is a Finnish energy company that operates power plants that use renewable energy sources (hydro, nuclear, and solar power) to sell electricity, heat, cooling, and power products and services. The company mainly operates in Nordic and Baltic countries, Russia, Poland, and India. Its main divisions of the company are generation (large-scale power production), city solutions (sustainable energy solutions), Russia (all Russian operations), technology and new ventures (research and development and in-house incubator for startups), mergers and acquisitions, and solar and wind development. The company's operating segments are Generation, Consumer Solutions, and Other Operations.

Hydro One operates regulated transmission and distribution assets in Ontario. The area's largest electricity provider serves nearly 1.5 million customers. Transmission accounts for roughly 60% of the company's rate base, with distribution accounting for the remainder. Hydro One operates a small telecom business with annual revenue contributing less than 1% to consolidated results. The province of Ontario holds an approximate 47.5% common equity stake.

EDP is a vertically integrated utility company and is the largest generator, supplier, and distributor of electricity in Portugal. In addition to Portugal, EDP has sizable operations in Spain, Brazil, and the US. EDP owns 71% of EDP Renovaveis, the fourth-largest wind power owner/operator in the world. EDP delisted Energias do Brasil in August 2023 after buying out the 46% minorities.