Ferrari Valuation Multiples

Tesla is a vertically integrated battery electric vehicle automaker and developer of real world artificial intelligence software, which includes autonomous driving and humanoid robots. The company has multiple vehicles in its fleet, which include luxury and midsize sedans, crossover SUVs, a light truck, and a semi truck. Tesla also plans to begin selling a sports car and offer a robotaxi service. Global deliveries in 2025 were nearly 1.64 million vehicles. The company sells batteries for stationary storage for residential and commercial properties including utilities and solar panels and solar roofs for energy generation. Tesla also owns a fast-charging network and an auto insurance business.

Founded in 1937, Toyota is one of the world's largest automakers, with 11.0 million units sold at retail in fiscal 2025, including 10.3 million across the Toyota and Lexus brands. Brands include Toyota, Lexus, Daihatsu, and truck maker Hino; market share in Japan is about 50% excluding mini-vehicles, while US share is around 14%. The firm also owns stakes in Denso, a parts supplier, about 20% of Subaru, and holds investments in many other firms, including shares of Uber Technologies, Joby Aviation, Aurora Innovation, Isuzu Motors, and about 5% in each of Mazda and Suzuki. Fiscal 2025 sales excluding financial services were JPY 43.8 trillion. Toyota also has a financing arm and manufactures homes and boats.

LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton is a Paris-based public luxury-goods group created in 1987 through the merger of Moët Hennessy and Louis Vuitton. It owns more than 75 maisons across fashion and leather goods, wines and spirits, perfumes and cosmetics, watches and jewellery, selective retailing, hospitality and media. Major brands include Louis Vuitton, Dior, Fendi, Bulgari, Tiffany, Hennessy, Sephora and Moët & Chandon. The group controls product creation, manufacturing, distribution and retail for many maisons and earns revenue from consumer product sales, hospitality and selective-retailing services. LVMH gives its houses operational autonomy while allocating capital and central resources for long-term brand development. Strategic investments and acquisitions add capabilities, brands and technologies that can serve its luxury and retail ecosystem.

Hermes is a 180-year-old family controlled luxury goods company best known for its Birkin and Kelly bags. Its biggest segments are leather goods and saddlery, accounting for over 40% of revenue; clothes and accessories (29% of sales); silk and textiles (7%); and other products such as perfumes, watches, jewellery, and home furnishings. Hermes has about 300 stores globally.

Richemont is a luxury goods conglomerate with 20 brands. Jewelry and watch brands make up 87% of sales, but the group is also active in accessories, writing instruments, clothing, and online luxury retail. Richemont’s Jewellery Maisons, including Cartier and Van Cleef & Arpels, account for over 70% of revenue and the vast majority of profits. Its other brands include Vacheron Constantin, Piaget, Jaeger-LeCoultre, IWC Schaffhausen, Lange & Soehne, Officine Panerai, Chloe, and Montblanc.

Founded in 1995, BYD is a leading Chinese manufacturer in the design, development, and production of new energy vehicles, or NEVs. In March 2022, the firm discontinued production of internal combustion engine, or ICE, vehicles. Its products primarily target the growing midpriced mass-market segment in China’s passenger vehicle market. The company sold about 4.3 million passenger NEVs in 2024, accounting for 35% of the Chinese passenger NEV market. Besides automobile production, the company is also engaged in handset components and assembly services, as well as the rechargeable battery and photovoltaics business. After more than 25 years of development, the company has established over 30 industrial parks worldwide.

Christian Dior SE is a holding company with full ownership of Christian Dior Couture and a controlling interest in LVMH. Christian Dior Couture sells apparel, leather goods, jewelry, and accessories under various Dior brands. The majority of sales are through its retail stores. Through LVMH, the company operates the following business groups: wines and spirits, fashion and leather goods, watches and jewelry, perfumes and cosmetics, and selective retailing. LVMH has dozens of brands throughout its businesses, including Dom Perignon, Hennessy, Louis Vuitton, Fendi, TAG Heuer, and Sephora. The company's revenue is distributed throughout Europe, Asia, and the United States.

General Motors Co. emerged from the bankruptcy of General Motors Corp. (old GM) in July 2009. GM has eight brands and operates under three segments: GM North America, GM International, and GM Financial. The United States now has four brands instead of eight under old GM. The company regained its US market share leadership in 2022, after losing it to Toyota due to the chip shortage in 2021. 2025 US share was 17.4%, up 60 basis points from 2024. The Cruise autonomous vehicle arm, which GM now owns outright, previously operated driverless geofenced AV robotaxi services in San Francisco and other cities, but after a 2023 accident, GM decided that it will focus on personal AVs. GM Financial became the company's captive finance arm in 2010 via the purchase of AmeriCredit.

Volvo AB manufactures trucks, buses, and construction equipment as well as marine and industrial engines. The company also provides complete solutions for financing and service. Its segments include Volvo Trucks, Mack Trucks, Renault Trucks, Volvo Autonomous Solutions, Volvo Energy, Volvo Construction Equipment, Volvo Buses, Volvo Penta and Volvo Financial Services.

Hyundai Motor Co is engaged in the manufacturing and distribution of motor vehicles and parts. The business of the group is operated through a vehicle, finance, and other segments. Its vehicle segment is engaged in the manufacturing and sale of motor vehicles. The finance segment operates vehicle financing, credit card processing, and other financing activities. The other segment includes the research and development, train manufacturing, and other activities. The company derives the majority of its revenue from the vehicle segment.

Paccar is a leading manufacturer of medium- and heavy-duty trucks under the premium nameplates Kenworth and Peterbilt, which are primarily sold in the Americas and Australia, and DAF, which primarily services Europe and South America. The trucks segment (74% sales) goes to market through a network of 2,200 independent dealers. Paccar maintains an internal finance subsidiary that provides retail and wholesale financing for customers and dealers (6% sales). In recent years, Paccar has aggressively expanded its parts business (20% of sales), including engines, axles, and transmissions for its own truck brands as well as independent producers. The company commands 30% of the Class 8 market share in North America and 15% of the heavy-duty market share in Europe.

Ford Motor Co. manufactures automobiles under its Ford and Lincoln brands. In March 2022, the company announced that it will run its combustion engine business, Ford Blue, and its BEV business, Ford Model e, as separate businesses but still all under Ford Motor. The company has over 13% market share in the United States, about 10% share in the UK, and just over 1% share in China including Taiwan and unconsolidated affiliates. Sales in the US made up about 65% of 2025 total company revenue. Ford has about 169,000 employees, including about 56,300 UAW employees, and is based in Dearborn, Michigan.

Porsche designs, engineers, and manufactures premium cars synonymous with its racing history heritage, engineering mastery, sporty design, and driving experience. Porsche is uniquely positioned in that its brand is associated with luxury, but it produces cars on a much larger scale than its superluxury peers. Porsche sold 311,000 vehicles in 2024 at an average price of EUR 129,000. Europe, North America, mainland China including Hong Kong, and the rest of the world accounted for 36%, 28%, 18%, and 18% of volume in 2024, respectively. Ninety-two percent of revenue is generated from the sale of cars and related services, with the remainder from the captive finance arm. Porsche’s equity is tightly held with Volkswagen owning 75.4% and Porsche SE (the Porsche/Piech family) owning 12.5%.

Mercedes-Benz Group is a premium automotive original equipment manufacturer, selling around 2 million passenger cars, including its Chinese joint venture, and just under 400,000 vans per year. The company's financial profile improved significantly following the spinoff of Daimler Truck in 2021. Unlike most automotive OEMs, Mercedes operates under its brand alone. In 2024, 14% of its passenger cars sold were top end (G Class, Maybach, AMG, S Class), 59% were core (C and E Class), and 27% entry (A and B Class). In volume terms, Asia and Europe are Mercedes' largest markets, each at just under 40% of 2024 vehicle sales, followed by North America at 16%.

Titan Company is an Indian publicly listed consumer-products business established in 1984 as a joint venture involving the Tata group and TIDCO. It designs, manufactures, markets and retails jewellery, watches, wearables, eyewear, fragrances and fashion accessories. Its brands include Tanishq, Titan, Fastrack, Sonata, Zoya, Mia, Eyeplus and Skinn. Customers are primarily consumers purchasing through company stores, partner retailers and digital channels in India and selected overseas markets. Revenue comes mainly from product sales, with jewellery contributing the largest share, supplemented by services and retail operations. The company is headquartered in Tamil Nadu and operates manufacturing, design and distribution networks. Titan was an existing Innoviti shareholder before the July 2015 Catamaran-led financing and received board representation, so the database should distinguish that earlier stake from the investors in the new round.

Incorporated in 1948, Honda Motor was originally a motorcycle manufacturer. Today, the firm makes automobiles, motorcycles, and power products such as boat engines, generators, and lawnmowers. Including joint ventures, Honda sold 3.7 million light vehicles and 20.6 million motorcycles in fiscal 2025, and consolidated sales were JPY 21.7 trillion. Automobiles constitute 65% of revenue and motorcycles 17%, with the rest split between power products and financial services. Honda also makes robots and private jets.

Volkswagen is the second-largest automotive original equipment manufacturer by vehicle sales globally, selling 9 million vehicles in 2025. It has four vehicle segments: core (Volkswagen, Seat, Skoda, and VW commercial), progressive (Audi, Lamborghini, and Bentley), sports luxury (Porsche), and Traton commercial vehicles (Traton, Scania, Navistar, MAN, and VW truck and bus), which contribute 45%, 20%, 10%, and 13% to group revenue, respectively. It also has a vehicle software business (Cariad), batteries (PowerCo), power engineering production, and financial services.

Maruti Suzuki India Ltd, a subsidiary of Suzuki Motor Corp. The company is engaged in the manufacturing, purchase, and sale of motor vehicles, components, and spare parts. Its other activities include the facilitation of pre-owned car sales, fleet management, and car financing. The company manufactures various types of passenger vehicles and light commercial vehicles for its customers belonging to different income categories. Some of the vehicles manufactured by it are: WagonR, Dzire, Ertiga, Fronx (SUV), and others. Geographically, the company generates a majority of its revenue from its business in India and also engages in exports of its products to countries like Chile, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Japan, Mexico, and others.

BMW is a German manufacturer of premium cars and motorcycles headquartered in Munich, trading as BMW Group. It sells cars under the BMW brand, including its i, M and X lines, as well as Mini and Rolls-Royce, and motorcycles under BMW Motorrad, and it also offers financing, leasing, insurance and car-sharing services. The company dates its founding to 7 March 1916; Rapp Motorenwerke became Bayerische Motoren Werke in 1917, and in 1922 the name and assets passed to aircraft maker Bayerische Flugzeugwerke, which became today's BMW AG. In 2025 BMW produced 2,463,681 cars and 202,563 motorcycles and reported revenue of €133.5 billion, operating income of €10.2 billion, net income of €7.5 billion and 154,540 employees; in 2024 automotive sales made up about 73% of revenue and financial services about 25%. In 2023 it was the world's ninth-largest vehicle producer and sixth-largest automaker by revenue. BMW is listed in Frankfurt and belongs to the DAX index, while Stefan Quandt holds 27.7% and Susanne Klatten 22.5% of the shares. Milan Nedeljković chairs the management board.

Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd is a holding company. The company's segment includes Automotive; Farm Equipment and Services. It generates maximum revenue from the Automotive segment. The Automotive segment comprises the sale of automobiles, spares, mobility solutions, construction equipment, and related services. Geographically, it derives a majority of its revenue from India.

Daimler Trucks is the largest global truck and bus original equipment manufacturer, producing around 500,000 trucks per year. It has the dominant share of the highly concentrated North American truck market, at just under 40%, with its brands Freightliner and Western Star. It also has a large share, just below 20%, of the European truck market with its Mercedes-Benz brand offering. Its segments of Trucks North America, Trucks Mercedes-Benz, Trucks Asia, and Daimler Buses contribute 41%, 33%, 11% and 9% to revenue, respectively; however, Trucks North America contributes disproportionately (64%) to EBIT. An in-house financial services arm supports these businesses. Daimler spun out of Mercedes-Benz in December 2021.

Kia Corp is a Korean motor-vehicle manufacturer. It is engaged in manufacturing and selling finished vehicles and automotive parts, along with providing rental and maintenance services. The company's main products include passenger vehicles, recreational vehicles (RVs), and commercial vehicles. Its geographical segments include South Korea, America, Europe, and Others, of which it generates the majority of its revenue from South Korea.

Weichai Power is a Chinese industrial group with businesses spanning powertrains, commercial vehicles, agricultural equipment and intelligent logistics. Established in 2002, the company originated from the Weifang diesel engine business. Its powertrain operations supply engines and related components, including transmissions and axles, for vehicles and industrial applications. Other group businesses manufacture commercial vehicles and agricultural machinery. Through holdings including KION and Dematic, the group also participates in forklift trucks, warehouse automation and supply chain technology. Customers include vehicle and equipment manufacturers, industrial operators and logistics businesses in China and international markets. Revenue comes from manufactured products and associated aftermarket services. The group's activities therefore extend beyond automobile manufacturing to a wider range of industrial equipment and components sold under several established brands.

Kering is the world’s third-largest luxury goods conglomerate by revenue after LVMH and Richemont. Its flagship brand is Gucci, which accounts for over 40% of revenue and over 60% of operating profit. Its other leading brands include Bottega Veneta and Saint Laurent. Other smaller luxury brands (in ready-to-wear, leather goods, and jewellery) generate 19% of sales. Alexander McQueen, Balenciaga, and Boucheron are part of Kering’s portfolio.

Bajaj Auto Ltd is an automotive sales company. The company is engaged in the business of development, manufacturing, and distribution of automobiles such as motorcycles, commercial vehicles, electric vehicles, etc., and parts thereof. The company sells its products in India as well as in various other global markets. It has three business segments Automotive, Investments, Financing and Others. The company derives the majority of its revenue from the Automotive segment.

Suzuki Motor Corp is a Japan-based automobile manufacturing company. The company operates through Four-Wheel, Marine, Two-Wheel, and Other segments. The Four-Wheel segment covers mini cars, small cars, and regular cars. The Marine segment includes outboard motors, while the Two-Wheel segment handles motorcycles and ATVs. The Other segment consists of electric wheelchairs, solar power, and real estate. It generates the majority of its revenue from the Four-wheel business segment.

Based in New York City, Tapestry is the parent company of accessories and fashion brand Coach, which accounted for 80% of its revenue and well over 90% of its operating profit in fiscal 2025. Handbags accounted for 58% of the brand’s fiscal 2025 revenue. Coach products are sold through more than 900 company-owned stores, e-commerce, and third-party stores in North America, Asia, and Europe. Tapestry also owns Kate Spade (17% of fiscal 2025 revenue), which operates about 170 stores and generated 52% of its sales from handbags in fiscal 2025. Kate Spade is known for its colorful patterns and graphics. Tapestry sold its smallest brand, luxury footwear maker Stuart Weitzman, to Caleres in August 2025.

Rivian is a battery electric vehicle automaker that sells its vehicles in the US and Canada. The company also develops electronic control units and related software for autos in a joint venture with Volkswagen. Rivian has multiple vehicles in its fleet, which include a luxury truck and full-size SUV and a delivery van. The company plans to begin selling a midsize SUV in 2026. Total deliveries were over 42,000 in 2025. Rivian is also developing autonomous driving software to be used in its vehicles.

Based in Hangzhou, Zhejiang province, Geely Auto manufactures and sells passenger vehicles and automotive parts. Geely is the largest local brand manufacturer and the third-largest passenger vehicle brand in terms of sales volume in China. Including Lynk, Geely sold about 2.2 million cars in 2024. The domestic market accounts for more than 75% of Geely’s revenue, with the rest coming from other parts of the world.

TVS Motor Co Ltd is an Indian automobile manufacturing company focused on the production of two-wheeled vehicles. The company principally manufactures motorcycles, scooters, mopeds, three-wheelers, and related spare parts and accessories. The company's reportable segments are Automotive vehicles and parts, Automotive Components, Financial Services, and Others. The company generates a majority of its revenue from the Automotive vehicles and parts segment. Geographically, the company derives its key revenue from India and the rest from other countries through exports.

Eicher Motors Ltd is an Indian automobile manufacturer and is also engaged in the retail of related components and accessories. The company manufactures two-wheeler motorcycles and commercial vehicles. The Motorcycles division, which derives its key revenue, produces motorcycles through the Royal Enfield brand. The Commercial Vehicles division, through a joint venture with Volvo, produces trucks and buses for sale in India and other developing markets. The company derives the vast majority of its revenue within India and also has a presence in overseas markets.

Traton SE is the parent and holding company of the TRATON GROUP and one of the world’s commercial vehicle manufacturers. With its brands Scania, MAN, International, and Volkswagen Truck and Bus. The Group’s product portfolio comprises trucks, buses, and light-duty commercial vehicles. Transforming Transportation Together. For a sustainable world, this intention underlines the Company’s ambition to have a lasting and sustainable impact on the commercial vehicle business and on the Group’s commercial growth.

SAIC Motor Corp Ltd builds and sells passenger cars and commercial vehicles. The company operates its business through two segments: the Vehicle and Parts Segment and the Financial Services Segment. The Vehicle and Parts segment focuses on the manufacturing and sale of automobiles and components. The Financial Services segment is engaged in offering various financial solutions. It generates the majority of its revenue from the Vehicle and Parts Segment.

Chery Automobile Co Ltd is engaged in the manufacturing and sales of passenger vehicles, automotive parts and components including internal combustion engine vehicles and new energy vehicles. It manufactures and sells passenger vehicles under five brands CHERY, JETOUR, EXEED, iCAR and LUXEED. Geographically the company operates in PRC (including Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan), and Other Countries with the majority of the revenue deriving from Other Countries.

Hyundai Motor India Ltd is an auto manufacturer. It manufactures and sells four-wheeler passenger vehicles and includes a portfolio of various different models across multiple passenger vehicle segments by body type, such as sedans, hatchbacks, sports-utility vehicles (SUVs), and battery electric vehicles (EVs). It also manufactures parts, such as transmissions and engines. The group has one operating segment, namely the manufacture and sale of motor vehicles, engine, transmission and other parts, related after-sales activities, related engineering and broking services. The group generates maximum revenue from India, followed by the Middle East and Europe, Latin America, Africa, and other regions.

Stellantis was created out of the merger of US-based Fiat Chrysler Automobiles and French-based Peugeot in January 2021, resulting in the fourth-largest automotive original equipment manufacturer by vehicle sales. In 2024 it sold 5.5 million vehicles, 47%, 26% and 17% in Europe, North America, and South America, respectively. Its brands include Fiat, Jeep, Chrysler, Ram, Peugeot, Citroën, Opel, Alfa Romeo, and Maserati.

Tata Motors Ltd is an automobile manufacturer, offering a diverse portfolio of smarter, integrated and safer mobility solutions. It designs, manufactures and sells a wide range of automotive vehicles. The company also manufactures engines for industrial applications. Its operating segments consist of: a) Automotive: The Automotive segment consists of four reportable sub-segments: Tata Commercial Vehicles, Tata Passenger Vehicles, Jaguar Land Rover and Vehicle Financing. Other operating segments do not meet the quantitative thresholds for disclosure and have been aggregated. b) Others: Others consist of IT services and Insurance Broking services. The majority of revenue is generated from the Tata Commercial Vehicles sub-segment of the Automotive segment.

Automobile manufacturer Great Wall Motor is China’s market leader in the SUV and pickup truck segments. In 2024, the company sold over 705,000 Haval-branded SUVs and 285,000 WEY- and Tank-branded SUVs, making it the largest SUV manufacturer by sales volume for the 15th year. It also sold more than 175,000 pickup trucks, also ranked number one in sales volume for 25 consecutive years. China’s domestic market accounts for about 60% of Great Wall’s revenue in 2024, with the balance coming from Russia, the Middle East, South Africa, Australia, and Chile, among others.

Chow Tai Fook Jewellery Group Ltd is engaged in the jewelry and watch business located in Mainland China. The company's geographical operating segment includes Mainland China and Hong Kong, Macau, and other markets. It generates maximum revenue from Mainland China. Its product categories include rings, bands, necklaces, pendants, earrings, chains, bracelets, and others. The company derives revenue from Gem-set, Gold products, Platinum/Karat gold products, and Watches.

Kawasaki Heavy Industries Ltd is a Japan-based conglomerate with operations in aerospace, marine, and vehicles. The company operates through six segments. The Aerospace Systems segment manufactures and sells aircraft, engines, and space-related equipment. The Energy Solutions & Marine segment provides energy equipment, hydrogen systems, marine propulsion, plants, ships, and crushers. The Power Sports & Engine segment produces motorcycles, off-road vehicles, personal watercraft, and general-purpose engines. The Precision Machinery and Robots segment offers hydraulic equipment and industrial robots. The Vehicle segment manufactures railway vehicles and snow removal machinery. The Other segment covers commerce mediation, sales, orders, and welfare facility management.

Prada is a family owned holding comprising the Prada brand, a younger and more fashion-oriented Miu Miu, and two classic shoe brands: Church’s and Car Shoe. The company generates EUR 5.4 billion in sales, with over 70% from the Prada brand. Geographically, Asia is the biggest region with 33% of retail sales, followed by Europe at 32%, 17% in the Americas, and 13% in Japan. In 2025, the Prada group acquired the Versace brand, which should contribute 13% of revenue on a pro forma basis.

Seres Group Co Ltd is engaged in the research and development, production, sales, and service of complete vehicles, engines, and parts. The company's main products include the AITO series, covering new energy vehicles and traditional fuel vehicles.

Swatch Group’s biggest brands are Omega (number two or three in its category), Breguet, Tissot (the leader in midrange Swiss watches), and Swatch. The company employs over 33,000 people, half of them in Switzerland. We estimate Omega and Longines to be the group’s most profitable brands.

Subaru Corp is a Japan-based company engaged in the automobile manufacturing business. The company operates through three segments: Automobile Business Unit, Aerospace, and Other Businesses. The Aerospace segment manufactures, sells, and repairs aircraft, space-related equipment, and parts. The Automobile segment manufactures, sells, and repairs automobiles and their parts, while also engaging in joint development of sports cars and electric vehicles with Toyota Motor Corporation, and receiving OEM supply of mini and compact cars from Daihatsu Motor. The Others segment is engaged in real estate leasing. It generates the majority of its revenue from the Automobile segment.

Yamaha Motor Co Ltd is engaged in the manufacture and sale of motorcycles, marine products, and related equipment. The company operates through four reportable segments: Land Mobility, Marine, Robotics, and Financial Services. The Land Mobility segment includes motorcycles, highway vehicles, electric-assist bicycles, automobile engines, and components. The Marine segment handles outboard motors, water vehicles, boats, and fishing vessels. The Robotics segment provides surface mounters, semiconductor manufacturing equipment, industrial robots, and unmanned helicopters, while the Financial Services segment offers sales financing and leasing related to Yamaha products. It generates the majority of its revenue from the Land mobility segment.

Hero MotoCorp Ltd is a motorcycle and scooter company domiciled in India. The company is engaged in the manufacturing and selling of motorised two-wheelers, spare parts and related services. The Company is a two wheeler manufacturer and has a dominant presence in domestic market. The company predominantly operates in the automotive segment, which includes all activities related to the development, design, manufacture, assembly, and sale of vehicles, as well as the sale of related parts and accessories.

Tata Motors Passenger Vehicles Ltd Formerly Tata Motors Ltd is an automobile manufacturing company. It designs, manufactures, and sells a wide range of automotive vehicles. The company also manufactures engines for industrial applications, aggregates such as axles and transmissions for commercial vehicles, and factory automation equipment, and provides information technology services. Its operating segments include Automotive and Others. The Automotive segment, which derives key revenue, consists of four reportable sub-segments: Tata Commercial Vehicles, Tata Passenger Vehicles, Jaguar Land Rover, and Vehicle Financing. Geographically, it generates maximum revenue from India, and the rest from the United States of America, United Kingdom, Rest of Europe, China, and the Rest of the World.

Li Auto is a leading Chinese NEV manufacturer that designs, develops, manufactures, and sells premium smart NEVs. The company started volume production of its first model Li One in November 2019. The model is a six-seater, large, premium plug-in electric SUV equipped with a range extension system and advanced smart vehicle solutions. It sold over 500,000 NEVs in 2024, accounting for about 4% of China's passenger new energy vehicle market. Beyond Li One, the company expands its product line, including both BEVs and PHEVs, to target a broader consumer base.